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All Journal Indonesian Journal of Geography Sinergi JURNAL MANAJEMEN TRANSPORTASI & LOGISTIK Science and Technology Indonesia Journal of Applied Geospatial Information Indonesian Journal of Information System Jurnal Pertahanan : Media Informasi tentang Kajian dan Strategi Pertahanan yang Mengedepankan Identity, Nasionalism dan Integrity PENDIPA Journal of Science Education Journal of Humanities and Social Studies International Journal of Remote Sensing and Earth Sciences (IJReSES) Jurnal Praksis dan Dedikasi Sosial Publica: Jurnal Pemikiran Administrasi Negara Jurnal Civic Hukum International Journal of Engineering, Technology and Natural Sciences (IJETS) International Journal of Law and Public Policy (IJLAPP) Budapest International Research and Critics Institute-Journal (BIRCI-Journal): Humanities and Social Sciences Journal of Industrial Engineering & Management Research (JIEMAR) Jurnal Manajemen Transportasi & Logistik (JMTRANSLOG) Ilomata International Journal of Social Science JURNAL ILMIAH GLOBAL EDUCATION International Journal of Management Science and Information Technology (IJMSIT) Pancasila: Jurnal Keindonesiaan East Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (EAJMR) International Journal of Humanities Education and Social Sciences Jurnal Teknik Industri Formosa Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (FJMR) Formosa Journal of Science and Technology (FJST) Jurnal Cakrawala Ilmiah Formosa Journal of Applied Sciences (FJAS) Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge LEBAH Journal of Law, Poliitic and Humanities Social, Ecology, Economy for Sustainable development goals Journal Journal of Placemaking and Streetscape Design Jurnal Keamanan Nasional Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat dan Riset Pendidikan Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Indonesia Journal of Social Work and Science Education International Journal of Education, Vocational and Social Science Green Governance: Exploring Politics, Social Justice, and the Environment Journal of National Paradigm - Based Resilience Strategy Jurnal Cendekia Ilmiah The International Journal of Remote Sensing and Earth Sciences (IJReSES) Indonesian Journal of Counter Terrorism and National Security Image : Jurnal Riset Manajemen
Supriyadi, Asep Adang
Universitas Pertahanan Republik Indonesia
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Journal : Science and Technology Indonesia

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Geospatial Intelligence (GEOINT)-Based Cyber Warfare Exposure Index (CWEI) Mapping of Indonesia's Strategic Infrastructure Adityayuda, Anugrah; Supriyadi, Asep Adang; Arief, Syachrul
Science and Technology Indonesia Vol. 11 No. 2 (2026): April
Publisher : Research Center of Inorganic Materials and Coordination Complexes, FMIPA Universitas Sriwijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26554/sti.2026.11.2.677-691

Abstract

The increasing integration of digital systems into critical infrastructure has transformed cyber warfare into a systemic national security risk with strong spatial characteristics. In Indonesia, rapid digitalization and uneven infrastructure development have expanded the cyber-attack surface, while existing studies remain largely qualitative or rely on aggregated national indices that fail to capture subnational exposure patterns. This study addresses this gap by developing a Cyber Warfare Exposure Index (CWEI) based on Geospatial Intelligence (GEOINT) to assess provincial-level exposure across Indonesia. The index integrates seven indicators, energy, transportation, telecommunications, government facilities, internet penetration, night-time light intensity, and urbanization, derived from open-source geospatial data and official statistics. All indicators were normalized using min–max scaling and aggregated through equal weighting, with robustness tested using Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Pearson correlation, and One-at-a-Time sensitivity analysis. Results reveal strong spatial disparities in cyber warfare exposure, with CWEI values ranging from 0.019 to 0.746. DKI Jakarta exhibits the highest exposure (CWEI = 0.746), followed by West Java (0.573) and Central Java (0.564), while several eastern provinces fall into the very low exposure category. The equal-weight and PCA-based indices show near-perfect agreement (R² = 0.997; r = 0.998), confirming high methodological robustness. Global Moran's I (0.689; p < 0.001) indicates significant positive spatial clustering of exposure. These findings demonstrate that cyber warfare exposure in Indonesia is highly concentrated and spatially structured, underscoring the need for regionally prioritized, risk-based cyber defense strategies.
Co-Authors Achlis, Muhammad Nur Achmadi, Budhi Adityayuda, Anugrah Afen Sena Afriyanto, Mulya Ahmad Farid Amarulla Octavian Anatansyah Ayomi Anandari Andrian Andaya Lestari Anggraini, Eca Indah Anis Nur Laily Apriani, Evi Ardhana, Andini Aprilia Arief, Syachrul Aris Poniman Aris Poniman Aritonang, Sovian Aziz Haerulloh Bagus Satrio Wicaksono Bimantara, Angga BUDI PRAMONO Cahyo Wibowo Charolydya, Rindita Christine Sri Marnani Cosmas Manukalo Danga Dahsan, Sudarti Dangan Waluyo Daniel Singgih A.B Debbie Kemala Sari Deni Yulyadi Diah Ayu Permatasari Djansena, Alradix Dwi Budi Santoso Edy Sulistyadi Erika, Katherine F.Harsono, Cecilia Fakhreja, Reyhan Fathurrohman, Umar Feny Avisha Fifing Fifing Fitri Rinaldi Fitria, Rosi Gabriel Choirul Alman GHAZALIE, GHAZALIE Gultom, Rudy Agus Gemilang Guntur Eko Guntur Eko Saputro Hafidz Kuncoro Haloho, Luwis Surani Harefa, Faonaso Hari Purwanto Harsono, Cecilia F. Hasna Moraina Rizkiyani Heningtiyas, Hesti Herdianto, Bachtiar Herlina Juni Risma Saragih Herman Subagyo Zaesohar I Nengah Putra A I. Gede Sumertha Ikhsanudin, Agus Haryanto Irwanto, Bambang Juliana Juliana KAREL L. MANDAGIE Kartiningsih, Yuli Khaerul Umam, Khaerul Luthfiyah Sakinah M. Asa’ari Yusuf Mahmud, Muslimin Mardamsyah, Adam Marsetio Marsetio Masita Dwi Mandini Manessa Masita Dwi Mandini Manessa MASITA DWI MANDINI MANESSA, MASITA DWI MANDINI Mauliza Fatwa Yusdian Mauliza Fatwa Yusdian May May Maysarah Maysarah, May May Meli Ruslinar Muhamad Samingan Muhammad Aldin Yusfan Muslikhatin, Lilik Navalino, R Djoko Andreas Nopi Rahmawati Nurdin, Fachdy Octo Mario Pasaribu Pedrason, Rodon Persadha, Pratama Prakoso, Lukman Yudho Pranowo, Andityas Pratiwi, Ire Prita Nur Wahyu Pujo Widodo Pujo Widodo, Pujo Purna Dewi, Anggi Pradikti Purwanto, Ignatius Eko Djoko Putri, Cintya Yelena Rahmandhala, Ilvan Dino Ras, Abdul Rivai Reghina Rizqy Restianto, Mohammad Obie Reyhan Fakhreja Rezasyah, Teuku Ria Anggun Ariani Rianto M.Si.Par Riyan Eko Prasetiyo Riyan Eko Prasetiyo Rizkiyani, Hasna Moraina Rudi Agus Gumilang Gultom Sadewa, Annisa Harum Said, Budiman Djoko Saleh, Basuki Rahmad Samad, M. Yusuf Samingan, Muhammad Sawlani, Dhiraj Kelly Sekar Dwianti, Fitri Anggraeni Sembiring, Heriyanta Sianturi, Kristomei Sri Kartika Sakti Sri Mulyaningsih Sri Murtiana Suadnyana, I Nyoman Suci Rahmayanti Sucitra, I Gusti Ngurah Bagus Sukendra Martha Sukendra Martha Sumariyanto, Iris Surjaatmadja , Surachman Susanto, Setyo Hani Sutrasna, Yudi Suwarno, Panji Suyono Thamrin Syachrul Arief Syahnaz, Raesha Syamsul Maarif Syarif Hidayatullah Taufik, Robby Mochammad Theo L Sambuaga Trismadi Trismadi Trismadi Trismadi Trismadi Trismadi Trismadi, Trismadi Ue, Ermelinda Dhae Usman, Muhammad Lulu Latif Waluyo, Dangan Widiyanto Saputro Wijanarko, Trias Wijaya, Satria Dhaniswara Rahsa Wiloso, Danis Agoes Yahya Darmawan Yosef Prihanto Yosef Prihanto Yosef Prihanto Yosef Prihanto, Yosef Yosef Prihanto, Yosef Prihanto Yosua Sabar Panjaitan Yudo, Lukman Yusman, Faisal