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Karakteristik Perkembangan Tafsir al-Qur’an pada Abad IX (Analisis Historis Metodologis) Andi Miswar
Rihlah : Jurnal Sejarah dan Kebudayaan Vol 6 No 2 (2018): History and Culture
Publisher : Universitas Islam Negeri Alauddin Makassar

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24252/rihlah.v6i2.6913

Abstract

In the development of quranic interpretation, the IX century is known as the mutaakhhirin period. In this era interpretation shows fundamental change, for example the change from the form of bi al-ma’tsur (riwayah) exagesis to the form of dirayah (al-ra’yu) exegesis, as it is practiced in jalalayn exagesis by jalaluddin al-mahally and jalaluddin al-sayuti that it is using ijmali or global method, and placing exegesis within it is global  or general context. The exagesis book was published in that century is the interpretation of tafsir tanwir al-miqbas min tafsir Ibnu Abbas exegesis by al-fairuzabādi applies ijmali method such as tafsir bi al-ma’tsur and tafsir al-Dūr al-mansūr fi tafsir al-ma’tsūr by jalaluddin al-sayuti, which applying ijmali and muqāran, in the form of tafsir bi al-ma’tsur, the exagesis is classified as general exegesis. The tendency of exegesis mostly impluenced by their personal understanding, school of thought, and qualification of their knowledge.Dalam  Perkembangan tafsir al-Qur’an, abad  IX dikenal dengan periode mutaakhhirin. Di era ini kegiatan penafsiran mengalami perkembangan yang cukup signifikan, misalnya dari bentuk tafsir bi al-ma’tsur (riwayah) ke bentuk tafsir dirayah (al-ra’yu) seperti yang terdapat dalam  Tafsīr Jalalayn  Oleh Jalaluddin al-Mahally dan Jalaluddin al-Syayuti yang menggunakan  metode ijmāli atau global, serta memberikan gambaran penafsiran yang bercorak umum. Kemudian beberpa tafsir yang lahir pada masa tersebut, diantaranya, Tafsīr Tanwīr al-miqbās min tafsīr Ibnu Abbās oleh al-fairuzabādi menggunakan metode ijmāli  dengan kategori bentuk tafsir bi al-Ma’tsūr, Dan Tafsīr al-Dūr al-Mantsūr fi tafsir al-ma’tsūr oleh Jalaluddin al-Sayūti disamping menggunakan metode muqāran juga  ijmali, dengan bentuk tafsir bi al-ma’tsūr tafsir ini dikategorikan pula bercorak umum. Kecendrungan Mufassir dalam melakukan penafsiran kebanyakan dipengaruhi oleh pemahaman pribadi, mazhab, dan kwalifikasi keilmuan mereka.  
معالجة صعوبات طلاب جامعة كينداري الإسلامية الحكومية في كتابة العربية / Overcoming the Difficulties of IAIN Kendari Students in Writing Arabic St. Kuraedah; Nur Azaliah Mar; Andi Miswar
Diwan : Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra Arab Vol 7 No 2 (2021): KAJIAN BAHASA DAN SASTRA ARAB
Publisher : Jurusan Bahasa dan Sastra Arab Universitas Islam Negeri Alauddin Makassar

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24252/diwan.v7i2.20719

Abstract

يستند هذا البحث إلى الحقائق التي تظهر أن طلاب الجامعات الإسلامية أكثرهم وأغلبهم المسلمون ولكن طلاب الجامعة الإسلامية الحكومية كينداري ما زالوا يعانون من الصعوبات في كتابة النصوص العربية وهذه الحالة تحدث في مختلف مؤسسات التعليم الديني وطلاب الجامعات الإسلامية. وهذه الحقائق تجعل المؤسسات التعليمية الإسلامية في دائرة الضوء من قبل المجتمع. وكان هناك عدد من المقالات التي تناقش صعوبات الكتابة باللغة العربية ولكنها قليلا ما تناقش كيفية التغلب على صعوبات الكتابة التي يواجهها الطلاب في كتابة النصوص العربية وخاصة في كيفية ربط الحروف بعضها ببعض وفقًا لقواعد كتابة اللغة العربية. استخدم هذا البحث طريقة الاختبار لرسم خرائط صعوبات الطلاب، وطريقة المقابلات مع الطلاب والطالبات، والمناقشات الجماعية المركزة على محاضري اللغة العربية الذين يتجلون بنفس الخبرة والمشاكل في تدريس كتابة العربية الأساسية، ونتائج هذا البحث قدمت أنواعا من الصعوبات التي يواجهها العديد من الطلاب. وهذا البحث أيضا يتناول مجموعة من الأساليب والاستراتيجيات في التعامل مع الصعوبات في كتابة النصوص العربية، كما قد تم اتخاذ عشر (10)  خطوات من هذا البحث لتصميم تعليم الكتابة باللغة العربية بناءً على تجارب محاضري اللغة العربية السابقة في المناقشات الجماعية المركزةالكلمات المفتاحية : كتابة النصوص العربية؛ مهارة الكتابة، تقنيات تعليم كتابة النصوص العربية؛ نوع الصعوبات في الكتابة العربيةAbstract:This research was motivated by the fact that all Islamic college students are Muslim, but the reality found that the students at the State Islamic Institute of Kendari still have difficulty in writing Arabic texts, which caused the Islamic educational institutions to be spotlighted. Many articles have examined the difficulties of writing in Arabic, but few articles specifically discuss the ways to overcome the writing difficulties faced by students in writing Arabic texts, such as connecting each letter based on the rules of the Arabic script. Using the student difficulty mapping test method, the researcher interviews the students and conducts FGD (focus group discussion) with Arabic lecturers who have the same experience and problems in teaching basic Arabic text writing. This research results report several types of difficulties faced by students, several methods and strategies for dealing with difficulties in writing Arabic texts, and it offers 10 steps for designing the Arabic writing lessons based on the experience of Arabic lecturers who delivered them in focus group activities.Keywords:
An Analysis on How Hoax News Spread through Social Media A. Musdalifah Arif; Andi Miswar
Literatify: Trends in Library Developments Vol 1 No 2 (2020): SEPTEMBER
Publisher : UPT Perpustakaan UIN Alauddin Makassar

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (730.178 KB) | DOI: 10.24252/literatify.v1i2.14964

Abstract

Artikel ini membahas bagaimana penyebaran informasi hoax melalui media sosial dan apa dampak penyebaran informasi hoax tersebut pada masyarakat. Sumber data dari jenis penelitian deskriptif kualitatif ini diperoleh dari beberapa literatur dan media online yang melaporkan beberapa informasi hoax di akhir-akhir ini sering terjadi. Sementara untuk mengetahui dampaknya, beberapa individu yang punya pengalaman menerima berita hoax menjadi informan penelitian ini. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penyebaran informasi hoax, dimulai dengan pembuatan informasi yang diadopsi dari opini masyarakat kemudian dikembangkan menjadi artikel, dibumbui kalimat bohong, disebarkan melalui media sosial menggunakan akun anonim, sehingga masyarakat yang membacanya menyebarkan kembali ke masyarakat lain dan seperti itu seterusnya. Sedangkan dampaknya, berakibat pada interaksi sosial masyarakat, mulanya hubungan mereka baik-baik saja sebagai keluarga, tetangga maupun sahabat. Tetapi karena mereka kerap kali mengonsumsi hoax, maka perdebatan hingga persiteruan terjadi di antara mereka.ABSTRACTThis article discusses the dissemination of hoax information via social media. The purpose of this study was to determine the flow of hoax information dissemination through social media and to determine the impact of hoax information dissemination in the community. This qualitative research used online media and literature review as its resources of the data. The results of this study provide an understanding of the flow of hoax information dissemination, starting with making information that is adopted from public opinion and then developed into articles, spiced with lies, spread through social media using anonymized accounts, so that people who read it redistribute other communities and so on. While the impact, results in social interaction of the community, initially their relationship was fine as family, neighbors or friends. But because they often consume hoaxes, the the problems  occurred among them.
Qur'anic Narratives of Women's Competencies and The Consequences of Islamic Law on Their Involvement in Society Miswar, Andi; R, Abd Rahman; HM, M. Amir; Fakhrurrazi, Fakhrurrazi; Mukhtar, Makmunzir
Samarah: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga dan Hukum Islam Vol 7, No 3 (2023): Samarah: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga dan Hukum Islam
Publisher : Islamic Family Law Department, Sharia and Law Faculty, Universitas Islam Negeri Ar-Raniry

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22373/sjhk.v7i3.17945

Abstract

Many people continue to believe that the Islamic Law perspective of women differs from men, which tends to be based on subordinate doctrines. However, in the al-Qur'an, divine revelation proclaims that women also have Competencies which is demonstrated by various forms of narration in the language style of the Qur'an along with their prowess in the public sector based on social reality. This paper discusses the main problem, namely the competence of women in the Qur'an from the perspective of Islamic law and their work in society. This research uses a qualitative research type with the method of text analysis of the verses of the Qur'an with an interpretive science approach, as well as analysis of field data regarding the role of women in various sectors of life from the perspective of Islamic law. Data was collected through a literature study and in-depth interviews with several informants in various regions of Indonesia. The research concluded that women's competence is mentioned in the narration of the Qur’an with uslub and various language styles, showing that women have superiority and toughness according to their nature and identity. They act with the capital of intellectual, emotional, and spiritual intelligence as well as physical and psychological strength. Furthermore, women's involvement in the public sector provides clear evidence of women's abilities relevant to the verses of the Qur’an and refutes subordinate perspectives of them. Islamic law perspective recommends building a perfect mutualism symbiotic, respectful, civilized, and progressive.
THE TRADITION OF READING LONTARA KUTIKA OF DATARA VILLAGE COMMUNITY, TOMPOBULU DISTRICT GOWA REGENCY (APPRECIATION OF THE AL-QUR’AN VERSES) Syamhari; Andi Miswar; Nasrum; Sardian Maharani Asnur
Jurnal Adabiyah Vol 22 No 1 (2022): June (Islamic Humanities)
Publisher : Faculty of Adab and Humanities - Alauddin State Islamic University of Makassar

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24252/jad.v22i1a8

Abstract

This research aims to know the tradition of reading Lontara Kutika related to the appreciation of Q.S. Al-Isra:12 in Datara village, Tompobulu district, Gowa regency. This research used descriptive qualitative research using an anthropological approach. Data collection techniques used are observation, interviews, and documentation. The results obtained in the study were the tradition of reading Lontara Kutika was carried out to determine a good time. A good time is applied to every agricultural activity starting from preparation before going to the fields and gardens to work on up to the preparation of the first harvest. The tradition of reading Lontara Kutika is also carried out by the people if they want to determine the time of weddings, banquets and pilgrimage rituals. The timing of the wedding ceremony begins with the timing of the proposal, marriage and the wedding banquet. Meanwhile, determining the good time through the tradition of reading Lontara Kutika at the ritual of the Hajj banquet is carried out in the order of determining when the right time is for the rituals, and determining the time of the rituals for the Hajj. Appreciating Q.S al-Isra: 12 in reading Lontara Kutika in the community of Datara village is a useful activity and is classified as an act that is separated from who did it, because what someone does will be obtained in the future (counted as a reward). The conclusion of the research is that the tradition of reading Lontara Kutika in Datara village community is carried out for the purpose of determining good timing, the texts are read as a reference source of knowledge in determining good timing in various activities of daily life. الملخص تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى تحديد تقليد قراءة Lontara Kutika فيما يتعلق بتقدير Q. آية الأسرة: 12 في تجمع قرية داتارا ، ناحية تومبوبولو ، منطقة جوا. نوع البحث المستخدم في هذا البحث هو بحث نوعي وصفي باستخدام منهج أنثروبولوجي. تقنيات جمع البيانات المستخدمة هي المراقبة والمقابلات والتوثيق. النتائج التي تم الحصول عليها في الدراسة هي تقليد قراءة Lontara Kutika لتحديد الأوقات الجيدة. يتم تطبيق التوقيت المناسب على كل نشاط زراعي بدءًا من التحضير قبل النزول إلى الحقول والحدائق إلى العمل حتى إعداد الحصاد الأول. يتم تنفيذ تقليد قراءة Lontara Kutika أيضًا من قبل المجتمع إذا كانوا يريدون تحديد وقت الزواج والمآدب مثل حفلات الزفاف وطقوس الحج. يبدأ توقيت مراسم الزفاف بتوقيت العرض والزواج ومأدبة الزفاف. وفي الوقت نفسه ، يتم تحديد الوقت المناسب من خلال تقليد قراءة Lontara Kutika في طقوس مأدبة الحج بترتيب تحديد الوقت المناسب للطقوس ، وتحديد وقت طقوس الحج. Q.S التنفيذ آية الإسراء: 12 في قراءة Lontara Kutika في مجتمع قرية داتارا نشاط مفيد ويصنف على أنه فعل منفصل عن الفاعل ، لأن ما يفعله شخص ما سيحصل عليه في المستقبل (يحسب ممارسة ). وخلص البحث إلى أن تقليد قراءة Lontara Kutika في مجتمع قرية داتارا يتم بغرض تحديد التوقيت المناسب ، حيث تُقرأ النصوص كمصدر مرجعي للمعرفة في تحديد الأوقات الجيدة في مختلف أنشطة الحياة اليومية
Proses Kodifikasi dan Pembukuan Al-Qur’an Pada Masa Nabi Dan Sahabat Muharram, Muh Syahrul; Halimah Basri; Andi Miswar
Ash-Shahabah : Jurnal Pendidikan dan Studi Islam Vol. 10 No. 2 (2024): Ash-Shahabah: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Studi Islam
Publisher : Fakultas Agama Islam Universitas Islam Makassar (UIM)

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Abstract

Salah satu aspek penting yang harus diketahui tentang Al-Qur’an yaitu mengenai proses pengkodifikasian atau pembukuan Al-Qur’an pertama kali, atau biasa disebut dengan Jam’ul Qur’an. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana proses penulisan Al-Qur’an yang terjadi pada masa Nabi maupun pengumpulan lembaran-lembaran Al-Qur’an pada masa sahabat. Penelitian ini bersifat library research dengan jenis penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan sejarah. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Jam’ul Qur’an adalah suatu proses mengumpulkan, menghimpun atau menyatukan Al-Qur’an. Pengumpulan Al-Qur’an ini dibagi menjadi dua yaitu; pengumpulan dalam dada lewat hafalan dan pengumpulan dalam arti penulisan dan pembukuan. Pada masa Nabi, pengumpulan Al-Qur’an lebih banyak dilakukan dengan menggunakan hafalan karena Nabi yang ummi dan pada saat itu belum memadainya alat tulis. Sedangkan pada masa sahabat pengumpulan Al-Qur’an terjadi secara bertahap, dimulai dari pengumpulan lembaran-lembaran Al-Qur’an yang ditulis pada pelepah kurma, kulit kayu dan lain-lain disusun menjadi mushaf al-Qur’an, kemudian penggandaan mushaf dikarenakan penyebaran wilayah islam yang makin luas, dan penyempurnaan penulisan Al-Qur’an guna memudahkan umat Islam diluar Arab dalam membacanya.
RASM QUR’AN (Proses Penulisan dan Pengklasifikasian Literatur Teks Qur’an) rahman, auliya; Andi Miswar; Halimah Basri
Ash-Shahabah : Jurnal Pendidikan dan Studi Islam Vol. 10 No. 2 (2024): Ash-Shahabah: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Studi Islam
Publisher : Fakultas Agama Islam Universitas Islam Makassar (UIM)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar

Abstract

Al-Qur’an merupakan sumber pedoman pertama dan yang tentunya paling utama yang diturunkan kepada umat nabi Muhammad saw. Al-qur’an diturunkan Allah swt kepada manusia tentunya sebagai petunjuk keselamatan bagi mereka yang menginginkan kebahagiaan dunia dan terlebih lagi di akhirat. Sebagai firman Tuhan dan mu’jizat bagi nabi Muhammad saw, tentu al-Qur’an disusun dan ditulis dengan penuh penjagaan dari Allah swt dan kehatia-hatian dari para shahabat dalam menyusun kitab al-Qur’an. Seiring dengan berjalannya waktu, al-Qur’an telah ditulis dalam bebarapa versi mushaf yang tersebar di seluruh dunia ini, tentu tidak terlepas dari metode yang ditetapkan para sahabat dalam menyusun dan menulis al-Qur’an itu sendiri. Penulisan al-Qur’an itu sendiri salah satunya didasari dengan perbedaan dialeg khusunya orang non-arab yang pada saat itu sudah ada yang masuk islam sehingga muncul ide para sahabat dalam meningkatkan metode penulisan agar al-Qur’an dapat dibaca dan dipahami diberbagai negara.
Semantic Analysis of Qur’anic Language Style on Literacy Miswar, Andi; Asnur, Sardian Maharani; Hasan, Hamka; Sabaruddin, Rasfiuddin; Nasri, Andi
Diwan : Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra Arab Vol 10 No 2 (2024): KAJIAN BAHASA DAN SASTRA ARAB
Publisher : Jurusan Bahasa dan Sastra Arab Universitas Islam Negeri Alauddin Makassar

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24252/diwan.v10i2.45426

Abstract

مصطلح محو الأمية على العموم يفهمه كثير من الناس بأنه يقتصر مدلوله على القراءة والكتابة فحسب، في الواقع قد نال شيئا من التطور وفقا لمتطلبات العصر ومواكبات الزمان، سواء أكان بمفهومه العام، أو بمفهومه الوارد في منظور القرآن مما يبدو أن له معنى واسعا ومعقدا يتراوح حول مختلف الأشكال والتعبيرات الأسلوبية للقرآن. يهدف هذا البحث إلى الكشف عن تطور معنى الأدب بشكل عام والمصطلحات الأدبية المختلفة في القرآن الكريم باستخدام دلالات النص الوصفي التحليلي في آيات القرآن الكريم بمنهج تفسيري وسيميائي. يهدف هذا البحث إلى الكشف عن تطور معنى الأدب بشكل عام والمصطلحات الأدبية المختلفة في القرآن الكريم باستخدام دلالات النص الوصفي التحليلي في آيات القرآن الكريم بمنهج تفسيري وسيميائي. تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى العثور على تطور معنى محو الأمية عموما ومصطلحاته المختلفة في القرآن. وباستخدام النص الوصفي التحليلي الدلالي من آيات القرآن ومع الانتفاع بمدخل التفسير والسيميائية، تستنتج هذه الدراسة. أن مصطلح محو الأمية لا يقتصر فقط على مجرد القراءة والكتابة ولكنه يتجاوزهما فيشمل القدرة على التفكير بشكل مطلق في مختلف المشكلات ، والقدرة على تحويل النصوص عن طريق إنتاج كل ما هو جديد من نظريات واكتشافات وأعمال، وأنه في القرآن يتم التعبير عنه بألفاظ لغوية متنوعة مثل التلاوة، والتفكر، والتدبر، والتذكر ، والتفقه ، والترتيل، والتدرس، فلا يقتصر معناه على مجرد القراءة والكتابة، بل يشمل قراءة المكتوبة وغير المكتوبة والخطابات التي تنطوي على التأمل والتفكير العميق والتفكير النقدي والإبداع والابتكار. لقد توصلت الباحثة إلى أن القراءة لها معانٍ مختلفة في القرآن، مثل حسن القراءة بالمخرج والتجويد الصحيح بالفهم والتفكير النقدي والحلول والاستماع والتدبر وغير ذلك. وبشكل عام فإنه يؤدي إلى الذكاء الفكري والعاطفي والروحي في السعي لتحقيق السعادة والأمان في الدنيا والآخرة. Abstract The term of literacy is commonly understood by the public to be limited only to reading and writing. the reality of the meaning of literacy has evolved in accordance with the demands of the times, both in the general sense and the perspective of the Qur'an, which seems to have a comprehensive and complex meaning in various forms and uslub of the Qur'anic language style. This research aims to reveal the development of the meaning on literacy in general and various literacy terminologies in the Qur'an by using analytical descriptive semantics of the text in the verses of the Qur'an with the interpretation science aproach and semiotics. This research shows that the term literacy is not only limited to reading and writing but includes the ability to think of solutions to various problems and the ability to transform texts by producing new theories, discoveries, and new works. In the Qur'an, it is also interpreted in various language styles such as tilawah, tafakkur, tadabbur, tazakkur, tafaqquh, tartila, tadarrus. Its meaning is not limited to qirāah and kitābah, but includes the reading of texts and unwritten teks including the discourses that involve contemplation, deep thinking, critical thinking, creativity, and innovation. The researcher concludes Literacy has various meanings in the Qur'an, such as reading well with the correct makhraj in a good prononciation and phoneic Alphabet by gradually understanding, critical thinking and solutif. The whole things lead to intellectual, emotional and spiritual intelligence in pursuing happiness and salvation in this world and the hereafter.
Inheritance Rights of Women in Makassar Society: A Study of Living Qur’an and its Implications for Islamic Law Basri, Halimah; Miswar, Andi; Hasan, Hamka; Pabbajah, Mustaqim; Khalik, Subehan
Samarah: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga dan Hukum Islam Vol 6, No 2 (2022): Samarah: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga dan Hukum Islam
Publisher : Islamic Family Law Department, Sharia and Law Faculty, Universitas Islam Negeri Ar-Raniry

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22373/sjhk.v6i2.13882

Abstract

The division of inheritance is one of the main problems in Islamic law. The legal basis for inheritance division refers to the Qur’an and hadith as the sources of law. However, there are different interpretations and practices in society regarding the division of inheritance for women and men. Here, this paper examines the practice of dividing the inheritance of women and men with the living Qur’an approach, and also maps out the forms of reception that occur in society and its implications for Islamic law. This qualitative study used the living Qur’an approach and collected the data by means of literature review and in-depth interview in three areas, namely Makassar City, Gowa and Bulukumba. The results of the study revealed that the people of Makassar have always divided inheritance based on the legal sources combined with customary law (adak). In this context, the community reception is grouped into three: first, the community that gives women the inheritance rights in accordance with the text in the Islamic law of a 2: 1 ratio (2 for male and 1 for female); second, the community that divides the inheritance through musyawarah (deliberation) and mufakat (consensus); and third, the community who carries out the inheritance settlement in court. In this case, however, the community tends to settle more through musyawarah and mufakat based on their customs and habits to maintain family integrity. This is because women are positioned with respect, while family problems including inheritance are part of siri' (shame). The division of inheritance to women from the point of view of the living Qur’an has an implication for flexible Islamic law as there is an integration of traditional Islamic teachings and culture within society.
The Wisdom of Kinayah in Qur'anic Sexual Terminology: A Linguistic Analysis of Meaning, Ethics, and Aesthetic Expression in Divine Discourse A. Rahmat Hidayat; Muhammad Yusuf; Andi Miswar
Sunan Kalijaga International Journal on Islamic Educational Research Vol. 8 No. 2 (2024)
Publisher : Pascasarjana Fakultas Ilmu Tarbiyah dan Keguruan UIN Sunan Kalijaga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/skijier.2024.82.03

Abstract

Sex in the Qur'an is mentioned with several variations of terms, namely mass, afda, ata, asyiru, basyiru and rafats. The six terms are kinayah which have high aesthetic value. This study will describe the wisdom of using these terms by focusing on looking at the aspects of the kinayah contained. To obtain this, the author uses the thematic interpretation method with a linguistic approach, especially balagah. The results of the study show that sex in the Qur'an is considered something sacred and has the function of continuing the lineage. Terms such as mass, afda, ata, asyiru, basyiru and rafats in the verses about sex as kinayah have their own emphases. The emphasis can be detected in the basic meaning of each term. The wisdom of using these terms includes proof of the greatness of the language of the Qur'an, affirmation of manners in conveying meaning and affirmation of sex as a form of outpouring of love and affection. This research has implications for the scientific field, especially in the fields of interpretation and literature.