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Estimation of Carbon Dioxide Sequestration and Litter Production in Rehabilitated Mangrove Ecosystems Efriyeldi, Efriyeldi; Mulyadi, Aras; Nawari, Nawari
Indonesian Journal of Geography Vol 57, No 1 (2025): Indonesian Journal of Geography
Publisher : Faculty of Geography, Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/ijg.95295

Abstract

The ability of mangrove to sequestrate carbon dioxide (CO2) is becoming part of the methods for climate change mitigation due to the ability of plants to absorb and store CO2 from the atmosphere as biomass. Therefore, this research aimed to estimate CO2 sequestration and litter production by Avicennia alba planted in mangrove rehabilitation area. The data collection method was field observation which was used to measure tree parameters and litter on the observation plot. Tree biomass was estimated using the allometric equation and converted to carbon sequestration. Moreover, a one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test was applied to assess biomass and litter production differences in the observed stations. Regression analysis was also used to diagnose the relationship between tree diameter, biomass, and carbon sequestration. The results showed that the average biomass and carbon storage at tree level were directly proportional to tree diameter and age. At the stand level, biomass and carbon sequestration in the three stations were not significantly different at the 95% confidence level. It was also observed that stem density affected mangrove biomass. The results showed that more mangrove mortality occurred with older ages at the observed stations and this lowered the stem density and biomass. Furthermore, the relationship between diameter, biomass, and carbon sequestration was directly proportional. Litter production also increased directly with tree age and diameter but the trend was insignificant. The leaf part was found to be the most significant contributor to litter production, and the proportion increased with age and diameter. These results were essential information for future sustainable mangrove rehabilitation plans.Received: 2024-04-02 Revised: 2024-06-21 Accepted: 2025-03-07 Published: 2025-04-28
Analysis of Mangrove Forest Changes Using Satellite Image Data on Rupat Island Agusti, Dinda Roanna; Mubarak, Mubarak; Efriyeldi, Efriyeldi; Rifardi, Rifardi; Mulyadi, Aras; Zulkifli, Zulkifli; Ilahi, Ilham
Jurnal Natur Indonesia Vol. 23 No. 1 (2025): April
Publisher : Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat Universitas Riau

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31258/jnat.23.1.50-57

Abstract

Mangrove forest vegetation is spread across several islands in Indonesia, including Rupat Island. Rupat Island is the outermost island in Riau Province, close to Malaysia, and directly faces international waters, namely the Malacca Strait. Rupat Island has two sub-districts, namely Rupat District and North Rupat District. Rupat Island has a very extensive mangrove forest and has a significant contribution. Monitoring changes in mangrove forests is one way of controlling the mangrove forest ecosystem. This research aims to analyze changes in mangrove vegetation area and mangrove density using the MVI algorithm in 2013 and 2023 on Rupat Island, Bengkalis Regency. This research was conducted in the mangrove forest ecosystem on Rupat Island, Bengkalis Regency, Riau Province. The method used in this research is a survey method with observation and field data collection (ground check). Based on image processing results, the area of ​​mangrove vegetation was 13903.03 ha (2013) to 11748.66 ha (2023) and experienced a reduction of 2154.37 ha. Classification based on MVI in sparse density has an area of ​​5872.46 ha (2013), decreasing to 3422.05 ha (2023); medium density has an area of ​​2188.84 ha (2013), increasing to 3334.64 ha (2023), and dense density has an area of ​​5841.73 ha (2013) reduced to 4991.97 ha. Over 10 years, the density of mangrove vegetation has increased in the medium class and tends to decrease in the sparse and dense classes. Based on calculations, the density of mangroves on Rupat Island falls into the tree category, ranging from 1150.00 ind/ha to 1450.00 ind/ha, which is considered good, and the sapling category ranges from 366.67 ind/ha to 1050.00 ind/ha, which is classified as good.
Abundance and Diversity of Sponges in the Waters of Pasumpahan Island, West Sumatra Rusdi, Muhammad; Efriyeldi, Efriyeldi; Thamrin, Thamrin
Journal of Coastal and Ocean Sciences Vol. 6 No. 2 (2025): May
Publisher : Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Universitas Riau

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31258/jocos.6.2.119-124

Abstract

Sponges are the most primitive multicellular animals that live in various types of waters, ranging from fresh to brackish and marine. Sponges live at the bottom of the water, usually embedding themselves in rigid substrates such as rocks or corals and competing with other attached organisms for food space. This study aimed to analyse the abundance and diversity and determine the differences in sponge abundance at different depths. This research was conducted in March 2024 in Pasumpahan Island, West Sumatra. This research used the survey method and the belt transect method. The sampling location was divided into three stations consisting of 3 sampling points. Station I is located in the tourist area, Station II is in the dock area, and Station III is in the area facing the open sea. The results showed that the highest abundance based on depth was found at station I with a depth of 5 m, namely 1071.4 ind / ha and the lowest abundance at station II with a depth of 7 m, 714.286 ind / ha. The t-test results obtained a significant value of less than 0.05, namely 0.048, which means that the abundance of sponges at different depths is significantly different. The diversity index ranges from 1.930 to 2.013, indicating that the sponge diversity level in Pasumpahan Island waters is classified as moderate. The T-test results show a significant value of more than 0.05, namely 0.795, which means the abundance of sponges at two depths is significantly different
Organic Carbon Stock in Sediment of the Rehabilitated Mangrove Ecosystem in Kedabu Rapat Village, Meranti Islands Regency Cahyo, Bintang Dwi; Efriyeldi, Efriyeldi; Amin, Bintal
Journal of Coastal and Ocean Sciences Vol. 6 No. 2 (2025): May
Publisher : Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Universitas Riau

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31258/jocos.6.2.94-101

Abstract

Global climate change caused by increasing atmospheric CO₂ emissions threatens coastal ecosystems, including mangrove forests that function as carbon sinks. Kedabu Rapat Village in Meranti Islands Regency has implemented a mangrove rehabilitation program since 2017 to overcome coastal abrasion and restore the ecosystem. This study examines mangrove density, organic carbon stock in sediment, the relationship between density and carbon stock, and variations in carbon stock between sediment depths. The study was conducted at three stations according to the year of rehabilitation using a survey method with sediment sampling as deep as 30 cm, Organic carbon was analyzed using the LOI method. The study's results identified one mangrove species, Avicennia alba, from the Acanthaceae family, which dominated all observation stations. Vegetation density is classified as very dense, averaging 7,911 ind/ha, with the highest density at Station 1 (8,935 ind/ha). All stations' average sediment carbon stock reached 117.23 tons/ha, with the highest value at Station 3 (135.19 tons/ha) and the lowest at Station 1 (96.97 tons/ha). Statistical analysis revealed a weak correlation (r = 0.218; p > 0.05) between mangrove density and sediment carbon stock, indicating that other environmental factors, such as sedimentation and sediment input, play a more significant role. The distribution of carbon stock by depth was relatively uniform, ranging from 38.25 to 40.58 tons/ha. These results indicate that external factors are also determinants of carbon absorption rates
Community Structure of Benthic Epifauna in Mangrove Forest Rehabilitation of Kedaburapat Village Kepulauan Meranti District Syafrhani, Wan Nabila; Efriyeldi, Efriyeldi; Zulkifli, Zulkifli
Journal of Coastal and Ocean Sciences Vol. 2 No. 3 (2021): September
Publisher : Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Universitas Riau

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31258/

Abstract

The mangrove forest area is important for benthic epifauna because it is a habitat for benthic epifauna. This research was conducted in September 2020 in the mangrove forest rehabilitation area of ​​Kedaburapat Village, Kepulauan Meranti. In this study, it was divided into 2 areas, namely the mangrove planting period 2018 and the planting period 2019. The result of this study found 18 species from 2 classes, Gastropods and Malacostraca. Gastropod class namely Littoraria melanostoma, Nerita balteata and Sphaerassiminea miniata; and Malacostraca classes namely Macrophthalmus convexus, Clibanarius longitarsus and Clibanarius ambonensis. Macrozoobenthic abundance values ​​ranged from 50.33 to 46.63 ind/m2, the diversity index value (H ') was between 1.23-2.27, the dominance index value was 0.30-0.65, the uniformity index (E) ranged from 0.32-0.67 and the distribution ranges from 0.94-1.61. Water quality parameters measured include temperature, salinity, pH, organic matter, TSS and substrates that affect the presence of benthic epifauna.
The Structure of Mangrove Community in Sebauk Village, Bengkalis District, Bengkalis Regency, Riau Province Siregar, Ali Mora Hadamean; Efriyeldi, Efriyeldi; Nasution, Syafruddin
Journal of Coastal and Ocean Sciences Vol. 3 No. 1 (2022): January
Publisher : Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Universitas Riau

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31258/

Abstract

The use of mangroves for economic purposes has long been carried out by the community, especially coastal communities without making significant improvements to the mangrove forest. This condition can provide significant pressure to the mangrove ecosystem of Sebauk Village. The purpose of this study is to analyze the community structure of the mangrove vegetation community in Sebauk Village. The method used in this study was the survey method. The result shows that the composition of the mangrove vegetation in Sebauk Village consisted of 3 Species, namely Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, and Sonneratia alba. The highest inforten index value was Rhizophora apiculata with a percentage of 243.42% and the lowest value was Rhizophora mucronata namely 56.57%. Meanwhile, an informed index value of S. alba was 153.69%.
Mangrove Vegetation Community Structure in Sungai Sembilan Sub-District, Dumai City Hasyim, Ardhan Fadhlani; Mulyadi, Aras; Efriyeldi, Efriyeldi
Journal of Coastal and Ocean Sciences Vol. 3 No. 1 (2022): January
Publisher : Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Universitas Riau

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31258/

Abstract

Mangroves are one of the important ecosystems in coastal areas that grow in places that are still influenced by tides. This research was conducted from October to November 2019 in the mangrove ecosystem of Sungai Sembilan District, Dumai City, Riau Province. The purpose of this study was to determine the structure of mangrove vegetation in Sungai Sembilan District, Dumai City. The method used in this study was a survey method, and used 4 stations. The mangrove species obtained were Avicennia alba, Avicennia mariana, Rhizophora apiculata, R. mucronata, Sonneratia alba, Xylocarpus granatum and Nypa fruticans. The density of mangrove vegetation at stations I, II, and III has criteria 1000 to < 1500 Trees/Ha, while at station IV the criteria are damaged with tree density criteria < 1000 Trees/Ha. From the aspect of the index, the mangrove community has a diversity value (H') which is classified as moderate with sufficient productivity which has a value ranging from 1.70 to 2.36, the value of uniformity (E) is classified as uneven, which is around 0.25 to 0.34 and the index value is dominance (C) which is relatively low, ranging from 0.12 to 0.33 which means that there is no dominant species in the area. Based on the significance value, the vegetation type R. apiculata dominated by having a greater significance value than the other species as a whole at each station in the tree, sapling and seedling categories.
Condition of Mangrove Forest in the Village of Apar Pariaman Utara District Pariaman City West Sumatra Province Alpian, Alpian; Efriyeldi, Efriyeldi; Thamrin, Thamrin
Journal of Coastal and Ocean Sciences Vol. 2 No. 2 (2021): May
Publisher : Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Universitas Riau

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31258/

Abstract

Pariaman Utara District has the most extensive mangrove forest, which is 16.5 ha, in Apar Village the amount (6.0 ha). The purpose of this study was to determine the type and density of mangrove forests and to determine the condition of mangrove forests by determining the percentage of canopy cover in Apar Village. The method used in this research is a survey method, where the data collected is data obtained directly from the field which is then analyzed the data. The research procedure consisted of several stages, namely, collecting density data at 3 stations. Each station consisted of 3 straight line transects along 50 meters from the sea and estuary to land with a position perpendicular to the coast and having a distance between transect lines of 50 meters. In each transect line there are 3 plots arranged in a zigzag manner with a size of 10 m x 10 m for the tree category mangrove community structure. Retrieval of canopy cover photo data which was then analyzed by hemispherical photography. The results of measurements of water quality from the research location were temperature 29 - 30 ° C, salinity 4 - 5 ‰ and pH of the waters were 6-7. The composition of mangroves in the research locations were Sonneratia caseolaris, Sonneratia alba, Rhizophora mucronata, Nypa fructicans. Density at station I, 1700.00 trees/ha, station II 1311.11 trees/ha and station III 1888.89 trees/ha. Canopy cover at station I, 80.65%, station II, 58.46% and station III, 83.21%.
Growth of Api-Api (Avicennia alba) Rehabilitation in Kedaburapat Village, Rangsang Pesisir City Meranti Islands District Khawarizmi, Dannes M.; Efriyeldi, Efriyeldi; Siregar, Yusni Ikhwan
Journal of Coastal and Ocean Sciences Vol. 2 No. 2 (2021): May
Publisher : Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Universitas Riau

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31258/

Abstract

This research was conducted in July-October 2020. Observation and data collection of Avicennia alba growth was carried out in the mangrove forest rehabilitation area, Kedaburapat, Kepulauan Meranti Regency. The purpose of this study was to analyze the growth of A. alba as on rehabilitation project based on the height and diameter planted in the coastal area of Kedaburapat, Kepulauan Meranti Regency. A survey method was conducted to obtain primary data. The data collected included the height and diameter of A. alba stems as well as measurements of water quality. The results of the research showed that the average height increase A. alba on the transect was 7.59-19.86 cm/month. The average value of the increased diameter based on the transect was 1.05-3.11 mm/month. Meanwhile, the average height by zone was 8.07-16.13 cm/month. The average value of the increased diameter by zone was 1.03-2.70 mm/month.
The Structure of Macrozoobenthos Community in the Intertidal Zone of Api-Api Village Waters, Bandar Laksamana District, Bengkalis Sari, Nova Iman; Nasution, Syafruddin; Efriyeldi, Efriyeldi
Journal of Coastal and Ocean Sciences Vol. 2 No. 2 (2021): May
Publisher : Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Universitas Riau

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31258/

Abstract

This research aims to analyze the structure of macrozoobenthos community in the intertidal zone of Api-Api Village waters, Bandar Laksamana District, Bengkalis regency. There were 5 subzones determined as the observation areas. Each subzone consists of 5 subplots which taken parallel to the coast with a distance of 10 meters from each subplot. The types of macrozoobenthos found consisted of 4 classes, 19 families, and 23 species. The diversity index for each subzone ranged from 2.72 to 3.55, species uniformity index ranged from 0.78-0.91 and dominance index ranged from 0.11-0.19, with the criteria of a uniform distribution pattern. The highest macrozoobenthos density was in subzone 1 with a total density of 19.6 ind/m2, while the lowest was in subzone 4 with a total density of 10.6 ind/m2. The result of statistical tests using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) at a confidence interval of 95% (ɑ = 0.05), showed that macrozoobenthos density in subzone 1,2,3,4 and 5 was not significant in different (P = 0.824), which means that there was no real different density that five subzones.
Co-Authors ', Zefendra ', Zulkifli AA Sudharmawan, AA Abdullah, Ikhlas Abiyu Rohid Adani Fatahilal Arifin Adila, Melin Adiyatma, Patwa Afrizal Tanjung Agnesia, Yohana Agus Mandar, Agus Agus Sutikno Agusti, Dianda Roaana Agusti, Dinda Roanna Ahmad Pasmuji Ahmadryadi_ahmadryadi Ahmadryadi_ahmadryadi Akmal Hawari Alfiana, Dewi Alghani, Muhammad Roif Alpian Alya, Alya Ananda, Nahdya Nasri Andreas Situmorang Andrew ST OS Andri Hendrizal Andrito, Wahyudi Angelia E Bernike Zebua Anggina, Viona Novi ani ani Anugrah, Muhammad Dea Aprizon Putra Aras Mulyadi Arbianti, Purnama Ardiana, Eka Ariaz, Panji Ahmad Arif Rahman Hakim Arifin, Adani Fatahilal Arlius Arlius, Arlius Arniati, Dina Asma Husna Putri Asma Ul Husna Putri Ayuni, Putri Bagas Ariya Pambudi Bahari, Sandy Bahruddin Batubara, Ummi Mardhiah Bintal Amin Bona Juandi Bonawi Sihombing Bonita Tiolina Exaudi Budijono, Budijono Burhan Marbun Cahyo, Bintang Dwi Clara Yolandika Cut Shifa Nedi Dame, Jupparoh Caisar Van Dandi Arianto Pelly David Raymond Sianturi Dedi Afandi Defri Yoza Dela Haryani Dermawan, Ernanda Putra Desmarina, Y. Despela, Despela Dessy Yosswaty Dessy Yoswaty Dessyka Febria, Dessyka Destriana Destriana Dewi Alfiana Dewi, Delviana Dianda Roanna Agusti Dietriech Geoffrey Bengen Doni Gunawan Tampubolon Dwigantara, M. Fadhol Eko Prianto, Eko Elfind Laoli Elfis Suanto Elizal, Elizal Endi Setiadi Eni Sumiarsih Enny Herawaty Simamora Erick Palatema Esti Nur Rahayu Esti Nur Rahayu Exaudi, Bonita Tiolina Fachry Abda El Rahman Fajriani Ananda Fajriani, Annisa Farona, Fella Fazli Pasha Amri Febrianto Roby Mukhti Fernando, Muhammad Zebi Fia Novianty Fitria Roza Fitriani, Ersa Friska Maulidah Fuadi, Indra Gavion Roston Sitepu Ginting, Dya Indriati Br Ginting, T.B. Gita Purnama Sari, Gita Purnama Gusfi, Melly Hadi Sastranegara Hadiyatma, Patwa Halida Sisda Harahap Hanryani, Putri Hapzi Ali Harahap, Anugrah Setiadari Hardianto Andita Harry Leonardo Barutu Hasan, Masyhuda Hasanah, Siti Umiyatul Hasyim, Ardhan Fadhlani Hendra Taufik Herrys V Silalahi Hersa, Tania Hesty Widyaningsih Homsatun, Nuning Hutomo, Ragil Tribhakti Ida Ayu Putu Sri Widnyani Ikhsan Setiawan Ilham hidayat Ilham Ilahi Imanuel, Andrean Nggara Imran , Imran Imran Imran Indra Bayu Pratama Indradewa, Rhian Inel Vivi Elvia Inka Wahyuni Intan, Selpia Irvina Nurachmi Irwan Effendi Iskan Fami Jumaidi Isnaini, Siti Joko Samiaji Josua Simanjuntak, Josua Judika Nursiani Sipahutar Jufri Jufri Jufri Jufri Junika Cecelia Putri Jupri, Tahany Nur Fadhilah Jupri, Tahany Nur Fadhillah Kaharudin, Zakaria Karnila, Rahman Karnila Kartina &#039; Khairunnisa Khairunnisa Khawarizmi, Dannes M. Kholida, Azzahra Kristoper Aritonang Laila Langsana Laksono Trisnantoro Langsana, Laila Laoli, Elfind Lee, Seung Hun Lianov, Dea Lie Othman Lieng, Lieng Lubis, Abdillah Lucky Syarif Lulu Mayna Nabilla M, Ridwan Rafsyanjani. M. Fadhol Dwigantara M. Subkhan Riza Maria Erna Martha, Rezky Dwi Matondang, Ridwan Rafsyanjani Maulana, Agung A. Mayrany, Sri Eva Meitasuri, Gevi Mia Fatma R Miswadi Miswadi Mubarak Mubarak Mubarak Mubarak Muhammad Aulia Rahman Muhammad Farhan Muhammad Rafsan Zain Muhammad Rizki Fadly Muhammad Rizky Rinaldi Muhammad Rusdi Muhammad Sabirin Muhammad Syarif Muhammad Zebi Fernando Muhammad Zebi Fernando Muhammad Zulkifli, Muhammad Mukhlis Alfarys Musrifin Galib Musrifin Ghalib Musrifin Musrifin Nababan, Sitty Mey Nabila, Chici Nabilah Jauharah Nadeak, Paulinus Nadida, Putri Nadiyatus Sholihat Nadratul Jamila Nasution, Fadli Ripai Nasution, Muhammad Rasid Naufal Sidqi Nawari Nawari Nawari Nawari, Nawari Noel GM Situmorang Novia Suci Yanti Novri Ditama Syafni Nuning Homsatun Nurafni, Melia Nurmalahayati, Yasinta Nursyirwani, Nursyirwani Oktari, Mela Oktaria, Rusiani Pambudi, Bagas Ariya Panggabean, Iis Panggabean, Iis Apriati Panji Ahmad Ariaz Patwa Hadiyatma Paul Rozeki Sinaga Pohan, Rizal Suardiman Pradini, Ulfa Rizki Pramita, Wisnu Pratama, Muhammad Dandy Syifa Prayitno, Betari Erlinda Putri Ayuni Putri Rifdayati Putri, Dinda Maharani Putri, Rahmi Putri, Rahmi Delima Putrianfi, Nadhifah Asilah Rafsyanjani M, Ridwan Rahayunigtyas, Putri Rahma Eka Putri Rahmadhani, Tami Fitri Rahmi Susanti Rahmita, R. Raja Rahmita Ramadani Safitri Ramadhan, A.R Ramadhan, A.R. Ramadhan, Muhammad Farizqy Rangga Wardana Rasoel Hamidy Razid, Muhamad Renata, Vivien Reny Cristina Naibaho RIDWAN AFFANDI Ridwan Manda Putra Rifaldi Rifaldi, Rifaldi Rifardi Rifda Syofiana R Rifdayati, Putri Rini, Yulia Sapta Rivaldi, Rahmat Rizki Dwi Yezelkiel Rizki, A. Romie Jhonnerie Ronal Kurniawan Rosiana, Kenny S. Pane, Rolis Sabirin, Muhammad Safatriani Safatriani Safitri, Winda Santi Maya Sari Saputra, Rengki Sari, D.J. Sari, Dwi Julita Sari, Lita Sari, Nova Iman Savita, Dinda Sihombing, Kelvin Simamora, Enny Herawati Siregar, , Yusni Ikhwan Siregar, Ali Mora Hadamean Siregar, Rafly Fadiansyah Siregar, Rifa Ghina Aulia Siti Anisah Siti Fatonah Siti Hasanah Siti Umiyatul Hasanah Sitorus, Tiroy Sofyan H. Siregar Sofyan Husein Siregar Sonya Marunjung P.Hsb Sri Murtin Sufaidah, Siti Nur Sujianto Sujianto Sujianto Sujianto Sukendi Sukendi Sulistio, Hendra Tri Suparno . Suwondo Suwondo Suzila &#039; Syafrhani, Wan Nabila Syafrizal Syafrizal Syafruddin Nasution Syahril Nedi Syamsiar, Syamsiar Syawfy Luthfiandra Taat Mujaid Arifin Tania Hersa Tanjung, Lismawati Tengku Mutia Smita Dwivayana Thamrin Thamrin Thamrin Thamrin Thamrin Thamrin Thamrin Thamrin Thamrin Tri Lestari Tri Prartono Triatama, Putri Zulfa Trisla Warningsih Uswatun Hasanah Vichi Apridianti Vivien Renata Wahyu Novra Wanda Wahyudi Wahyudi Wanda Syahrian Wardana, Rangga Wulan Cempaka Sari.S Yahya Benardus Sihombing Yanti, D.H. Yehezkiel, Rizki Dwi Yeli Hartuti Yetti Elfina Yohanna Siagian Yona, Fitria Mai Yosua Afrianus P Yulinda, Emelda Yusni Ikhwan Siregar Zain, Rahmita Firda Zakaria Kaharudin Zaki, Raihan Zientika, Zientika Zulhendri Zulhendri Zulkifli &#039; Zulkifli Zulkifli Zulkifli Zulkifli