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Effect of low glycemic index diet on HbA1c in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis in Asia Wahyuni, Fani Cahya; Nisa, Ainun; Wiratama, Bayu Satria; Huriyati, Emy; Susanti, Vina Yanti
AcTion: Aceh Nutrition Journal Vol 11, No 1 (2026): March
Publisher : Department of Nutrition at the Health Polytechnic of Aceh, Ministry of Health

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30867/action.v11i1.2585

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus affects 10.5% of the global population, and its prevalence is expected to increase by 2045. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is commonly associated with abnormal HbA1c levels, lipid metabolism, and body mass index (BMI). A low glycemic index (GI) has been proposed to improve HbA1c, lipid profiles, and BMI, but the findings remain inconsistent, and most studies have been conducted in non-Asian populations. This study evaluated the effect of a low-GI diet on HbA1c levels in Asian adults with T2DM. Systematic searches in the PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Scopus databases identified randomized controlled trials (2014-2024) involving adults (≥18 years) with T2DM, excluding pregnant and breastfeeding women. Meta-analysis and subgroup analysis were conducted, and meta-regression was used to assess the moderators.  Study quality was assessed using the ROB-2 and GRADE. Of the 1,485 articles screened, 16 met the inclusion criteria. The low-GI diet significantly reduced HbA1c and LDL levels and increased HDL levels. Subgroup analysis showed variations between the intervention and control groups, with the percentage of female participants and supplementation type as potential moderators. Despite statistical significance, the small effect size, heterogeneity, and low-to-moderate certainty of evidence (GRADE) suggest limited clinical relevance. Further research should consider the sample size, female proportion, and type of intervention in the control group to strengthen the evidence for clinical and policy applications.
Co-Authors Abdul Wahab Afifa, Rachmawati Ayu Ali Murtadho Alya, Aiza Amirudin Amirudin Annisa, Aulia Ardhani Gita C, Firnanda Arta Farmawati Baharuddin Baharuddin Bayu Satria Wiratama Beko Hendro Dila Damayanti Dilfam Aldisya Ervani Dwi sona Emy Huriyati Erlina Erlina Fachrul Ghazi, Fachrul Fatah, Damanhuri Fathullah, Desya Medinasari Fiqih Hana Saputri, Fiqih Hana Ghani, A. Hadijah, Julianti Hanifah, Alya Hekmah, Nurul Idham Kholid Indrayani, Reny Uly Kamila, Afina Khoirunisa, Alfiah Kumalla, Ayub Kundala, Manendha Maganitri Kusumawati Dwiningsih Lawini, Teni Mahsun, Mohammad Masa, Anas Masruchin Monika Sri Yuliarti, Monika Sri Mubarok, Iman Muhaimin Abdillah Muhammad Akmansyah Muhammad Kamil Muhammad Khalif Umar Mujaki, Fajri Akhyarul MUSTAMIN IDRIS Mustofa, Ihsan Nany Suryani Nirotul Fikri, A'la Norhasanah Norkhasanah, Isni Nugroho, Jalu NUR FAJRINA Nurahma, Bira Arumndari Nurul Hekmah Prastiwi, Mia Indah Puteri K, Angelie Putri, Yesti Qudratullah, Qudratullah Rahma, Dian Noer Rahmad Nanda Viky Susanto Rahmah, Laily Ainur Rifki, Ikfisani Yuniar Riskyta, Dina Rita Lefrida Rury Muslifar Rustono - Saad, Muh Saeful Ahyar, Ahmad Salmiah Shokhibul Mighfar Siti Aisyah Solechah Srirahmawati. L, J. Laras Dwi Sukma D, Arsyanti Sunarya, Erwana Amarulloh Surtikanti Hertien Koosbandiah, Surtikanti Susanti, Vina Yanti Tajudin Tajudin Wahyunengsih, Wahyunengsih Wahyuni, Desta Tri Wahyuni, Fani Cahya Wandi Wandi Wira Hadinata, Wira Yudistira, Sigit Yulianti Yulianti Ziun, Muchammad Tahtoch Zulhanan Zulhanan