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Plant Lice Species (Suborder: Sternorrhyncha) on Ornamental Plants in Kampal Village and Surrounding Areas Delia Nurhaliza; Masrianih Masrianih; Manap Trianto; Amalia Buntu; Yulia Windarsih; Lestari MP Alibasyah
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.505-512

Abstract

Plant lice (Suborder: Sternorrhyncha) are important pests of ornamental plants, capable of causing physical damage and transmitting plant pathogens. These insects pose a significant threat as they can reduce growth, impair physiological functions, and even cause plant death. Their feeding activity affects leaves, stems, and flowers, thereby reducing overall plant health and aesthetic value. Understanding the diversity and host associations of these pests is essential for effective management. This study aimed to identify the species of Sternorrhyncha plant lice present on ornamental plants in Kampal Village, Parigi Moutong, Central Sulawesi. A qualitative descriptive approach was employed, using purposive sampling to collect specimens from different plant parts, including shoots, leaves, flowers, and stems. Observations were recorded and analyzed to determine species composition, host range, and infestation patterns. A total of 25 ornamental plant species belonging to 16 families were observed as host plants. Some plant families, such as Euphorbiaceae, Acanthaceae, Rubiaceae, Palmae, Rutaceae, Araceae, and Agavaceae, were infested by more than one plant louse family, while individual plant species could host multiple louse families simultaneously. Seventeen Sternorrhyncha species were identified, distributed across seven families: Pseudococcidae (6 species), Coccidae (3), Diaspididae (2), Aphididae (2), Margarodidae (2), and Aleyrodidae and Ortheziidae (1 species each). These results provide baseline data on the diversity and distribution of Sternorrhyncha plant lice in Kampal Village. Such information is critical for developing targeted pest management strategies to protect ornamental plants and maintain their health and aesthetic value in residential and cultivated areas.
Population Estimation and Habitat Characteristics of Anoa (Bubalus sp.) in Mount Kondoruang, Central Sulawesi Dirham Dirham; Ongky Ongky; Manap Trianto; Yunita Messe
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.731-738

Abstract

The anoa is a dwarf buffalo endemic to the Indonesian island of Sulawesi and several surrounding offshore islands. Despite its relatively small body size compared to other wild cattle, it is the largest wild terrestrial mammal native to Sulawesi. This study aims to estimate the population size and density of the anoa (Bubalus sp.) in Mount Kondoruang, Central Sulawesi, and to analyze the habitat characteristics that influence its distribution and occurrence. This project began with an information survey conducted from 8–15 June 2024 involving nature enthusiast groups (university student nature clubs) and local communities regarding the presence of the anoa on Mount Kondoruang. Data collection was carried out from 17–28 August 2024. Mount Kondoruang, also known as Kandela in Tojo Una-Una Regency, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Mount Kondoruang has an elevation of 2,870 meters above sea level and features diverse topography, ranging from hilly areas to mountainous terrain with slopes exceeding 15°, and is therefore designated as a Protected Forest area. The ecosystem types of Mount Kondoruang include savanna, lowland forest, lower montane forest, and upper montane forest. Mount Kondoruang remains an important habitat for the anoa, with individuals predominantly found in sub-montane forests. Habitat characteristics, particularly vegetation structure, elevation, temperature, and humidity, strongly influence its distribution. The limited population size and low juvenile detection indicate potential vulnerability, highlighting the need for continued monitoring and strengthened conservation efforts to ensure the species’ long-term survival.
Major Royal Jelly Protein 2 (mrjp2) Gene in Apis cerana from Central Sulawesi, Indonesia I Made Budiarsa; Manap Trianto; Akram Akram; Yulia Windarsih; Abdul Ashari
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.39-44

Abstract

Indonesia is recognized as one of the world’s biodiversity hotspots, supporting a wide range of pollinating insects, including honey bee species of the genus Apis. Among these, Apis cerana is the most widely managed species and contributes significantly to national honey production, particularly in Sulawesi. However, the increasing economic value of honey has led to frequent cases of entomological origin fraud, in which honey is falsely labeled as being produced by a different bee species. This study aimed to determine the entomological origin of honey sold in Central Sulawesi using the Major Royal Jelly Protein 2 (mrjp2) gene as a molecular marker. Seven honey samples claimed as “forest honey” were analyzed through DNA extraction, PCR amplification using species-specific primers (CF-CR), and sequencing followed by BLAST-n analysis. All samples yielded high-quality DNA with purity ratios appropriate for PCR amplification. PCR successfully amplified the mrjp2 gene, producing fragments of approximately 201-208 bp, consistent with the expected size for A. cerana. Sequence analysis showed percent identity values ranging from 99.20% to 100% when compared with reference sequences of A. cerana. Based on molecular verification, three samples (H3, H5, and H7) did not match the seller’s claims and were confirmed to originate from A. cerana rather than A. dorsata binghami. These findings demonstrate that sequencing of the mrjp2 gene is an effective and reliable approach to authenticate the entomological origin of honey and to detect fraudulent labeling in commercial honey products.
Effects of Red Coconut Tembuluk (Cocos nucifera var. rubescens) Extract on Uric Acid Level Reduction in Mice (Mus musculus) Sukmawati Sukmawati; Sutrisnawati Sutrisnawati; Manap Trianto; Masrianih Masrianih; Fatmah Dhafir; I Nengah Kundera
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.693-698

Abstract

Increased levels of uric acid in the blood can lead to metabolic disorders such as gouty arthritis, which require effective management. This study aimed to determine the effect of red coconut tembuluk extract (Cocos nucifera var. rubescens) on reducing uric acid levels in mice (Mus musculus). The study employed an experimental research design using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). A total of 28 mice were used, divided into seven groups with four replications each. The groups consisted of a normal control group (KN), which received food and water ad libitum; a negative control group (K+); a positive control group (K-); and four treatment groups (PI, PII, PIII, and PIV). The negative control group (K+), positive control group (K-), and all treatment groups were induced with lard oil for 14 days to increase uric acid levels. The positive control group (K?) was treated with allopurinol at a dose of 0.026 mg per 20 g body weight. The normal control (KN) and negative control (K+) groups received food and water ad libitum without extract administration. Treatment group PI received 10% red coconut tembuluk extract, PII received 20%, PIII received 40%, and PIV received 80%. The data obtained were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The results showed that administration of red coconut tembuluk extract significantly reduced uric acid levels in mice induced with lard oil. The most effective concentration in reducing uric acid levels was 80% (PIV), with an average uric acid level of 5.4 mg/dL.
Total Flavonoid and Tannin Content in Pumpkin Stem Extract (Cucurbita moschata) Vadillah Vadillah; Sutrisnawati Sutrisnawati; Manap Trianto; Fatmah Dhafir; Zulaikhah Dwi Jayanti; Masrianih Masrianih
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.1113-1119

Abstract

Cucurbita moschata is a medicinal plant that possesses various pharmacological properties, including antidiabetic, antifungal, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities, which are associated with its bioactive compound content. One plant part that has been relatively underutilized is the pumpkin stem, although it has the potential to contain secondary metabolites such as flavonoids and tannins. This study aimed to identify and determine the levels of bioactive compounds in pumpkin stem extract based on stem maturity stages, namely young stems and mature stems, using both qualitative and quantitative methods. Qualitative analysis was conducted through phytochemical screening using color reaction methods with specific reagents to detect flavonoids and tannins. Quantitative analysis was performed using UV-Vis spectrophotometry based on standard calibration curves. The results showed that pumpkin stem extract tested positive for both flavonoids and tannins. Quantitative analysis indicated that the flavonoid content in young stems was 7.22, which was higher than in mature stems (3.00). In contrast, tannin content was higher in mature stems (9.03) compared to young stems (5.02). These differences indicate that flavonoids are more dominant in young tissues with active metabolic activity, whereas tannins tend to accumulate in mature tissues as part of plant defense mechanisms. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that pumpkin stem extract contains flavonoid and tannin compounds with varying levels depending on stem maturity, suggesting its potential as a natural source of antioxidants.
Phylogenetic Analysis of Schistosoma japonicum Based on 16S rRNA Gene Safani Safani; Sutrisnawati Sutrisnawati; Manap Trianto; I Nengah Kundera; Zulaikhah Dwi Jayanti; Masrianih Masrianih
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.1161-1170

Abstract

Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by trematode worms of the genus Schistosoma and remains a public health concern in several endemic areas of Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. DNA-based molecular approaches have been increasingly applied to support species identification and the analysis of genetic relationships in Schistosoma japonicum. This study aimed to investigate the phylogenetic relationships and genetic variation of S. japonicum based on the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene. Samples of Oncomelania hupensis lindoensis were collected from endemic areas surrounding Lake Lindu, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Detection of S. japonicum was performed using the crushing method, followed by DNA extraction with the GS 100gSYNCTM DNA Extraction Kit. Amplification of the 16S rRNA gene was carried out using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique with the primers LR13107-F and LR12647-R. Sequence data were analyzed using BLAST, MEGA 11, MESQUITE, DNASTAR, GeneStudio, and DnaSP software. Phylogenetic trees were reconstructed using the Neighbor-Joining (NJ) and Maximum Likelihood (ML) methods with 10,000 bootstrap replicates. PCR amplification produced clear and high-quality DNA bands. BLAST analysis revealed query cover values ranging from 99.90% to 100% and sequence identity of 100% with Schistosoma japonicum sequences available in GenBank. Genetic variation analysis indicated low genetic diversity, characterized by two haplotypes, one variable site, haplotype diversity of 0.500 ± 0.170, and nucleotide diversity of 0.00055 ± 0.00015. Nucleotide composition analysis showed that thymine (T) was the most abundant nucleotide (43.53%), and the A+T content (72.14%) was higher than the G+C content (27.87%), a characteristic feature of mitochondrial genomes. Phylogenetic reconstruction using both NJ and ML methods consistently clustered the Central Sulawesi samples with S. japonicum populations from Shanghai and Guangdong, China, with strong bootstrap support values ranging from 99% to 100%. Genetic distance analysis based on the Kimura 2-Parameter model revealed genetic divergence values of 0.00–0.00% among Central Sulawesi samples and between the Indonesian and Chinese populations, indicating very close genetic relationships and high genetic homogeneity. These findings demonstrate that S. japonicum populations in Central Sulawesi exhibit low genetic variation and share close phylogenetic relationships with other Asian populations, providing valuable molecular information to support the development of schistosomiasis surveillance and control strategies in Indonesia.
Population Density and Distribution Pattern of Golden Apple Snail (Pomacea canaliculata L.) in the Rice Field Ecosystem Sinta Sinta; Sutrisnawati Sutrisnawati; Manap Trianto; Masrianih Masrianih; Rafiqah Rafiqah; Fatmah Dhafir
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.1121-1127

Abstract

The golden apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata) is a freshwater mollusc species commonly found in rice field ecosystems and is recognized as one of the major pests of rice crops. This species possesses a high adaptive capacity and a rapid reproductive rate, allowing its population to increase rapidly and cause significant damage to rice plants. Nevertheless, the golden apple snail also has ecological roles and potential benefits, including serving as an alternative feed source for livestock and fish, as well as contributing to the decomposition of organic matter in aquatic environments. This study aimed to analyze the population density and distribution pattern of the golden apple snail in the rice fields of Dolago Padang Village, South Parigi District. The research employed a quantitative descriptive approach using a field survey method. Data were collected using a quadrat sampling technique with plot sizes of 2 × 2 m established at three different observation stations. The number of golden apple snail individuals within each plot was counted directly and subsequently analyzed to determine population density and distribution patterns using the Morisita Index. In addition, environmental parameters, including water temperature and pH, were measured. The results showed that a total of 90 golden apple snail individuals were recorded during the study. Population density ranged from 1 to 2 individuals/m², which was categorized as moderate. The distribution pattern of the golden apple snail at all observation stations was classified as uniform, as indicated by Morisita Index values below 1 (Id < 1). Environmental conditions, with temperatures ranging from 27–30°C and pH values between 6.5 and 7.2, were within the optimal range supporting the presence and development of the golden apple snail.
Diversity of Butterfly (Suborder: Rhopalocera) in the Kapopo Grand Forest Park Area, Central Sulawesi Murni Ammalia; Abd Hakim Laenggeng; Manap Trianto; Masrianih Masrianih; Amalia Buntu; Fatmah Dhafir
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.1079-1086

Abstract

Butterflies are important components of biodiversity, serving as pollinators and environmental bioindicators. This study aimed to assess butterfly diversity (Suborder Rhopalocera) in the Kapopo Grand Forest Park, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. A quantitative descriptive approach was employed using purposive sampling across three observation stations representing high-vegetation, low-vegetation, and riverine habitats. Data were collected through field surveys conducted during morning and afternoon observation periods, and species were identified based on morphological characteristics. Species diversity was analyzed using the Shannon–Wiener diversity index. A total of 26 butterfly species belonging to three families Nymphalidae, Pieridae, and Papilionidae were recorded, comprising 323 individuals. Nymphalidae was the most species-rich family with 13 species, followed by Pieridae (7 species) and Papilionidae (6 species). The Shannon–Wiener diversity index (H') was 1.5, indicating a moderate level of species diversity (1 <= H' <= 3). This result suggests that habitat conditions within the Kapopo Grand Forest Park remain relatively stable and suitable for sustaining butterfly populations. Variations in habitat characteristics among observation stations, particularly differences in vegetation structure and levels of human disturbance, influenced the distribution and abundance of butterfly species throughout the study area.
Nest Associated Mites (Acari: Winterschmidtiidae) of Stingless Bee Tetragonula fuscobalteata in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia Nurly Maftukhah; I Made Budiarsa; Manap Trianto; Masrianih Masrianih; Rafiqah Rafiqah; Fatmah Dhafir
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.1265-1271

Abstract

Stingless bees are essential pollinators in tropical ecosystems and play an important role in sustaining biodiversity and agricultural productivity. In Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, Tetragonula fuscobalteata is widely cultivated in small-scale meliponiculture systems. However, information regarding mites associated with its nests remains limited. This study aimed to identify and describe nest-associated mites found in T. fuscobalteata colonies. The research was conducted in Dolago Village, Parigi Moutong Regency, Central Sulawesi. Nest samples were collected from five active colonies. Mites were observed under a stereo microscope, collected using a fine brush, and mounted on slides with polyvinyl alcohol. Identification was based on morphological characteristics using standard taxonomic keys, and morphometric measurements were obtained using Image Raster 3.0. All specimens were identified as deutonymphs of the genus Saproglyphus (Acari: Winterschmidtiidae). Mites were found in storage pots and cerumen structures but were absent from brood cells. The deutonymphs exhibited a well-developed sucker plate, reduced chelicerae, and fused coxae III, indicating phoretic adaptation. The mean body length was 192.72 ± 22.14 µm and width was 145.78 ± 12.62 µm. These findings provide baseline data on mite associations in T. fuscobalteata nests and contribute to understanding arthropod interactions in meliponiculture systems.
Diversity of Freshwater Shrimp in Toaya Village, Sindue District, Donggala Regency Based on Phenotypic Data Risnawati Risnawati; I Made Budiarsa; Manap Trianto; I Nengah Kundera; Yulia Windarsih; Zulaikhah Dwi Jayanti
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.1087-1094

Abstract

Freshwater shrimp are aquatic resources that play important ecological and economic roles and exhibit considerable species diversity, characterized by variations in phenotypic traits. Information regarding the diversity of freshwater shrimp species and phenotypic variation in Toaya Village remains limited; consequently, data on the level of phenotypic diversity among species are still largely unavailable. This study aimed to identify the diversity of freshwater shrimp species and analyze their phenotypic characteristics, including morphometric and meristic traits, using a multivariate analytical approach. This research employed a descriptive-exploratory design with random sampling conducted across three observation stations. The collected freshwater shrimp specimens were identified based on morphological characteristics using established scientific literature as references and were subsequently measured using 40 phenotypic characters. The resulting data were analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and the Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Average (UPGMA). The results revealed the presence of four freshwater shrimp species, namely Macrobrachium mammilodactylus, Macrobrachium empulipke, Macrobrachium equidens, and Macrobrachium rosenbergii. These four species exhibited a phylogenetic relationship with a similarity coefficient of approximately 0.78. At the species level, individuals showed high phenotypic similarity (0.97–0.98), reflecting the consistency of phenotypic traits within each species. Principal Component Analysis demonstrated that the first two principal components accounted for the majority of phenotypic variation, with the greatest contributions originating from specific morphometric and meristic characters. This study concludes that the multivariate analytical approach applied was both effective and efficient in revealing diversity patterns based on phenotypic characteristics.
Co-Authors Abd Hakim Laenggeng Abd Rauf Abd Rauf Abd. Rauf Abdul Ashari Abdul Hakim Laenggeng Achmad Ramadhan Achmad Ramadhan Achmad Ramadhan Adi Fahri Agung Dwi Kurniawan Ahmad Ramadhan Akram Akram Alimudin, Sukmawati Amalia Buntu Amelia A Riuh Amiruddin Kasim Andi Nurjannah Anisa Anisa Aprilya, Dinda Ari Pratama Artha, Fandy Ashari, Abdul Asmara, Dudun Candra Asriani Hasanuddin Astija Aulia Putri Ramadhani Bahana Aditya Adnan Bahana Aditya Adnan Baharuddin Hamzah Biung, Yelsan Kanan Burhanuddin, Alga Patricia Bustamin Bustamin Bustamin Bustamin Bustamin Bustamin Bustamin Carolus Noprianto Carolus Noprianto Daratul Maulydiia Delia Nurhaliza Delima, Nur Devi Devi Dirham Dirham Dirham Dirham Dirham Dirham Dirham Dirham Dirham Dirham Dirham Dirham Dirham, Dirham EFENDI Efendi Efendi Efendi Fajri Marisa Fajri Marisa Fajri Marisa Fajri Marisa Faried, Dirham Fariza, Ifat Fatma Dhafir Fatmah Dhafir Febriawan, Aan Hamsa, Hamsa Hari Purwanto Hari Purwanto Hartina, Siti Hayyatun Mawaddah Henny Chandra Herjayanti, Nur Herlangga Adiputra Hidyanisa, Dhea Hikma Abia Hj. Musdalifah Nurdin I Ketut Suada I Made Budiarsa I Made Budiarsa I Nengah Kundera Idham Cholik Ramadhan Iin B Mantulangi Isnainar Isnainar Isninar, Isnainar Ivan Permana Putra Jihan Winarti Kaini, Kaini Kaltisa, Kaltisa Khaerunnisa Kusumaningati, Lilis Tri Laksono Trisnantoro Lembah, Rocky Reviko T. Lestari M.P Alibasyah Lestari M.P Alibasyah Lestari MP Alibasyah Lilies Tangge M. Abimanyu Marisa, Fajri Masriani . Masrianih Masrianih Masrianih Mia Pinasti Azizah Moh Dahri Kisman Moh Dahri Kisman Moh Dahri Kisman Moh Dahri Kisman Moh Syahrial Farawansyah Moh. Dahri Kisman Mohammad Jamhari Murni Ammalia Mursito S Bialangi Mursito S. Bialangi Mursito S. Bialangi Musdalifah Nurdin Muslika Nifatun Umaya Ni Gusti Ayu Galuh Candra Kirana Ni Kadek Deladarmi Yanti Ni Putu Siswandari Ningsi, Ririn Apriani Noprianto, Carolus Novalina Serdiati Novi, Winda Cinthia NOVITASARI Nur Alam Nur Herjayanti Nur Herjayanti Nur Hikmah Nur'aini Nur'aini Nuraini Nuraini Nuraini Nuraini Nuraini Nuraini Nuraini Nuraini Nuraini Trianto Nurfadila A, Nurfadila A Nurfadilah Rahma Nurly Maftukhah Nurul Amna Moh Said Ongky Ongky Pratama, Rizaldy Pratama, Sandi Fransisco Puspitasari, Amira Putri, Regina Triana Rafiqa Rafiqa RAFIQA RAFIQA, RAFIQA Rafiqah Rafiqah Rahayu, Irma Septi Raya Agni Rifana Lemba Risnawati Risnawati Ritman Ishak Paudi Rizaldy Pratama Rizkia Khairunnisa Rocky Reviko T. Lembah Rocky RT Lembah Rosichon Ubaidillah Sabran , Moh. Safani Safani Salbia Salbia Saliyem, Saliyem Samsurizal, M. Sulaeman Saridewi, Uut Sinta Sinta Sitti Nur Fadhilah Sitti Nuryanti Sri Hardianti sukmawati Sukmawati Sukmawati Sukmawati Sukmawati Sukmawati Sukmawati Sukmawati Suprianto Sutrisnawati Mardin Sutrisnawati Sutrisnawati Sutrisnawati Sutrisnawati Syech Zainal Syech Zainal Tiara Tiara Tiktiek Kurniawati Tiktiek Kurniawati Trianto, Nuraini Tuty Arisuryanti Uzaini Nur Rahma Vadillah Vadillah Varsha Salsabillah Vita Indri Febriani Wahyudi Wahyudi Warsih, Eko Wayan Windyawati Winarsih Winarsih Windarsih, Yulia Yunita Messe Zasmita, Eka Zulaikhah Dwi Jayanti Zulaikhah Dwi Jayanti