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STRATEGI PENINGKATAN DAYA SAING TEMBAKAU BESUKI NA-OOGST BERBASIS PERBAIKAN KINERJA MUTU Sari Wiji Utami; Arief Daryanto; Hari Rujito
Jurnal Manajemen & Agribisnis Vol. 11 No. 2 (2014): Vol. 11 No. 2, Juli 2014
Publisher : School of Business, Bogor Agricultural University (SB-IPB)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (958.81 KB) | DOI: 10.17358/jma.11.2.100-109

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to formulate strategies for improving the competitiveness of the industry by recommendations for improvements in the quality performance of Besuki Na-Oogst tobacco of PT IBB. The secondary data were collected from the company archives and judgmental sampling was used to collect primary data from two experienced respondents. The analysis method used was descriptive analysis, Pareto diagrams, fishbone diagrams, and Analitycal Hierarchy Process (AHP). The findings of this study showed that the factor of human resources was the main cause of the declining in BesNO tobacco quality performance in PT IBB. The strategy based on the priority to improve the quality performance is improving the quality of human resources, especially in the division of quality control and production through employee’s skill training. The managerial implications of the study suggested the company to be more focused and concerned with improving the quality of employee’s performance in order to improve the performance of the company's quality and competitiveness of the products.Keywords: Besuki Na-Oogst tobacco, competitiveness, quality performanceABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan merumuskan strategi peningkatan daya saing industri berdasarkan rekomendasi perbaikan kinerja mutu tembakau Besuki Na-Oogst di PT Indonesia Bintang Baru (PT IBB). Pengumpulan data sekunder penelitian diperoleh dari arsip perusahaan dan judgemental sampling digunakan terhadap dua responden ahli untuk memperoleh data primer penelitian. Metode analisis data yang digunakan meliputi analisis deskriptif, diagram pareto, diagram tulang ikan dan Analitycal Hierarchy Process (AHP). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa faktor sumberdaya manusia merupakan penyebab utama terjadinya penurunan kinerja mutu tembakau BesNO di PT IBB. Prioritas strategi yang dapat dilakukan oleh perusahaan adalah peningkatan kualitas sumber daya manusia, dalam hal ini karyawan pada divisi quality control dan produksi melalui kegiatan pelatihan karyawan. Implikasi manajerial hasil penelitian merekomendasikan perusahaan agar lebih fokus dan memperhatikan peningkatan kinerja mutu karyawan untuk dapat meningkatkan kinerja mutu perusahaan dan daya saing produk.Kata kunci: tembakau Besuki Na-Oogst, daya saing, kinerja mutu
STRATEGI PENGEMBANGAN BALAI PENELITIAN BIOTEKNOLOGI PERKEBUNAN INDONESIA Muhammad Fauzanul Hakim Abdurrahim; Arief Daryanto; Rita Nurmalina
Jurnal Manajemen & Agribisnis Vol. 11 No. 3 (2014): Vol. 11 No. 3, November 2014
Publisher : School of Business, Bogor Agricultural University (SB-IPB)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (1006.05 KB) | DOI: 10.17358/jma.11.3.199-208

Abstract

The purpose of this study were to identify and review external and internal factors influencing Balai Penelitian Bioteknologi Perkebunan Indonesia (BPBPI) in achieving its vision and mission, to set up alternative development strategies in BPBPI and to formulate priority strategies for development of BPBPI. Descriptive analysis method were used in this study is. The analysis tools being used in this study were environmental analysis, internal factor evaluation, external factor evaluation, internal external matrix (IE), strengths weaknesses opportunities threats (SWOT) and combination of analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and SWOT. Using IE Matrix, the company were indicated to be in the position of Quadrant V, which is ‘hold and maintain’ position with general strategy is market penetration and product development. Based on the results of SWOT analysis, were identified six alternative strategies that can be recommended in the development BPBPI is (1) Market penetration strategy through development new products and improved distribution network, (2) Finding an alternative sources of new organic raw materials and cheap as well has a lots availability, (3) Improvement on BPBPI’s products promotional strategy through road show to consumers in periodical, (4) Strategy optimization experimental farm through planting excellence seeds, (5) Conducting strategic research to generating unique products and has a high value selling as well broad market, (6) Improve welfare expert for the creation of conducive working atmosphere. Priority strategy with highest total efficiency values (18,15%) obtained from AWOT were conducting strategic research to generating unique products and has a high value selling as well broad market.Keywords: development strategy, BPBPI, AWOT, SWOTABSTRAKTujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menentukan faktor-faktor internal dan eksternal yang Memengaruhi BPBPI dalam mencapai visi dan misinya, menyusun alternatif strategi pengembangan di BPBPI, dan merumuskan prioritas strategi pengembangan di BPBPI. Metode analisis deskriptif digunakan dalam penelitian. Alat analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis lingkungan, efaluasi faktor internal, efaluasi faktor internal, matrik internal eksternal (IE), matrik SWOT dan kombinasi dari analisis proses Hierarki (AHP) dan SWOT. Menggunakan matrik IE, perusahaan diindikasikan berada pada posisi kuadran V yaitu posisi jaga dan pertahankan dengan strategi umum penetrasi pasar dan pengembangan produk. berdasarkan hasi analisis SWOT, terdapat enam alternativ strategi yang dapat direkomendasikan kepada BPBPI yaitu (1) Strategi penetrasi pasar melalui pengembangan produk-produk baru dan peningkatan jaringan distribusi, (2) Mencari alternatif sumber bahan baku organik yang baru dan murah serta memiliki ketersediaan banyak, (3) Strategi peningkatan promosi produk BPBPI melalui roadshow ke konsumen secara berkala, (4) Strategi optimalisasi kebun percobaan melalui penanaman bibit unggul, (5) Melakukan riset-riset strategis yang menghasilkan produk-produk unik dan mempunyai nilai jual tinggi serta pasar yang luas, (6) Strategi Peningkatan kesejahteraan tenaga ahli agar terciptanya suasana kerja yang kondusif. Prioritas strategi dengan total nilai efisiensi tertinggi (18,15%) yang diperoleh dari AWOT yaitu melakukan riset-riset strategis yang menghasilkan produk-produk unik dan mempunyai nilai jual tinggi serta pasar yang luas.Kata Kunci: strategi pengembangan, BPBPI, AWOT, SWOT
Peran Agroindustri Hulu dan Hilir Dalam Perekonomian dan Distribusi Pendapatan di Indonesia Nandika Aisya Pratiwi; Harianto Harianto; Arief Daryanto
Jurnal Manajemen & Agribisnis Vol. 14 No. 2 (2017): JMA Vol. 14 No. 2, Juli 2017
Publisher : School of Business, Bogor Agricultural University (SB-IPB)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (1021.752 KB) | DOI: 10.17358/jma.14.2.127

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This study aims to analyze the comparison of roles of the upstream and downstream agroindustries on the economy and income distribution of the Indonesian people. The analyzed economic indicators include output, employment, GDP, exports and imports. The data used in this study were from the Data of Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) as the latest data issued by Central Bureau of Statistics in 2008. The roles of upstream and downstream agroindustries were analyzed using accounting multiplier analysis. In the national economy, downstream agroindustry is more instrumental in the creation of output, added value, and imports while upstream agroindustry has a bigger role in the creation of GDP and exports. In terms of people's income distribution, downstream agroindustry creates a more equitable distribution of income both for domestic agriculture and non-agriculture.Keywords: agroindustry, GDP, income distribution, SAMABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis perbandingan peran agroindustri hulu dan hilir terhadap perekonomian dan distribusi pendapatan masyarakat Indonesia. Indikator ekonomi yang dianalisis adalah output, ketenagakerjaan, PDB, ekspor dan impor. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data Sistem Neraca Sosial Ekonomi tahun 2008 sebagai data SNSE terbaru yang diterbitkan oleh Badan Pusat Statistik. Peran agroindustri hulu dan hilir ini akan dianalisis menggunakan analisis pengganda neraca. Dalam perekonomian nasional, agroindustri hilir lebih berperan dalam penciptaan output, nilai tambah dan impor. Sementara agroindustri hulu lebih berperan dalam penciptaan, PDB dan ekspor. Dari sisi distribusi pendapatan masyarakat, agroindustri hilir menciptakan distribusi pendapatan yang lebih merata baik bagi rumah tangga pertanian maupun non pertanian.Kata kunci: agroindustri, PDB, distribusi pendapatan, SNSE
The objective of the study are to analyze the level of technical efficiency of the production of  red chili,(b) to analyze factors that influence the production of red chili, (c) to analyze the social-economic factors that affect inefficiency technically of red chili, and (d) to analyze the behavior of red chili farmers in facing price risk. The stochastic production frontier is used to estimate the production function. Results showed that most variables, both technical and socio-economic factor Saptana .; Arief Daryanto; Heny K. Daryanto; Kuntjoro .
Forum Pasca Sarjana Vol. 34 No. 3 (2011): Forum Pascasarjana
Publisher : Forum Pasca Sarjana

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar

Abstract

The objective of the study are to analyze the level of technical efficiency of the production of  red chili,(b) to analyze factors that influence the production of red chili, (c) to analyze the social-economic factors that affect inefficiency technically of red chili, and (d) to analyze the behavior of red chili farmers in facing price risk. The stochastic production frontier is used to estimate the production function. Results showed that most variables, both technical and socio-economic factors, have signs as expected and most significant. The average level of technical efficiency (TE) for both big red chili and curly red chili are 0.83 and 0.86, respectively. Several socio-economic factors that significantly affect technical inefficiency includes total income, ratio income of red chili on the total household income, ratio of red chili farming plots to the total cultivated land, and variable experience of peasant households in red chili. The behavior of big red chili farmers in facing the price risk is risk averse, meanwhile curly the red chili farmers’ is a risk taker. Important policy implication is to increase technical skills and managerial capabilities at less than 0.80 technical efficiency group. Future technological development can be done by good agriculture pratices and standar operating procedure on red chili farming, that is hybrid seed use, balance and complete fertilizer use, manure use and integrated pest management practices.   Key words: technical efficiency, risk, stochastic production frontier, red chilies
Strategi Pengembangan Nano Teknologi Dalam Rangka Peningkatan Daya Saing Industri Pertanian Nasional Dengan Menggunakan SWOT-ANP Nurul Taufiqu Rochman; Gumbira Sa'id; Arief Daryanto; Nunung Nuryartono
Jurnal Ekonomi Vol. 15 No. 3 (2010): November 2010
Publisher : Fakultas Ekonom dan Bisnis, Universitas Tarumanagara

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24912/je.v15i3.173

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Nanotechnology is believed to give a significant added value to the agricultural industry. Various applications of nanotechnology provide opportunities for improving the global competitiveness of the agricultural industry. This study aims to assess nanotechnology development strategy at the national agricultural industry by using the quantitative SWOT method and ANP in BOCR (benefit, opportunity, cost, risk) perspective. The results from these two approaches were then compared. There were four stages of the research procedure that consists of 1) analyzing agricultural industries that apply nanotechnology using quantitative SWOT, 2) formulating nanotechnology development strategy in the TOWS matrix quantitatively, 3) determining strategy alternative for developing nanotechnology in the agricultural industry with ANP in BOCR perspective and 4) assessing comparatively weight value of each strategy alternative using quantitative SWOT and ANP in BOCR perspective. Data were collected by conducting FGD (group discussion forum) for 20 participants and a questionnaire to 10 experts in the field of food chemistry, agriculture, nanotechnology and policy. Results show that in the formulation of nanotechnology development strategy on national agriculture industry, aspects of opportunities and positive impact are taken to account more than that risk and economic aspects. ANP results indicate that nanotechnology development in the national agricultural industry is still in the early stage where the strategy that leads to increased mastery of technology is paid more intention than the implementation of research result itself, socialization of nanotechnology safety and governance of policies. Strategy formulation done by ANP in BOCR perspective is slightly different than that done by quantitative SWOT method which uses only independent variables. The result of this study can be used as a reference for stakeholders for strategic decision making in relation to improving the competitiveness of the national agricultural industry through the development of nanotechnology.
BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY FOR SPECIALTY COFFEE Vharessa Aknesia; Arief Daryanto; Kirbrandoko Kirbrandoko
Indonesian Journal of Business and Entrepreneurship (IJBE) Vol. 1 No. 1 (2015): IJBE, Vol. 1 No. 1, January 2015
Publisher : School of Business, IPB University (SB-IPB)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.17358/ijbe.1.1.12

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Specialty coffee is a coffee of premium quality that has been made through various stages of post-harvest processing and strictly controlled to produce distinctive taste of origins. PT Sinar Mayang Lestari is one of the companies that currently produce and develop specialty coffee type, Arabica Java Preanger. The objectives of the study are to examine competitive advantages and develop an alternative strategy that need to be done by PT Sinar Mayang Lestari for their business development. The research methods used are value chain analysis and VRIO framework to explore competitive advantage owned by the company. The result shows the company currently has a temporary competitive advantage of the technological resources and reputation. By using SWOT-AHP technique, the alternative strategies that can be done by company are as follows: 1) increasing the production of natural and honey coffee  type; 2) building coffee center in plantation site for sharing knowledge and innovation media to the farmers; 3) improving the competency of human resource in plantation, post harvest, and promoting area; 4) building management system gradually 5) forwarding integration by building roast and ground coffee business; and 6) maximizing the ability of the land and human resources through research and development.Keywords: competitive advantage, specialty coffee, SWOT-AHP, value chain, VRIOABSTRAKKopi special merupakan kopi dengan kualitas premium yang sudah melalui berbagai tahapan pengolahan pascapanen yang diawasi dengan ketat sehingga menghasilkan cita rasa yang khas sesuai dengan daerah asalnya. PT Sinar Mayang Lestari adalah salah satu perusahaan yang saatini memproduksi dan mengembangkan kopi spesial jenis Arabika Java Preanger. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menganalisis keunggulan bersaing yang dimiliki dan mengembangkan alternative strategi yang perlu dilakukanoleh PT Sinar Mayang Lestari untuk pengembangan usahanya. Penelitian ini menggunakan analisis rantai nilai dan kerangka VRIO untuk mengidentifikasi keunggulan bersaing yang dimiliki perusahaan. Di samping itu, menggunakan analisis SWOT-AHP untuk menentukan alternatif strategi. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa perusahaan saat ini memiliki keunggulan bersaing sementara terhadap sumber daya teknologi dan reputasi. Alternatif  strategi yang diperoleh menunjukkan perusahaan kedepannya dapat melakukan langkah-langkah sebagai berikut: 1) memperbanyak produksi kopi jenis natural dan honey; 2) membangun coffee center di lokasi perkebunan untuk sharing knowledge daninovasi kepada petani; 3)meningkatkan kompetensi SDM di bidang perkebunan, pascapanen, dan promosi; 4)membangun sistem manajemen secara bertahap; 5) integrasike depan dengan membangun usaha kopi roasting danbubuk; dan 6) memaksimalkan kemampuan lahan dan SDM yang dimiliki melalui riset dan pengembangan.Kata kunci: keunggulan bersaing, kopi spesial, rantai nilai, SWOT-AHP, VRIO
AKSESIBILITAS INDUSTRI PANGAN SKALA MIKRO KECIL TERHADAP SUMBER PEMBIAYAAN FORMAL DI KABUPATEN BOGOR Lillah Wedelia; Manuntun Parulian Hutagaol; Arief Daryanto
Jurnal Agribisnis Indonesia Vol. 5 No. 1 (2017): Juni 2017 (Jurnal Agribisnis Indonesia)
Publisher : Departmen of Agribusiness, Economics and Management Faculty, Bogor Agricultural University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29244/jai.2017.5.1.27-38

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The food industry is one of the small micro enterprises that have a role as a source of employment and incomes. The development of food industry have some problems, especially the lack of accessibility to formal credit institutions. The objectives of this study are to assess the characteristics of food industry and to identify the factors affecting accessibility food industry using the probit models. Result of the study show that the assets and education are an important factor in accessing credit to formal credit institutions.
Competitiveness of Beef Cattle Farming in Indonesia: Domestic Resources Cost Approach Ari Abdul Rouf; Arief Daryanto; Anna Fariyanti
WARTAZOA, Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 24, No 2 (2014): JUNE 2014
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (220.234 KB) | DOI: 10.14334/wartazoa.v24i2.1053

Abstract

Beef demand in Indonesian people is supplied from the domestic and import production, including Australia and New Zealand. Domestic Resources Cost (DRC) is one of the indicators in free trade that is defined as one of the competitiveness criteria. The competitiveness is determined by several factors, including resource, labor, technology and market demand. Based on the previous research results, it was obtained that: (1) The availability of abundant feed through the grazing system and crops livestock system can provide comparative advantage (DRC = 0.08-0.54); (2) The type of beef cattle kept had a good competitiveness (DRC = 0.08-0.94); (3) The labor’s wage can simultaneously create competitiveness (DRC<1); (4) The technological factor on farm level showed that the higher Average Daily Gain (ADG) will make the competitiveness increased; and (5) The number of cattle had a positive causality on the competitiveness with a coefficient of 0.510. The smallholder farmer with the average farming scale of three heads per farmer had a lower competitiveness (DRC = 0.08) compared to the cattle fattening company (DRC = 0.01-0.02). The existing research showed that the beef cattle farming in several places in Indonesia had good competitiveness (DRC<1), but in some areas, its value was close to one (less competitive). Therefore, in order to improve the competitiveness, the formulation and implementation of the farm subsector policy should be regarded as a system including upstream to downstream subsystems so it is expected that the coordination and synergy policy among stakeholder and economic actor will be better. Key words: Beef cattle, competitiveness, domestic resources cost
TECHNICAL EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS IN INDONESIAN FISHERY PROCESSING INDUSTRY: A CASE OF FISHERY CANNED PRODUCT FIRMS Munawar Asikin; Arief Daryanto; Machfud .; Subagio Dwijosumono
MIX: JURNAL ILMIAH MANAJEMEN Vol 9, No 1 (2019): MIX: Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen
Publisher : Universitas Mercu Buana

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (718.867 KB) | DOI: 10.22441/mix.2019.v9i1.004

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This study aims to analyze technical efficiency and evaluate the effect of some sources of inefficiency in the Indonesian fishery canned firms during the period of 1990-2015. We calculate technical efficiency using the Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) method with Time Varying Decay. The average of technical efficiency in this industry during the period of 1990-2015 was only 57%. It indicates that firms in this industry still encounter a problem in allocating the resources in efficient manner.  However, during the period of 1994-2015, the efficiency in the Indonesian fishery canned industry has declined. We also employed the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) method to evaluate the sources of inefficiency. The results showed that eight variables affected to the efficiency in this industry, thereby it will reduce fishery product competitiveness in the future
PENGEMBANGAN MODEL BISNIS BANK “X” DALAM MENDUKUNG INKLUSI KEUANGAN MENGGUNAKAN KERANGKA KERJA SOFT SYSTEM METHODOLOGY (SSM) Wicaksono Sarwo Edi; Marimin .; Arief Daryanto; Imam Teguh Saptono
MIX: JURNAL ILMIAH MANAJEMEN Vol 9, No 1 (2019): MIX: Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen
Publisher : Universitas Mercu Buana

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (1344.501 KB) | DOI: 10.22441/mix.2019.v9i1.014

Abstract

This research aims to develop a business model for Bank "X", which is a state-owned commercial bank, in supporting financial inclusion for micro and small segments. As a state-owned enterprise Bank “X” has a dual task, besides having to generate profits, it must also required to act as a agent of development. We still need to do more research to find out the most appropriate and effective business model for this area. The business model is mapped by utilizing 9 blocks of business model canvas developed by Osterwalder and Pigneur (2010). The study was conducted using the soft system methodology (SSM) framework according to Checkland (1981), which consists of seven stages. The seven SSM stages include: (1) finding a problem, (2) expressing a problem situation, (3) getting an essential definition, (4) making a conceptual model, (5) comparing it with the real world, (6) determining desirable - feasible change, and (7) suggestions for improvement. By carrying out these seven stages, an operational business model and sub-elements are produced which are the main keys or leverage points in operating a business model
Co-Authors - Harianto . Kuntjoro ., Harianto Aditama, Yofie Agus Maulana Amzu Rifin, Amzu Amzul Rifin Anggriani, Aulia Arde Lindung Pambudi Ari Abdul Rouf Arli Arli ASEP SAEFUDDIN Atien Priyanti Bagus Sartono Baihaki Baihaki BONAR M. SINAGA BONAR M. SINAGA Bonar M. Sinaga Bunasor Sanim Bustanul Arifin Bustanul Arifin Cila Apriande D. S. Priyarsono Darmawan, Harris Dendi Anggi Gumilang Dominicus Savio Priyarsono Doni Yusri Dudi S. Hendrawan E. Gumbira-Said Endang Gumbira Said Eriyatno . Erliza Noor Fariyanti, Anna Fitria Virgantari Gita K. Indahsari Gumbira Sa'id Hadi K. Purwadaria Hari Rujito Harris Darmawan Harris Darmawan Hartoyo Hartoyo Hendra Saputra Heny K Daryanto Heri Susanto Hermanto Siregar Husein Slamet Ramdhani, Husein Slamet Hutagaol, Manuntun Paruliah Idha Susanti Imam Teguh Saptono Irfan Nabhani Iwan Setiawan KETUT KARIYASA Kirbrandoko Kirbrandoko Koes Pranowo Kuntjoro . Kuntjoro Kuntjoro Kuntjoro, nFN Kuntjoro, nFN Lagaida , Bugi Biruloma Lillah Wedelia Listiningrum, Septiana Luh Putu Ratna Sundari M. Efendi Arianto M. Husein Sawit M. Husein Sawit Machfud . Machfud Machfud Machfud Machfud Mangara Tambunan MANGARA TAMBUNAN Marimin , Max Antameng Max Antameng Mohamad Husein Sawit Muh. Darmin Ahmad Pella Muhammad Fauzanul Hakim Abdurrahim Muhammad Hasan Tanjung Munawar Asikin Musa Hubeis Nabhani, Irfan Nabhani, Irfan Nandika Aisya Pratiwi Napitupulu, Muktar Novi Rosanti Nunung Nuryartono Nurul Taufiqu Rochman Paraden Arianto Aritonang, Paraden Arianto Pella, Darmin Ahmad Rimadianti, Dini Maharani Arum Rina Oktaviani Rina Oktaviani Rita Nurmalina Rochman, E, Nurul Taufiqu Rudi Wibowo Rudi Wibowo Rudjito Rudjito Rustam Abd. Rauf Sa’id, Gumbira Sahara Sahara Sahara Saptana . Saptana Saptana Saptana, . Saptana, nFN Sari Wiji Utami Septiana Listiningrum Setiadi Djohar Siti Sundari Sjafri Mangkuprawira Slamet Muljono Slamet Muljono Sri Hartoyo Sri Utami Kuntjoro Sri Utami Kuntjoro Stevan Gneissanda Hage Stevan Gneissanda Hage, Stevan Gneissanda Subagio Dwijosumono Subhan, . Sukardi . Sukardi Sukardi Sumardjito, Herry SUNARTO Surip Prayugo Susanto, Andi Suswono Suswono Sutardjo Sutardjo Tony Liwang Ujang Sehabudin, Ujang Ujang Sumarwan Vharessa Aknesia Wati Hermawati Wibowo, Mohamad Emir Wicaksono Sarwo Edi Widyastutik Wisena, Bambang Aria Yayuk Farida Baliwati Yeti Lis Purnamadewi Yofie Aditama Zenal Asikin