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Sukarni Sukarni
Institut Agama Islam Negeri Antasari Banjarmasin
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Journal : Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science and Technology

 1 
Pyrolysis Kinetics of Spirulina platensis and Non-condensable Gas Product Distribution in a Fixed-Bed Reactor Aminullah, Ahmad Yusril; Sukarni, Sukarni; Wulandari, Retno; Shahbaz, Muhammad
Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST) Vol 8, No 1 (2024)
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Malang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.17977/um016v8i12024p151

Abstract

Energy is a fundamental factor for civilization development and sustainability. However, energy sources are dominated by non-renewable fractions, such as fossil fuels. Renewable biomass is projected to be a future fuel source. Spirulina platensis (SP) has numerous advantages compared to other biomass, and it is considered 3rd generation biomass that does not interfere with food and land usage and has a relatively low main decomposition temperature at 325.7℃. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was conducted to observe SP kinetics parameters, especially activation energy. Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS), Ozawa-Flynn-Wall (OFW), and Starink iso-conversional methods reveal that SP has an activation energy of 152.33, 154.56, and 152.78 kJ/mol, respectively. The coefficient correlation (R2) of OFW is the highest compared to its counterpart at 0.9918. Non-condensable gas (H2, CH4, and CO2) product distribution is characterized using a fixed-bed pyrolysis reactor. The average concentrations of H2, CH4, and CO2 are 3775.2, 83792.19, and 23592.58 ppm, in that order. H2 production is linked with carbohydrates and protein decomposition. CH4 yield heavily depends on protein degradation, followed by carbohydrates and lipids. CO2 yield mainly originated from carbohydrate cracking. The optimum SP pyrolysis temperature is 310—370℃ based on its non-condensable gas yield, TGA result, OFW kinetics method, and thermodynamics parameter, where it has relatively low activation energy (139.29 kJ/mol) accompanied by a significant increase of non-condensable-gas-production.
Performance Enhancement of Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger on Parallel Flow with Single Segmental Baffle Permanasari, Avita Ayu; Puspitasari, Poppy; Sukarni, Sukarni; Wulandari, Retno
Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST) Vol 4, No 1 (2020)
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Malang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.17977/um016v4i12020p043

Abstract

The shell and tube heat exchanger was a tool to exchange the heat energy between fluids with different temperatures that occurred through direct or indirect contact. The energy exchange in fluids could be occurred with the same phase (liquid to liquid or gas to gas) or two fluids with different phase. To date, the process of heat transfer in the industrial field was crucial in machine work. Therefore, there were studies directed to optimize and develop the function and thermal performance of a heat exchanger by adding Baffles to the side of the shell. Vortex flow that occurs with the addition of baffles will make the area of fluid contact in the shell with the tube wall larger, so the heat transfer between the two fluids will increase. This study aimed to obtain the efficiency of the heat exchanger and its effectiveness when put on parallel flow. The heat exchanger had the dimensions of 54.6 x 10-3 m in outer diameter and 22.4 x 10-3 m in inner diameter with a tube thickness of 3 mm. The variations on water flow from both fluids were 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 l/min for hot water and 1, 2, 3, 4 l/min for cold water to obtain the effectiveness of heat exchanger on parallel flow. This research heated the hot fluid in electric heating and used water as the cold fluid. The results showed that heat exchanger with single segmental baffle was more efficient in reducing heat in hot water than heat exchanger without bafe. The flow of fluid affected the average temperature difference; the higher the flow of fluid created a more significant temperature difference. The use of single segmental baffle affected the average temperature difference that was higher than without the baffle. The use of single segmental baffle also influenced the heat transfer greater than without baffle because of the longer distance travelled by the fluid on single segmental baffle with the same flow. Thus, the heat transfer process that occurred was more significant by using a single segmental baffle.
The Effect of Chlorophyll Concentration from Papaya Leaves on the Performance of Dye Sensitized Solar Cell Rizali, Dede; Suryanto, Heru; Sukarni, Sukarni
Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST) Vol 3, No 2 (2019)
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Malang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (934.282 KB) | DOI: 10.17977/um016v3i22019p059

Abstract

Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) is the third generation solar cell that has sandwich structure consisted of organic dye material and other components such as titanium dioxide (TiO2) semiconductor, electrolyte, and substrates (counter electrode and working electrode). The dye in the device was made from green plant chlorophyll such as papaya. This research aimed to find the influence of dye concentration from papaya leaves chlorophyll on the performance of DSCC. The discussion covered the output power (Pout), Fill Factor (FF), and efficiency (ɳ). The method in this research was explorative experimental with independent variables such as direct and indirect sunlight. The dependent variables were output power (Pout), Fill Factor (FF), and efficiency (ɳ) from the DSSC. The procedures in this research consisted of substrates preparation, TiO2 paste production, dye solution preparation, electrolyte preparation, counter electrode preparation, and DSSC assembly. The tests on chlorophyll concentration were conducted using spectrophotometry method while the DSSC performance test used 1,000 W/cm2 halogen lamp. The results showed that 100% chlorophyll concentration resulted in 3.1295 mg/m3 chlorophyll content type a. The best DSSC performance was obtained by the DSSC sample that had 100% chlorophyll concentration and 1.1294 mg/m3 chlorophyll content. The direct light of DSSC achieved Pout of 0.9557 mW, FF of 0.07282, and efficiency of 1.499137%. The DSSC with indirect light obtained Pout of 0.00455 mW, FF of 0.01535, and efficiency of 0.049863%.
Investigate the Potential Renewable Energy of Microalgae Spirulina sp Using Proximate Analyzer, SEM-EDX, and Thermogravimetry Zakaria, Yahya; Sukarni, Sukarni; Puspitasari, Poppy; Mufti, Nandang; Anis, Samsudin; Johari, Anwar
Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST) Vol 6, No 2 (2022)
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Malang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.17977/um016v6i22022p066

Abstract

Microalgae Spirulina sp which has been cultivated by the Brackishwater Aquaculture Development Center, Situbondo Indonesia were tested for their potential energy performance using proximate analyzer, SEM-EDX, and thermogravimetry. The proximate analyzer showed volatile matter (VM), fixed carbon (FC), moisture, ash content (AC), total sulfur of microalgae Spirulina sp 68.15, 12.57, 11.22, 8.06, and 0.67 (wt%, ar), respectively, and the gross calorific value (GCV) is 4971 kcal/kg (dry basis). SEM-EDX test showed the morphology and chemical content of Spirulina sp. The content of microalgae Spirulina sp is dominated by carbon (C) and oxygen (O), then followed by chlorine (Cl), sodium (Na), potassium (K), sulfur (S), magnesium (Mg), and phosphorus (P). Thermogravimetry pyrolysis test of microalgae Spirulina sp resulted thermogravimetry (TG) analysis and derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) analysis curve, which is divided into three different steps. The moisture of microalga Spirulina sp was vaporized at the first step, started at 27°C, and finished at 173°C with a decomposed mass of about 13.81% of the total initial mass. The second step began at the end of vaporize moisture at about 173°C and ended at around 618 °C. The gasification process occurred in volatile matter content and resulted mass loss of about 57.9% of Spirulina sp total mass. The last step showed the process of gasification of residual substances, started at the end of the volatile matter step, 618°C, and stopped at 995°C with a decomposed mass of 24.6% from total mass.
Characteristics of Liquid Products from Spirulina platensis Pyrolysis under Microwave Irradiation with Activated Carbon Additive Romaz, Mohammad Mirza Yuniar; Sukarni, Sukarni; Wulandari, Retno
Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST) Vol 8, No 2 (2024)
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Malang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.17977/um016v8i22024p503

Abstract

Global energy consumption has surged due to the population's rapid growth, leading to a switch to using renewable and clean energy. Among various strategies for developing renewable and clean energy, biomass pyrolysis emerged as attractive, and microwave irradiation pyrolysis is a prominent technique. This research aims to determine the ideal parameters for microwave-assisted pyrolysis of Spirulina platensis (SP) microalgae in order to produce high-value liquid products with the addition of activated carbon (AC) additives. Liquid bio-oil products were characterized concerning their calorific value, chemical bonds, and thermal stability. This research also investigates product distribution as a function of AC loading. Using 900W output power of microwave and 550 °C pyrolysis temperature, the pyrolysis process was shortened by 36.5% at 15% of AC loading. At 20% AC loading, the pyrolysis duration was shortened by 33%. This study demonstrated that the highest liquid and minimum solid residue were obtained at 20% AC loading. The heating value of liquid bio-oil with no AC additives was 35.419 MJ/kg, while at a 10% AC additive was 37.464 MJ/kg. The highest heating value was found at a 15% AC additive, which was 39.345 MJ/kg; meanwhile, at a 20% AC additive, it was 36.097 MJ/kg. These findings conclusively showed that the liquid bio-oil's quality was significantly improved by the addition of activated carbon (AC), establishing it as an attractive option for the microwave-assisted pyrolysis (MAP) process that produces advanced renewable fuels.
Co-Authors Achmad Syaichu, Achmad Agustin Sukarsono, Agustin Agustiyowati, Tri Hapsari Retno Aisyah, Lisda Akhmad, Arif Nur Akiria Santi, Amy Alfiannoor, Imam Aminullah, Ahmad Yusril Andini, Dwi Yana Ayu Anggeilia Wananca Putri Ani Kristianingsih Anwar Johari Arief, Akmal Dzulfiqar Nuraulia Asep Setiawan Asy-Syathori, Muhammad Arif Avita Ayu Permanasari Berliana, Zahra bin Mahmud, Hafini Bintoro, Panji Dewi Ratnasari Dewi, Vivian Nanny Lia Eka Tri Wulandari, Eka Tri Faisal Faisal Fauzan, Suhaimi Febrianita, Yulia Fitri, Ainil Fitri, Indri Nuraeni Fitriana Fitriana Fitriyana, Feni Fong, Michelle Fradianto, Ikbal Hapsari, Tri Hartati Hartati Hellen Febriyanti Heni Pujiastuti Herlina Yusuf, Herlina Heru Suryanto Hikmah Ifayanti IDA RAHMAWATI Iip Saripah, Iip ING Wardana Ismiatun, Ismiatun K, Sansri Diah Kamsatun, Kamsatun Khairunnisa Khairunnisa Khoirul Hidayah Latuheru, Grace Wilhelmina Lia Meilianingsih Linda Puspita LINDA PUSPITASARI - A11111054, LINDA PUSPITASARI Lusiana, Ria M. Hanafiah Maheswara, Dharma Marlita, Lora Marsini Marsini Maulana, M. Ali Maulia Isnaini Maulida, Sri Meliawati Meliawati, Meliawati Muhammad Hanafiah Muhammad Hanafiah Musangadah, Nur Mustofa Kamil, Mustofa Mutiara, Violita Siska Nandang Mufti Nasiroh, Nasiroh Nikman Azmin Nopi Anggista Putri Novita, Andis Dian Nurrahmania, Nurrahmania Nurrohmah Nurrohmah, Nurrohmah Othman, Norasmah P, Layla Chaeriyah Pramono, Diki Dwi Pratiwi, Lindasari Primadevi, Inggit Priyono, Djoko Putri, Retno Qurniasih, Nila Rafly, Muhammad Raihan Retno Wulandari Rizali, Dede ROHANA FARIDAH Rohyadi, Yosep Romaz, Mohammad Mirza Yuniar rosita, meli Rr. Poppy Puspitasari Sairazi, Abdul Hafiz Salman, Muhammad Salman Samsudin Anis Sari, Putri Wulandini Sasmita, Anah Sauqi, Muhammad Sfenrianto, Sfenrianto Shahbaz, Muhammad Siti Maesaroh Soeprihatini, Retno Ariza Sri Maulida SRI RAHAYU Sriadi, Sriadi Sudarmin Sudarmin Sugeng, Santoso Sumitri Sumitri, Sumitri Taufik Jamaan Tiara, Nada Fazani Titan Ligita Triyana Harlia Putri Wahyuningrum, Erika Septi Waluya, Nandang Ahmad Wati, Rita Fajar Widanarta, Dian Widayanti, Ratna Galih Winarto Winarto Wiyanti, Zulvi Wulan dari Wulandini S, Putri Yahya Zakaria Yoga Pramana Yulanda, Nita Arisanti Yuliani, Rahma Yunita Anggriani ZAKI MUBARAK Zulaekha, Quini Siti Zulfa Jamalie Zulkifli