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Journal : Asian Journal of Environmental Research

Environmental Health Risk Analysis of Exposure Carbon Monoxide (CO) on Traders in Manado City Self-Service Jumbo Area Sualang, Daniel Y; Sumampouw, Oksfriani Jufri; Sondakh, Ricky C
Asian Journal of Environmental Research Vol. 3 No. 1 (2026): Available online
Publisher : CV. Science Tech Group

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69930/ajer.v3i1.619

Abstract

Background: Motor vehicle activity in shopping mall areas is a primary source of carbon monoxide (CO) emissions, posing a potential long-term health risk for workers with sustained exposure. This study aimed to conduct an environmental health risk assessment of CO exposure for traders operating in the Jumbo Supermarket Area of Manado City. Methods: An observational study with a quantitative approach was conducted in July-August 2025. Ambient air CO concentration was measured in real-time using a CO meter at three location points, with purposive sampling of 30 traders. Respondent characteristics, including exposure parameters, were collected via questionnaire. Health risk analysis was performed by calculating the Average Daily Dose (ADD) and Risk Quotient (RQ), following the US EPA (2022) guidelines, where an RQ > 1 indicates an unacceptable non-carcinogenic risk. Results: The mean ambient CO concentration was 1,591.89 µg/m³, which is significantly below the national air quality standard (10,000 µg/m³) set by Indonesian Minister of Health Regulation No. 02 of 2023. The risk assessment yielded average RQ values of 8.38 x 10⁻⁵ for real-time exposure and 1.23 x 10⁻⁵ for lifetime exposure. All calculated RQ values were substantially below the safety threshold of 1. Conclusion: Current CO concentrations in the study area do not exceed regulatory standards and do not pose an unacceptable non-carcinogenic health risk to traders. However, implementing periodic air quality monitoring is recommended to ensure the continued protection of worker health in this environment.
The Correlation Between Housing Density and House Ventilation Area and the Incidence of Acute Respiratory Tract Infections in Toddlers in Tuminting Sub-District, Manado City Andolo, Winiarti M.; Joseph, Woodford B S.; Sumampouw, Oksfriani Jufri
Asian Journal of Environmental Research Vol. 3 No. 1 (2026): Available online
Publisher : CV. Science Tech Group

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69930/ajer.v3i1.620

Abstract

Background: Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI) remain the primary cause of morbidity among children under five in Indonesia, with the domestic physical environment being a significant determinant. Surveillance data from the Tuminting Health Center (2025) indicates an exceptionally high prevalence of ARI (79.0%) in toddlers within Tuminting District, Manado City. Objective: This study aimed to analyze the association between residential occupancy density and house ventilation area with the incidence of ARI in toddlers in this high-prevalence region. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from July to November 2025. A purposive sample of 62 toddlers was enrolled. Primary data were collected via questionnaires, direct observation, and physical measurements of dwellings using a roller meter. Univariate analysis described variable characteristics, and the Fisher's Exact test was employed for bivariate analysis with a significance level of p < 0.05. Results: The majority of households had non-compliant occupancy density (83.9%), while most had adequate ventilation area (91.9%). The ARI prevalence was 79.0%. Bivariate analysis revealed a statistically significant association between high occupancy density and ARI incidence (p-value = 0.004). In contrast, no significant relationship was found between ventilation area and ARI (p-value = 0.280). Conclusion: Occupancy density is the dominant environmental risk factor contributing to the high incidence of ARI in toddlers in Tuminting District. These findings underscore that public health interventions must extend beyond improving physical housing quality (e.g., ventilation) to actively address overcrowding through healthy housing policies and targeted community education.
Co-Authors Aaltje Ellen Manampiring Adam, Jeanne d’arc Zafera Afnal Asrifuddin Andolo, Winiarti M. Anisa T Lubis Anneke Tahulending Arlin Debora Tongkotou Awuy, Stiffany Clara Bawole, Belliani B. Blessy Ezra Dompas Boky, Harvani B. Bryan Rawung Budi Tamardy Ratag Butarbutar, Risca Natalia Cahya Kamila Sugiarta Chasy Ester Mandalika Chasy Mandalika Cicilia Pali Cindy Meisy Kairupan Dajoh, Ireine Norma Diane M. Tengker Doda, Diana V.D. Duhupo, Dewinta Dwi Istanti Elshaday Mangembulude Ester, Sangian Farikah, Tetris Ferika Sumerah Fima Lanra Fredrik G. Langi Fince L. Sambeka Fione, Vega Roosa Gebby Gabriele Tania Walujo Gidion Kolondam Greta Wahongan Harvani Boky, Harvani Henry Palandeng Hitipeuw, Michelle Regina Christanty I Ketut Harapan Jacobs, Rivald Semuel Jeana Lydia Maramis Jeanne d’arc Zafera Adam Jeanne d’Arc Zafera Adam Jeineke Ellen Ratuela Jeineke Ellen Ratuela Jonesius Eden Manopo Jootje M. L. Umboh Jootje M.L. Umboh Jootje M.L. Umboh Jos Narande Josefien Rolita Tiwow Josep, Woodford h B. S. Joseph, Woodford B S. Joseph, Woodford Baren Soleiman Juergen Geovane Rambing Jusuf Ondang Kaparang, Leticia Wulandari Kasenda, Jeniffer Febriyanti Kaunang, Wulan P.J Kawatu, Paul A.T Kesek, Mutiara Kolibu, Febi K. Kuhon, Frelly Valentino Laura Wulandary Kaeng Lidya Streisand Leiwakabessy Linoe, Ribka Gloria Logor, Fione Vesty Lombogia, Orianly Lowing, Van Grayen Lumantow, Marfil Lumi, Christi Natalia Maddusa, Sri Seprianto Mamusung, Nicia Indira Manayang, Yubilarisa Mandas, Grifith Vanesa Mantjoro, Eva M. Maramis, Franckie R.R. Maramis, Jeana Lydia Maria Sophia Muaja Martha Marie Kaseke Mondoringin, Dyna C. Montolalu, Mitha M. M. Musa, Ester Candrawati Musfanto, Cheren P. Mutiara Kesek Nelwan, Ester Jeini Ni Wayan Dimkatni Nova Hellen Kapantow Novarita M. Koch Novie Homenta Rampengan Oddi R Pinontoan Odi Roni Pinontoan Odi Roni Pinontoan Odi Roni Pinontoan Pangau, Rianne Rollin Pangerapan, Sinthia Brigyta Pasolang, Gloriya Bida Paul A. T. Kawatu, Paul A. T. Paul A.T. Kawatu Pinontoan, Odi Pinontoan, Odi Roni Pinontoan, Odie Roni Pola, Priska Karla Ponga, Fine Claudia Pontororing, Maria E.I Priscilia, Lumataw Fransisca Punusingon, Axel Brayen Rabia Ani Ohoirat Rahayu H. Akili, Rahayu H. Rany, Pongkorung Desi Ratuela, Jeineke Ellen Ribka Elisabeth Wowor Ribka Gloria Linoe Ricky C. Sondakh Ronald Alexander Wenas Ronald Imanuel Ottay Ronald Immanuel Ottay Roya, Jisia Natasia Runtuwene, Kurviasni S. Sapulete, Ivonny Melinda Sapulete, Margareth Rosalinda Sapulete, Margaretha Rosalinda Sasiang, Evani Sekeon, Sekplin A.S Sekeon, Sekplin Steven Sindy Naomi Kasenda Siwi, Imelda Maria Sondakh, Ricky C Sopacua, Victoria Greimar Sri Seprianto Maddusa Sri Seprianto Maddusa Sualang, Daniel Y Sumual, Agatha E.G Syahlan, Vioni L. G. Syalom Mikha Tiwa Tahulending, Anneke A. Tangkilisan, Sharon Laurenzi Mariabie Ticoalu, Eliza Rolanda Ticoalu, Jansje Vera Tolondang, Andre Stif Trivena Mantow Tuda, Josef Sem Berth Vania Sartika Putri Lahinda Wariki, Windy M. V. Warouw, Finny Wenny Tilaar Wewengkang, Militia Christy Woodford B. S. Joseph Woodford B.S. Joseph, Woodford B.S. Wowor, Ribka Elisabeth Wulan Pingkan Julia Kaunang Yekaterina Sipa Danduru Yenni Wahani Yunus, Yasero Lazarus