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H Hadiyanto
Center Of Biomass And Renewable Energy (C-BIORE), Department Of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University, Jl Prof. H. Soedarto, SH, Tembalang, Semarang 50275 Department Of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University, Jl Prof. H. Soedarto, SH, Temb
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Methyl ester production from high free fatty acid content with Ce/Zeolite bifunctional catalyst Syahidah, Aisyah Sabrina Nurul; Wilujeng, Dinanti Putrisia; Widayat, W.; Hadiyanto, H.; Sulardjaka, S.; Ngadi, Noorzita
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 15, No 3 (2026): May 2026
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61435/ijred.2026.61945

Abstract

The production of methyl esters from high free fatty acid (FFA) feedstock remains a critical challenge in biodiesel processing, particularly when using Palm Acid Oil–waste cooking oil (PAO–WCO) with an initial FFA content of 53.21%. Such high FFA content significantly reduces reaction efficiency and necessitates a conventional two-step process involving esterification to lower the FFA level followed by transesterification to convert triglycerides into methyl esters. This multistep approach limits process efficiency and increases operational complexity for high-FFA feedstock. This study investigates the use of a bifunctional Ce/Zeolite catalyst to enable simultaneous esterification and transesterification in a single-step process for high FFA content oil. The zeolite support was synthesized from geothermal waste, and cerium was incorporated via impregnation. The catalyst was characterized using SEM–EDX, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analyses. The reaction was conducted under various operating conditions, including different temperatures and catalyst loadings. The Ce/Zeolite catalyst exhibited effective bifunctional activity, enhancing the simultaneous conversion of FFAs and triglycerides in high FFA content feedstock. The optimum conditions were a methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 12:1, 4 wt% catalyst loading, and a reaction temperature of 50 °C for 180 min. Under these conditions, FAME concentration of 91.5% was obtained, with FFA conversion of 25.31% (reduction of 13.47% FFAs from initial 53.21%) achieved in a single-step transesterification process. These results demonstrate that Ce/Zeolite is a promising bifunctional catalyst for the efficient processing of high FFA content oil, offering a simplified and more sustainable pathway for industrial biodiesel production.
Co-Authors - Hermawan - Purwanto . Widayat A Abdullah A.P. Aini A.P. Aini Aaron Nathanael Liemin Abdurrafi Alwan Achmad Chalid Afif Alfajrin Achmad Roesyadi Achmad Roesyadi Adhi, M. A. Adi Wibowo Adian Khoironi Afriza Ni'matus Sa'adah Afshar, Mohammad Ali Agus Suhatman Agus Suprihanto Ahmadi, Mohammad Hossein Aini, Apsari Puspita Ainun Nurusy Syahida Aji Prasetyaningrum Al-Baari, Ahmad N Al-Baarri, Ahmad Ni’matullah Albertus Djoko Lesmono Alhuyi Nazari, Mohammad Alkian, Ilham Amalia Farhati Anak Agung Istri Sri Wiadnyani Andono Kusuma Jati Andri C. K. Andri Cahyo Kumoro Andri Cahyo Kumoro Andry Anggoro Arahim Angela Nitia Nefasa Angela Nitia Nefasa Anh Tuan Hoang Aniek Sri Handayani Aniek Sri Handayani Anisa Widia Utami Annisa Sila Puspita Apsari Puspita A. Apsari Puspita Aini Arief Budiman Arief Budiman Arief Budiman Arief Budiman Arif Harimukti Arif Setiawan Arifati Munfarida Aris Bagus Pradana, Aris Bagus Asep Yoyo Wardaya Asri Cahaya Hati Athanasia Amanda Septevani, Athanasia Amanda Avido Yuliestyan Avido Yuliestyan Awaluddin Hidayat Ramli Inaku Azafilmi Hakiim Aziz Jihadian Barid B. Budhijanto Baihaqi, Rifqi Ahmad Bambang Cahyono Bambang Yulianto Barid, Aziz Jihadian Bariroh, Tahyatul Bayu, Handoko Bidi, Mokhtar Budhijanto, B. Cahyadi Cahyadi Cahyadi Cahyadi Cantika Aulia Salsabila Catur Edi Widodo Chandra Puspita Sari D A Sari D. Ariyanti D. Ariyanti D.S. Pinundi D.S. Pinundi Danny Soetrisnanto Dedi Khairunas Desiyantri Siti P. Dessy Agustina Sari Dessy Ariyanti Dessy Ariyanti Dewi Selvia Fardhyanti Didi Dwi Anggoro Dionisius Dicky Davidoff Dyah Ari Wulandari Dyah Hesti Wardhani Dyan Pratiwi E Hugeng Wandono Ebrahimi, Morteza Eko Hidayanto Eko Wahjono, Tri Endang Kusdiyantini Eudia Christina Wulandari Evita Febriyanti Faradies Arija Febio Dalanta Ferdinandus Baskoro Hari Sapto Waluyo Fianda Revina Widyastuti Figa Muhammad Octafalahanda Fitria Yuli Anggita Sari Fitria Yuli Anggita Sari Fitriyanto, Bobby Rachmat Fitriyanto, Bobby Rachmat Franz, Nicholas Fuad Muhammad Fuad Muhammad Fuad Muhammad Ganang Dwi Hartanto Ganang Dwi Hartanto Ghasempour, Roghayeh Hakim, Muhammad Fahmi Hamdani Abdulgani, Hamdani Hamid Hamid Haniif Prasetiawan Hantoro Satriadi Hapsoro Bagus Wicaksono Hargono Hargono Haris Nu'man Aulia Hashfi Hawali Abdul Matin Hati, Asri Cahaya Hemawan, Ferry Hendra Naldi Henna Rya Abdurachim Henna Rya Sunoko Henna Rya Sunoko Heri Cahyono Heri Sutanto Hermawan Hermawan Hermawan Hermawan Hidayat Ramli Inaku, Awaluddin Hoang, Anh Tuan I Made Aditya Suryajaya I Made Aditya Suryajaya Iis Nurhasanah Imam Novrizal Aji Indah Kusumadewi Indah Kusumadewi, Indah Indradewa, Rhian Indro Sumantri Indro Sumatri Irawan Arif Budianto Irfan Ali, Irfan J. Jamari Jaka Windarta Jihan Nabila Joni Safaat Adiansyah Kamandjaja, Vimala Kevin Aprilio Kusmiyati Kusmiyati Kusmiyati Kusmiyati Le, Tri Hieu Luqman Buchori M Christwardana M Christwardana M M A Nur M. Barbosa M. Djaeni M.M. Azimatun Nur M.M. Azimatun Nur, M.M. Azimatun Marcelinus Christwardana Marcelinus Christwardana Marcelinus Christwardana Marcelinus Christwardana Marcelinus Christwardana Marcelinus Christwardana Marcelinus Christwardana Marcelinus Christwardana Mardiyah Sari Dewi Maryono Maryono Matin, Hashfi Hawali Abdul Mega Anggraeni Mega Anggraeni Meiny Suzery Miftah Aqidatul Izzah Minh Tuan Pham Mochamad Arief Budihardjo Moh. Djaeni Moh. Djaeni Mohammad Alhuyi Nazari Mohammad Hossein Ahmadi Monica Kezia Sembiring Morteza Ebrahimi Muhamad Imaduddin Muhamad Maulana Azimatun Nur Muhamad Zaini Mahdi Muhammad Fadhil Muhammad Fajar Purnama Muhammad Helmi Muhammad Nasyarudin Iqbal Muhammad Zaini Mahdi Munifatul Izzati Nailawati Prastiya Ningrum Nainggolan, Irwan Firmanto Naseri, Ali Ndaru Okvitarini Ngadi, Noorzita Ngadi, Norzita Nicholas Franz Noer Abyor Handayani Noor Fachrizal Nurahman, Ghiyats Hafizh P Purwanto P. Purwanto Paryanto, Paryanto Permata, Ariyo Nurachman Satiya Perwana, Putu Yuri Aristya Pham, Minh Tuan Pham, Van Viet Pratama, Wahyu Diski Pratiwi, Wahyu Zuli Pribadyo Pribadyo Prima Astuti Handayani Primadi Gayuh Laksono Putro Priyasta, Dwidharma Purwanto - Purwanto Purwanto Purwanto Purwanto Purwono Purwono Putri, Sylvia Rahmi R. Rochmadi R. Wijffels Rachmad Ardhianto Ganjar Samudro Rahma, Dhyeta Ulzana Zizi Ratna Dewi Kusumaningtyas Ratnawati Ratnawati Reistu Widiastutik Retno Wulandari Rifqi Ahmad Baihaqi Riky Yonas Riky Yonas Rini Budi Hastuti Rita Dwi Ratnani Riza Saadiah, Riza Rizal Isnanto, R RM Bagus Irawan Rochmadi, R. Rocky Adiguna Roghayeh Ghasempour Rufaida Nur Rostika Rya Abdurachim, Henna S Subandriyo S Sumarno S. Suherman Sa'adah, Fatkhiyatus Sabda Wahyu Nugroho Sakina Tunissa Anarki Santi, Narulita Satrio Kuntolaksono Septiawan, Reza Sestri Bela Pratiwi Setia Budi Sasongko Setiawan, M. Yasep Silviana Silviana Singgih Wibowo Sinuhaji, Tubagus Rayyan Fitra Siswo Sumardiono Siti Jamilatun Siti Jamilatun Sri Puji Lestari Sri Sumiyati Sri Widodo Agung Sueda Sri Widodo Agung Suedy Sudarno Sudarno Suherman Suherman Suherman, Suherman Sulardjaka Sulardjaka Sulardjaka, S. Sumarno Sumarno Susanto, Edy Suseno Darsono Sussatrio, Hardito Syafrudin Syafrudin Syahidah, Aisyah Sabrina Nurul Thomas Triadi Putranto, Thomas Triadi Titik Nurmawati Tony Suryo Utomo Tri Eko Wahjono Tri Hieu Le Tri Retnaningsih Tri Retnaningsih Soeprobowati Tubagus Rayyan Fitra Sinuhaji Tutuk Djoko Kusworo Uray Irzandi Uray Irzandi Valentino, Andreas Alvaro Van Viet Pham Vimala Kamandjaja Vita Efelina W. Wihermanto Wahyu Cesar, Wahyu Wahyu Zuli Pratiwi Wais Alqurni Wicaksono, Vinsensius Priyo Widayat Widayat Widayat Widayat Widayat Widiyanto Widiyanto Widya FATRIASARI Wilujeng, Dinanti Putrisia Windarta, Djaka Wiwie Chaeruni Yasinta Nikita Titisari Yasinta Nikita Titisari Yoyon Wahyono Yudariansyah, Hadi Yulian Mara Alkusma YULIANI, YENI Yulis Hindarwati Zakaria, Zainul Akmar Zin Min Tun