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Fendi Setyawan
Fakultas Hukum Universitas Jember
Religion Aerospace Engineering Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Arts Humanities Automotive Engineering Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Computer Science & IT Economics, Econometrics & Finance Education Electrical & Electronics Engineering Engineering Environmental Science Health Professions Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Library & Information Science Mathematics Medicine & Pharmacology Public Health Social Sciences Other

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Journal : Academia Open

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Legal Liability for Force Majeure in Digital Crypto Asset Contracts Reviewed from the Perspective of Legal Rationality in the Digital Age: Tanggung Jawab Hukum atas Keadaan Force Majeure dalam Kontrak Digital Aset Kripto Ditinjau dari Rasionalitas Hukum di Era Digital Amara Diva Abigail; Diah Ayuning Tyas; Fendi Setyawan; M. Arief Amrullah
Academia Open Vol. 10 No. 2 (2025): December
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/acopen.10.2025.12855

Abstract

General Background: The rapid advancement of digital technology has transformed legal relations through the emergence of smart contracts and crypto asset transactions operating autonomously on blockchain systems. Specific Background: Although these digital contracts promise efficiency and certainty, their automated and decentralized nature raises complex legal issues when force majeure events—such as cyberattacks, system failures, or sudden regulatory changes—disrupt contractual performance. Knowledge Gap: Existing civil law doctrines on force majeure and contractual liability are primarily designed for human-centered agreements and remain inadequate to address responsibility in algorithm-driven systems, particularly within Indonesia’s legal framework. Aims: This study aims to analyze legal liability for force majeure in crypto asset digital contracts through a philosophical examination of legal rationality in the digital era. Results: Using normative–philosophical analysis, the study finds that traditional fault-based liability and positivistic legal rationality require reconstruction to accommodate technological risks and automated execution. Novelty: The research introduces an adaptive, reflective conception of legal rationality that integrates technological realities with principles of justice, certainty, and utility. Implications: These findings imply the need for explicit force majeure clauses, shared responsibility models, and adaptive legal interpretation to ensure fair and effective regulation of digital contracts in the evolving crypto ecosystem. Highlights: Force majeure in crypto-based smart contracts involves technological and regulatory risks beyond traditional doctrines. Automated and decentralized contract execution challenges fault-based and human-centered legal liability concepts. Adaptive legal rationality is essential to balance legal certainty, justice, and technological innovation in the digital era. Keywords: Force Majeure, Digital Contracts, Crypto Assets, Legal Liability, Legal Rationality
Co-Authors Adam Surya Putra Agam Akhmad Syaukani, Agam Akhmad Agusyanti, Kusuma Astuti Ahmad Subhan Albert H Wounde Ali Badrudin Alon Maemanah Amara Diva Abigail Amira Inaz Clarissa Pambudi Amri, Ahmad Ihsan Ana Laela Fatikhatul Choiriyah Ananto Setyo Utomo Andhiyah Ivena Ramadani Angelin, Elmi Nada Anggraini, Arista Ulfa Anis Khafifah Anselma Dyah Kartikahadi Ariky, Iqbal Maula Arvina Hafidzah As’ad Imam Muhtadi Ayu Citra Santyaningtyas Azaris Pahlemy Bagus Sujatmiko Bayu Dwi Anggono Bimo Alexander Bunga Kinasih Choiriyah, Ana Laela Fatikhatul Dewatoro Suryaningrat Poetra Diah Ayuning Tyas Dian Puspita Sari Dian Qobila Belinda DIMAS WICAKSONO Dominikus Rato Dominikus Rato Doni Rian Ardiansyah Dwi Novantoro Dyah Ochtarina Susanti Dyah Ochtorina Susanti Elvia Elvaretta Fadiah Derin Roniansah Fahad Abd. Aziz Fanny Tanuwijaya Faran Tatika Ferdiansyah Putra Manggala Firman Anugerah Firman Floranta Firman Floranta Adonara Firman Floranta Adonara, Firman Floranta Firman Floranta Adorana Fitriyah Fitriyah Fivi faiqotul himmah Fraja, St. Ika Noerwulan Galuh Puspaningrum Ginting, Beren Rukur H.K, Ajeng Pramesthy Hudzaifa Rochmatil Husniah I Gede Widhiana Suarda I Wayan Yasa, I Wayan Inayatul Anisah Indi Muhtar Ismail Ivan Christian Wijaya Iwan Fahmi Jamil, Nury Khoiril Jamil Jendro Hadi Wibowo Jendro Hadi Wibowo Jihan Zuhuur Rahmah Jony Heri Putra Sianturi Khusnul Khotimah Khusnul Khotimah Kinanty, Sastra Kris Kiswah, Maftuha Komang Dendi Tri Karinda Kusuma Astuti Agusyanti Lia Puspita, Putu M. Arief Amrullah M. Kaisario H. Falah M.Hakim Yunizar Diharimurti Mannan, Faidhul Melisa Dwi Fransiska Miftahul Huda Moh. Ali Mohammad Arief Amrullah Mohammad Haris Taufiqur Rahman Mohammad Irfandianto Mohammad Rondhi Muhammad Hafidz Ridho Muhammad Imaduddin Muhammad Imaduddin Muhammad Nurulloh Jarmoko Muhammad Rifky Darmawan Nur Nafa Maulida Atlanta Nuraharja Adi Partha, Putu Gde Nurhidayat , Nurhidayat Octavianus, Dwi Caesar Pika Sari Prakoso, Bhim Prescelly, Cindy Rahmadi Indra Tektona Ramzy, Isvandiar Muhammad Rastra Ardani Irawan Rica Ayu Puspita Sari Riza Nisriinaa Rokhani, Rokhani Rukaman Wibisono, Wina Febrianti Sayib Fauzi Adiansyah Serfiyani, Cita Yustisia Sonia Mawar Al Hany Subhan Arief Budiman Sufi Amalia, Cici Riski Suhayati, Kurniyah Sulistiyono, Firman Octhaviana Syadzwina, Dhifa Nadhira Syifa Alam Syokron Jazil Talitha Rahma Tania, Irda Taniady, Vicko Tito Dharma Wijaya TOLIB EFFENDI Toto Yanuarto Ubaidillah, Lutfian Umam, Abd. Vina Lailia Agustina Wakid, Moh. Wasidipa Maulana Firdaus William Franz Hasiholan Sihite Wounde, Albert Huppy Yusuf Adiwibowo, Yusuf Yusuf, Dwi Savedo Zainur Ratna Savitri Zakiyatun Nufus