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Triyono
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Journal : civil engineering journal

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Enhancing AA6061–Bottom Ash Composites: Role of Heat Treatment on Properties and Dimensional Stability Seputro, Harjo; Bintoro, Sefrian R.; Ariawan, Dody; Surojo, Eko; Triyono
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 11 (2025): November
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-11-023

Abstract

Aluminum matrix composites (AMCs) reinforced with industrial by-products have attracted attention as lightweight, sustainable materials, yet most research has focused on fly ash. The higher density of bottom ash compared to fly ash makes bottom ash suitable for use as reinforcement in AMC. This study investigates the combined effect of BA reinforcement (0, 3, and 6 wt%) and T6 heat treatment (aging at 175, 200, and 225 °C) on the microstructure, mechanical performance, thermal expansion, and dimensional stability of AA6061 composites. Mechanical testing, thermomechanical analysis (TMA), and coordinate measuring machine (CMM) evaluations were conducted to establish correlations between microstructure and macroscopic reliability. The results show that aging plays a decisive role in strengthening and stabilizing the alloy. The unreinforced AA6061 achieved peak hardness (69.43 BHN) and tensile strength (274.60 MPa) at 200 °C, but exhibited the largest distortion due to high thermal expansion. BA addition significantly reduced the mean coefficient of thermal expansion, with the 3 wt% BA composite aged at 200 °C demonstrating the most balanced behavior: stable CTE response, minimal distortion (0.1–0.4 mm²), and improved mechanical reliability. In contrast, 6 wt% BA composites, despite their lowest mean CTE (≈25 ppm/K), suffered from local instabilities due to particle agglomeration and porosity, leading to reduced toughness and higher geometric irregularities. Overall, this work highlights the novelty of employing BA as a sustainable reinforcement distinct from fly ash, showing that moderate BA addition coupled with optimized heat treatment can enhance dimensional stability and mechanical performance. The findings provide new insights into the design of cost-effective, environmentally friendly AMCs for structural applications.
Co-Authors -, Warniningsih Abdulloh Arif Mukhlas Achmad Lutfi Fuadi Adi Tri Tyaasmadi Adillah Ayu Flawery Ady Mara, Ady Agiel, Raiddin Muhamad Aini, Sania Qurrotu Akbar, Andi Muh. Fadlullah Akbar, Hammar Ilham Alvaseno, Dafit Amalia Rahmah Briliyanti Aminuyati Amyati, Amyati anasilviana Andy Dwi Bayu Bawono Anissa Fitria Anissatul Mahmudah Ridwayanti Anugrah Anteng Triana Arif Setyo Nugroho Arlinda Bayu Prastiwi Arri Handayani Asiati, Devi Ata, Sonata Sukama Wijaya Atika Luthfiana Aulia, A Ayu Sanjaya, Yulia Putri Bambang Hari Wibisono Bambang Kusharjanta Bambang Margono Bambang Setiaji Bambang Setiaji Barudin Bintoro, Sefrian R. Budiyansah, Amsal Cahyani, Rizkha Gita Catur Setyawan K Catur Setyawan Kusumohadi Chamim, Moch. Citra Imelda Usmaan Desembrianti, Virna Muhdelifa Deva Fosterharoldas Swasto Dewanti, Adinda Pramesdya Rasita Dharma Priatmaja, Ade Dika, Aisyah Dika Mastura Dikadijayati Dini Rahmawati Dini Rakhmawati Diva Nanda Ayuk Agustina Dody Ariawan Donatus Setyawan Purwo Handoko Donatus Setyawan Purwo Handoko Dwi Bambang Putut Setiyadi Dwi Hanan, Fauzy Dynanda Eliza Nadia Loka Eko Purwanto Eko Surojo Endang Widati Faisol Mukarom Fatchan Achyani Fatmawati, Dyah Ayu Faturahman, Adam Fifi Aswita Mandala Sari Fransisca Maria Farida ghofur Gutomo Bayu Aji Hanna, Vinda Olivia Harjo Seputro, Harjo Harminto, Yopi Haryo Satriya Oktaviano Heppy Purbasari Hersulastuti, Hersulastuti Hidayat, Erjuyn Yayan Himawan Hadi Sutrisno I D. K. Anom I. D. K. Anom Iin Purnamasari Ike Prety Shinta Ikhlilla Ayu Alfida Ilham Habibi, Ilham Ilman Arpi Imam Basori Indriana Kartini Indriyana Rachmawati Irene Wahyuni Putri Isabel Intan Pandini Izzah Nur Aida Zur Raffar Jafar Amiruddin Ja’far Amiruddin Karna Wijaya Kartono Kuncoro Diharjo Kurniawan, Fuat Edi Lamin Khaira Majid, Faishal M. Marlina, Eva Maulidiawati Meytij Jeanne Rampe Mina Olivia Rahayu Mohammad Syaiku Mori Dianto, Mori Mufarrohah Muhammad Rizqi Darmawan Muhammad Wihdatun Nafi’in MULYADI Mustofa, Siti Solekah Muyasaroh, Nurul Mycelia Paradise Nabila Putri Dwi Septiani Ngadi Ningrum, Vanda Noer Sasongko Norman Luther Aruan, Norman Luther Nugroho Heri Cahyono Nur Azizah Nur Rahmawati Nurul Muhayat Oberlin Sidjabat Ovi Faturrohman Permatasari, Hanifah Pramudi, Ganjar Pratomo Setyadi Purba, Yanti Astrelina Purwo Haryono Raditya Dheva Eka Setya Nugraha Raharjo, Wijang W. Rahmatullah, Aqsal Ilham Ramdhani, Destania Ayu Rangga Handika Rasiman rindielvani Rizki Indah Lestari Rodiansono Roudlotul Hikmah Royani Dewi, Elisa Ruli Supriati, Ruli Sandy Prasetyo Sheila Agustina Siti Nurun Ni’mah Soeharsono SRI RAHAYU Sri Suwartini, Sri Sugianto Sugianto Sugiarti sugiyamin Sugiyamin Sukmaji Indro Cahyono, Sukmaji Indro Supriyanti, Dedeh Suryo Purwono Sutono Tasari, Tasari Teguh Triyono Triyono Triyono Tukiyo Uswatul Chasanah, Uswatul Wahyu Purwo Raharjo Waradzi Mustakim Wega Trisunaryanti Wega Trisunaryanti Widya Multisari Wijang Wisnu Raharjo Wijaya, Surta Yeni Fatimah Yudha Agung Pratama Zulfikar