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All Journal Planta Tropika Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat (Indonesian Journal of Community Engagement) Jurnal Dinamika Pengabdian (JDP) JURNAL GALUNG TROPIKA Jurnal Dedikasi Masyarakat Jurnal SOLMA Adimas : Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat JPPM (Jurnal Pengabdian dan Pemberdayaan Masyarakat) JAS (Jurnal Agri Sains) Studi Kasus Inovasi Ekonomi Sinergitas Multidisiplin Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Teknologi (SMIPT) Buletin KKN Pendidikan Jurnal Sains Agro Jurnal Pengabdian dan Peningkatan Mutu Masyarakat (JANAYU) MAHATANI: Jurnal Agribisnis (Agribusiness and Agricultural Economics Journal) Journal of Agriculture (JoA) International Journal of Agriculture System Biological Environment and Pollution Perbal: Jurnal Pertanian Berkelanjutan Jurnal Dedikasi Masyarakat Integrated and Sustainable Agriculture
Suherman, Suherman
Program Studi Agroteknologi, Fakultas Pertanian, Peternakan Dan Perikanan Universitas Muhammadiyah Parepare, Sulawesi Selatan
Religion Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Humanities Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture Computer Science & IT Decision Sciences, Operations Research & Management Economics, Econometrics & Finance Education Electrical & Electronics Engineering Energy Engineering Environmental Science Health Professions Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Library & Information Science Mathematics Public Health Social Sciences Other

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Morphological Character and Clorophyl Content Index of Corn Infected with Dowry Disease on Land Applied With Slow Realease Fertilizer Based on Corn Cob Biochar Rahim, Iradhatullah; Nurbaya, Nurbaya; Ilmi, Nur; Sukmawati, Sukmawati; Putera, Muh Ikbal; Suherman, Suherman; Yamin, Mayasari
Journal of Agriculture Vol. 3 No. 01 (2024): Research Articles, March 2024
Publisher : ITScience (Information Technology and Science)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47709/joa.v3i01.3642

Abstract

Downy mildew is a significant disease of corn plants caused by the pathogenic fungus Peronosclerospora maydis, with attack rates reaching 95%. The application of slow-release fertilizer based on corn cob biochar is expected to increase the resistance of corn plants. Similarly, Bacillus sp. and Pseudomonas sp. are known as antagonistic microorganisms. Bacteria can produce antibiotic compounds that hydrolyze fungal cell walls, siderophores, and other antibiotic properties that inhibit pathogen growth. This study aims to determine the morphological characteristics of downy mildew-infected corn on biochar-applied land. Treatments were arranged factorially in a Factorial Randomized Block Design repeated four times. The treatment was the application of slow-release fertilizer from biochar mixed with NPK fertilizer, namely control, slow-release fertilizer, slow-release fertilizer + cow urine, and slow-release fertilizer + cow urine + bacteria (Azobacter and Bacillus). The results showed that slow-release fertilizer gave the best growth to both normal and downy mildew-affected maize plants. The stomata of typical corn leaves were more open with regular vascular bundles, while those affected by downy mildew had more closed and irregular stomata. The chlorophyll content index in downy mildew-affected maize can also improve by applying biochar-based slow-release fertilizer.
PEMANFAATAN FESES KAMBING SEBAGAI PUPUK ORGANIK CAIR MENGGUNAKAN METODE FERMENTASI SEDERHANA Suherman, Suherman; Azis, Abdul; Mardiansyah, Mardiansyah; Sani, Syahrul; Rezal, Ahmad; Muhlis, Muh; Amariaman, Rahma; Megawati, Megawati; Ramadhani, Umi Tri; Risnawati, Risnawati; Riska, Riska; Nurhayanti, Nurhayanti
ADIMAS Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat Vol 6, No 1 (2022): Maret
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Ponorogo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24269/adi.v6i1.4288

Abstract

Desa Dulang Kecamatan Malua Kabupaten Enrekang merupakan salah satu penghasil bawang merah di Sulawesi Selatan. Tujuan program KKN ini adalah uuntuk memberdayakan masyarakat agar dapat mengoptimalkan limbah berupa feses ternak kambing menjadi pupuk organik yang bernilai ekonomi. Kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat untuk warga Desa Dulang telah dilaksanakan pada tanggal 11 September 2021. Kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat  dilakukan dengan pelatihan dan penyuluhan. Metode penyuluhan digunakan untuk memberi wawasan yang bersifar teoritis tentang materi pengabdian yaitu proses pembuatan pupuk cair. Materi pelatihan diberikan dalam bentuk variatif yaitu ceramah, diskusi dan tanya jawab, demostrasi dan praktek pupuk cair. Pembuatan pupuk cair yang dipraktikkan dengan menggunakan metode fermentasi sederhana yang dapat diterapkan menggunakan wadah-wadah yang tersedia, seperti jergen atau pun botol mineral. Hasil pelatihan menunjukkan animo masyarakat sangat tinggi dan antusias, khususnya dalam melakukan tanya jawab untuk memperdalam informasi yang dianggap sangat penting. Melalui pelatihan ini, diharapkan masyarakat dapat menekan penggunaan pupuk kimia dan menggunakan pupuk organik yang mereka buat sendiri.
Peningkatan perekonomian desa melalui pengolahan kripik tomat bagi Wanita Tani di Desa Curio Kabupaten Enrekang Nurwani; Ihlazul Amal; Wahida Hi. Amier; Muliati; Sumardi; Ayu Lestari; Nurul Fadillah; Muh. Nurdiansyah; Ferdyansyah; Aslam Arya Wiranugraha; Nur Afni Asnia; Fadillah Pratiwi S; Suherman
Jurnal Dedikasi Masyarakat Vol. 7 No. 1 (2023): Jurnal Dedikasi Masyarakat
Publisher : P3HKI - Universitas Muhammadiyah Parepare

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31850/jdm.v7i1.2688

Abstract

Curio Village, Enrekang Regency, stands out as having high economic potential in the horticulture sector, focusing mainly on vegetable crops, especially tomatoes. This research aims to understand the economic situation of women farmers in Curio Village, especially in terms of tomato production and marketing. The advantage of this village lies in the typographic and climatic conditions that support the fertile growth of tomato plants. Identification of potentials and obstacles was carried out to detail the challenges faced by farmers, especially those related to the processing and marketing of tomato products. The research results show that processing tomato chips is a concrete solution to price fluctuations and product storage difficulties, positively impacting the economy of women farmers and the Curio Village community as a whole. The emphasis on plastic packaging based on practicality and visual appeal strengthens the marketing aspect of the product. This activity's success can guide the development of micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) and support women's empowerment in the agricultural environment.
Diseminasi teknologi alat tabur pupuk sederhana bagi petani di Kecamatan Buntu Batu Kabupaten Enrekang Suherman; Patahuddin; Syawal; Nasrullah A; Nurhapsa; Iradhatullah Rahim; Sukmawati; Rahmat Fardi Asli; Edy Ardyansyah
Jurnal Dedikasi Masyarakat Vol. 7 No. 1 (2023): Jurnal Dedikasi Masyarakat
Publisher : P3HKI - Universitas Muhammadiyah Parepare

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31850/jdm.v7i1.2689

Abstract

Agricultural productivity cannot be separated from the use of technology by farmers. For example, in Enrekang Regency, there are still farmers who have not maximized the use of technology because it is considered expensive. Technology can be engineered but does not change the work function as an appropriate technology that is easy and cheap. For example, for corn farmers, fertilization is still traditional and takes up much time and energy, making farmers tired. Therefore dissemination was carried out to accelerate technology adoption, one tool that is easy to make using simple and inexpensive materials is a fertilizer sowing tool that is used to fertilize crops such as corn, chili, tomatoes, mustard greens, or cabbage for farmers in Buntu Batu District, Kabupaten Enrekang. Activities carried out by counseling and training methods as well as demonstrations of the use of tools. This fertilizer-sowing tool is made of several sizes of pipes that work on the same principle as a drill and the fertilizer that comes out can be adjusted to the needs of the plants. Participants appreciated the results of the socialization activities in the form of counseling and training on assembling fertilizer sowing tools from PVC pipes and demonstrations. The people in Pasui Village and Lunjen Village responded well to the socialization of the sow fertilizer tool because the technology offered was very much needed and helped farming communities who complained of back pain after every fertilization. Local farmers will then reproduce the existence of these tools after learning how to make them so that they can enjoy them directly.
Pembuatan media pembelajaran dengan alat peraga bangun ruang menggunakan sedotan Asrinan; Nashruddin; Suherman; Lasmi; Daffa Baswara; Aditya Eka Rumandhani; Muhammad Adika; Julfian
Jurnal Dedikasi Masyarakat Vol. 7 No. 2 (2024): Jurnal Dedikasi Masyarakat
Publisher : P3HKI - Universitas Muhammadiyah Parepare

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31850/jdm.v7i2.2995

Abstract

This service aims to implement innovative learning methods in the form of learning media with space-building props using straws. This approach is implemented through community service activities to increase students' understanding of mathematical concepts, especially geometric shapes. Props made from straws were chosen to provide creative and environmentally friendly solutions in the learning process. The results of the activity show a significant increase in students' understanding of the concept of geometric shapes after participating in this activity. Students' creativity is also stimulated through the activity of making space with straws, which creates a variety of unique shapes. The use of straws not only has a positive impact on mathematical understanding but also increases students' environmental awareness. This activity also offers innovative solutions in mathematics learning that can be adopted at various levels of education. Learning media with straws provides an effective, interesting, and sustainable alternative to improve the quality of mathematics learning. This continuity of learning triggers positive changes in students' mindsets towards mathematics and the surrounding environment and builds students' creativity and independence.
Pembuatan konten video usaha gula aren sebagai sarana promosi masyarakat Desa Batu Mila, Maiwa, Enrekang Al Munawar; Angsal Suardi; M. Nur Ikshsan; Fahrul; Chadija Karim; Wildayanti; Wiwi Pratiwi A; Mulya Magfirah; Nurfitriani Fatimah; Nurlinda; Hidayah Saleh; Suherman
Jurnal Dedikasi Masyarakat Vol. 4 No. 1 (2020): Jurnal Dedikasi Masyarakat
Publisher : P3HKI - Universitas Muhammadiyah Parepare

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31850/jdm.v4i1.3000

Abstract

Aren Sugar is one of the sweeteners that have been produced by the Indonesian people for a long time. Sugar is an alternative food ingredient and is a side livelihood for some people and has become a micro-enterprise in Batu Mila Village. The purpose of making Aren Sugar business video content is as promotional media because Aren Sugar marketing in Batu Mila Village does not yet have such a wide reach. The Aren Sugar business video content will then be uploaded via YouTube so that with the Aren Sugar production video content it can be better known by the wider community and Aren Sugar marketing will continue to grow. It is suggested the a need for the formation of farmer groups with the aim of uniformity in the market price of Aren Sugar. So that Aren Sugar products can be sold in the modern market.
Transformasi UMKM: Pendampingan pemasaran dan teknologi untuk pertumbuhan ekonomi lokal Asri Ainun; Suherman
Jurnal Dedikasi Masyarakat Vol. 4 No. 1 (2020): Jurnal Dedikasi Masyarakat
Publisher : P3HKI - Universitas Muhammadiyah Parepare

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31850/jdm.v4i1.3009

Abstract

To increase the resilience of micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) amidst the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic, the Development Study Program at Muhammadiyah University Parepare has carried out assistance in Cilellang Village, Mallusetasi District, Barru Regency. The main focus is on the traditional cake service sector. This assistance introduces innovation and production efficiency through training in machine use and online marketing strategies. Program evaluation shows positive results with increased marketing understanding and technology adoption by MSME players. The most striking impact is the increase in cake production efficiency thanks to the use of machines and market expansion through online marketing. Thus, this assistance not only overcomes marketing obstacles in the pandemic but also opens up opportunities for local economic growth.
Pembuatan Sarabba Susu Sapi sebagai produk unggulan Desa Cendana Muhammad Alfaridzi Fahrurrozy; Azizah Aulia Ammar; Nur Arfima Arifin; Andi Mentari; Ernawati M Tika B; Putri Azzahra; Raisul Amin R; Ahmad Azhary; Anisah Putri; Munawir Gasali; Suherman
Jurnal Dedikasi Masyarakat Vol. 5 No. 1 (2021): Jurnal Dedikasi Masyarakat
Publisher : P3HKI - Universitas Muhammadiyah Parepare

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31850/jdm.v5i1.3234

Abstract

Desa Cendana in the Cendana District, Enrekang Regency, holds significant potential in the dairy cattle sector, with the largest population of cattle in the region, totaling 3,402 head, and a daily milk production of 482 liters. However, dairy products such as Dangke and milk crackers are still underutilized, resulting in suboptimal economic benefits for the community. To enhance economic value and diversify dairy products, Sarabba Susu Sapi has been developed as a flagship product. Sarabba is a traditional drink from South Sulawesi, typically made from ginger, palm sugar, and coconut milk. In this innovation, cow's milk replaces coconut milk to add value and provide better health benefits. The primary objective of this initiative is to increase community income through the diversification of dairy-based products and to introduce Sarabba Susu Sapi as a flagship product of Desa Cendana. The methods employed include socialization and training for the community on the preparation and benefits of Sarabba Susu Sapi. This socialization involves product preparation demonstrations and education on health benefits. The results of this initiative indicate that Sarabba Susu Sapi has been well received by the community and holds promising market potential. Through effective socialization, Sarabba Susu Sapi has the potential to create new job opportunities and to become a flagship product that strengthens the cultural and economic identity of Desa Cendana.
PENERAPAN TEKNOLOGI BIOCHAR BERBASIS KARBON OFFSET MENGGUNAKAN TONGKOL JAGUNG PADA KELOMPOK TANI MASSEDDI I KABUPATEN WAJO Sukmawati, Sukmawati; Rahim, Iradhatullah; Bahruddin, Bahruddin; Suherman, Suherman; Yamin, Mayasari; Qadri, Sri Nur; Zamzam, Syamsiar; Fatmawati, Fatmawati
Jurnal Dinamika Pengabdian Vol. 10 No. 1 (2024): JURNAL DINAMIKA PENGABDIAN VOL. 10 NO. 1 OKTOBER 2024
Publisher : Departemen Budidaya Pertanian Fakultas Pertanian UNHAS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20956/jdp.v10i1.28340

Abstract

Limbah pertanian merupakan sumber bahan organik berkelanjutan di dunia. Untuk mengatasi penurunan kesuburan tanah yang berkepanjangan, lahan pangan membutuhkan penambahan bahan organik secara berkelanjutan. Biochar merupakan bahan organik yang persisten tersimpan dalam tanah. Tujuan kegiatan ini adalah untuk meningkatkan wawasan petani dalam memanfaatkan teknologi biochar tanpa asap dalam mengelola tongkol jagung sesuai prosedur karbon kredit. Metode pelaksanaan kegiatan terdiri dari: 1) Training prosedur standarisasi; 2) Produksi biochar dan pupuk slow release; dan 3) Aplikasi biochar sebagai bahan pembenah tanah. Hasil dari kegiatan ini adalah: 1) Meningkatnya kemampuan kelompok tani memproduksi biochar sesuai prosedur karbon kredit; 2) Sertifikasi biochar untuk kelompok tani; dan 3) Meningkatnya kandungan C-organik tanah. Dalam kegiatan ini melibatkan 40 orang anggota Kelompok Tani Masseddi I yang berkomitmen untuk mengolah limbah jagung menggunakan teknologi biochar sesuai prosedur karbon kredit sebagai tindak mitigasi petani jagung menghadapi perubahan iklim. ABSTRACT Agricultural waste is a source of sustainable organic matter in the world. To overcome the prolonged decline in soil fertility, food fields require the addition of organic matter on an ongoing basis. Biochar is a persistent organic material stored in the soil. This activity aims to increase farmers' insight into utilizing smokeless biochar technology in managing corn cobs according to the carbon credit procedure. Methods in implementing activities consist of 1) Standardization procedure training, 2) Biochar and slow-release fertilizer production, and 3) Application of biochar as a soil amendment. The results of this activity are: 1) Increasing the ability of farmer groups to produce biochar according to carbon credit procedures; 2) Biochar certification for farmer groups; and 3) Increasing soil C-organic content. This activity involved 40 Masseddi I Farmer Group members committed to processing corn waste using biochar technology according to the carbon credit procedure as a mitigation measure for corn farmers facing climate change. Keywords: Biochar, bioremediation, carbon credits, carbon offset, slow-release fertilizer. ABSTRACT Agricultural waste is a source of sustainable organic matter in the world. To overcome the prolonged decline in soil fertility, food fields require the addition of organic matter on an ongoing basis. Biochar is a persistent organic material stored in the soil. This activity aims to increase farmers' insight into utilizing smokeless biochar technology in managing corn cobs according to the carbon credit procedure. Methods in implementing activities consist of 1) Standardization procedure training, 2) Biochar and slow-release fertilizer production, and 3) Application of biochar as a soil amendment. The results of this activity are: 1) Increasing the ability of farmer groups to produce biochar according to carbon credit procedures; 2) Biochar certification for farmer groups; and 3) Increasing soil C-organic content. This activity involved 40 Masseddi I Farmer Group members committed to processing corn waste using biochar technology according to the carbon credit procedure as a mitigation measure for corn farmers facing climate change. Keywords: Biochar, bioremediation, carbon credits, carbon offset, slow-release fertilizer.
Pengembangan Kapasitas Pembudidaya Ikan Melalui Pemanfaatan Maggot Sebagai Pakan Alternatif Di Kota Parepare Suherman; Kadir, Muhammad Jurhadi; Mutmainnah, Nurul; Zulfiani
Jurnal Pengabdian dan Peningkatan Mutu Masyarakat (Janayu) Vol. 5 No. 3 (2024): Jurnal Pengabdian dan Peningkatan Mutu Masyarakat
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22219/janayu.v5i3.34859

Abstract

Purpose – This community service activity aims to increase the knowledge and skills of small fish farmers in Parepare City in adopting maggots as an effective and affordable alternative feed. In addition, reducing dependence on expensive commercial feed will provide significant economic benefits for fish farmers and positively affect environmental sustainability. Design/methodology/approach – The method includes identifying target groups for small-scale tilapia and catfish farmers, as well as training and workshops on maggot cultivation techniques and their use as fish feed. Technical assistance is provided to ensure efficient and environmentally friendly maggot production practices, focusing on using household and market waste as raw materials. Findings – The results of this activity show a significant increase in farmers' understanding of feed diversification and reduced production costs. The participants succeeded in applying maggot-rearing techniques using the stacked bucket method and managing organic waste for maggot production. Participant evaluation revealed that 82% had knowledge of the potential of maggots as an alternative feed, and 100% understood black fly breeding techniques for maggot production. Originality/value – Using maggots from organic waste supports more sustainable fish farming practices, reduces the carbon footprint by utilizing organic household or market waste, and helps overcome waste management problems in Parepare City.
Co-Authors Abbas Ramadhan Abd. Rahim Abd. Rasyid Syamsuri Abdul Azis Abdul Azis Ambar Abdullah Abdullah Aditya Eka Rumandhani Agussalim Agussalim Agussalim Ahmad Azhary Al Munawar Aldi Ashary Aliafitri Amariaman, Rahma Andi Mentari Andi Nasaruddin Andi Nuddin Andi Nuddin Andi Sulfanita Andi Wulandari Angsal Suardi Anisah Putri Arman Maulana Aslam Arya Wiranugraha Asmi, Husni Asra Dely Asram A.T. Jadda Asri Ainun Asrinan Asysyuura, Asysyuura Ayu Lestari Azizah Aulia Ammar Azmi Khusnani Bahruddin Bahruddin Bahruddin Buhaerah Chadija Karim Daffa Baswara Darmawan Dilla Aldilla Dirga Rahmat Edi Kurniawan Edwin Sudirman Edy Ardyansyah Eka Mawarni Ernawati M Tika B Fadillah Pratiwi S Fahrul Fatmawati Fatmawati Fatmawati, Fatmawati Fatmawaty, Sabinah Fatwa, Abdul Halil Ferdyansyah Fuji Ardiwinata Hakzah Hapsa, Nur Haris, Muh. Harsani Harsani Harsani, Harsani Hasan Hastuti, Isnaini Budi Heryansah, Dicky Hidayah Saleh Ihlazul Amal Indah Fitriani Iradhatullah Rahim Irda Idris Irmayani Irmayani Irmayani Irmayani Irmayani Irmayani Julfian Jumriani, Jumriani Kadir, Muhammad Jurhadi Kadir, Rahmat Hidayat Khalik Ladung, Fajar Lasmi Lismayanti Lismayanti M Maharani M. Adely Ihsan M. Aldi Muhtadibillah M. Nur Ikshsan Mahfira Mardatillah Mardiansyah Mardiansyah, Mardiansyah Marlina Mustafa, Marlina Mastang, Mastang Mayasari Yamin, Mayasari Megawati Megawati - Mentari Nur Arafah Mila Astiani Muh Muhlis, Muh Muh. Akhsan Akib Muh. Akhsan Akib, Muh. Akhsan Muh. Ikbal Putera Muh. Nurdiansyah Muh. Syahril Mubaraq A. Taufan Muh. Zulkifli Muhammad Adika Muhammad Alfaridzi Fahrurrozy Muhammad Ammar Muhammad Ikhsan Tahir Muhammad Rigan Yusri Muhammad Syukur Kahar Muhammad Usriabih Aris Muhammad Yusril Samad Muliati Mulya Magfirah Munawir Gasali Munir Munir, Munir Mutiara Wulandari N Nurliyah Nashruddin, Nashruddin Nasrullah A Nirwan Nirwan Nur Afni Asnia Nur Arfima Arifin Nur Ilmi Nurbaya Nurbaya, Nurbaya Nurfitriani Fatimah Nurhapsa Nurhapsa Nurhapsa Nurhapsa Nurhapsa Nurhayanti, Nurhayanti Nurlinda Nurul Fadillah Nurul Mutmainnah, Nurul Nurul Pratiwi Nurul Putri Amalia Nurwani Patahuddin Patahuddin Patahuuddin Purwoko, Agus Putera, Muh Ikbal Putri A.P, Diadjeng Putri Amalia Putri Azzahra Rahmat Rahmat Fardi Asli Rahmawati Semaun Raisul Amin R Ramadhan. R, Muhammad Suci Ramadhani, Miranti Eka Ramadhani, Umi Tri Ramlayani, Ramlayani Rasid, Muhammad Retno Prayudyaningsih Rezal, Ahmad Rini Anggriani Rini Fatmawati Risdayanti Riska Riska Risnawati Risnawati Rita Rahmaniati Rosmala Rusli, Rini S Sukmawati Safri Safri Salsabila, Unik Hanifah Sani, Syahrul Sarina Sarina Sitti Halimah Larekeng Sri Nur Qadri Sri Slamet Sukardi Sukardi sukmawati Sukmawati Sukmawati Sumardi Surya Baskara Jaya Syamsi Mu’min Syamsiar Zamzam Syamsul Arifin Syatrawati Syawal Tamaulina Br Sembiring Taufik Hidayat Untung Suwardoyo Vian Adnan Wahida Hi. Amier Wahyu Wildayanti Wiwi Pratiwi A Yadi Arodhiskara, Yadi Yuliana Yuliana Yunarti Yunarti Yunarti Yunarti Yusriadi Yusriadi Yusril. M, Muhammad Zainul Muttaqin Zulfiani Zulkifli Zulkifli