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Journal : Science and Technology Indonesia

 1 
Ferulic Acid-Nicotinamide Cocrystal: Synthesis, Experimental, and Computation Study Pujiono, Fery Eko; Ekowati, Juni; Amrillah, Tahta; Setyawan, Dwi
Science and Technology Indonesia Vol. 10 No. 2 (2025): April
Publisher : Research Center of Inorganic Materials and Coordination Complexes, FMIPA Universitas Sriwijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26554/sti.2025.10.2.402-410

Abstract

Ferulic acid-nicotinamide cocrystals have been successfully synthesized using the solvent evaporation method. In this case, nicotinamide which acts as a coformer is mixed with ferulic acid with a 1:1 molar ratio via dissolving process in ethanol. The obtained cocrystals were characterized through Differential Scanning Calorimetric (DSC), Powder X-Ray Diffraction (PXRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and computational analyses. The DSC characterization revealed distinct endothermic peaks at 99.5°C and 128.5°C with a W-shaped profile. This result is different from the thermal behavior of pure ferulic acid which indicates that the ferulic acid-nicotinamide cocrystal is successfully formed. This result is also supported by the PXRD result which reveals distinct peaks at 5.24°, 16.31°, and 34.69° belong to crystal deformation of ferulic acid cocrystal due to the coexistence of nicotinamide coformer. The FTIR data also further indicate the formation of cocrystals marked by the disappearance of the NH(v) functional group at 3400 cm−1 and the emergence of a fuse-like peak at around 1600 cm−1 corresponding to the C-O(v) and NH() functional groups. SEM analysis also demonstrated morphological differences between the obtained cocrystal with pure ferulic acid crystals. The pure ferulic acid crystals exhibit a rectangular shape, whereas the cocrystals display a sword-like morphology. The phenomenon of cocrystal formation was also studied using computational studies through Density Functional Theory (DFT) and Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules (QTAIM) which confirmed that the cocrystals were stabilized through intermolecular hydrogen bonding.
Enhancing In Vitro Dissolution of Ferulic Acid Through Co-Crystal Formation Using Malonic Acid and Nicotinamide Co-formers Setyawan, Dwi; Soraya, Yasmin; Ekowati, Juni; Winantari, Agnes Nuniek; Rani, Karina Citra; Kanzaffa, Firly Afnauriza Tedja; Pujiono, Ferry Eko
Science and Technology Indonesia Vol. 10 No. 4 (2025): October
Publisher : Research Center of Inorganic Materials and Coordination Complexes, FMIPA Universitas Sriwijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26554/sti.2025.10.4.1255-1269

Abstract

Ferulic acid is categorized as a Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) class II drug, which exhibits low solubility in water (0.91 mg/mL). The formation of a co-crystal using malonic acid and nicotinamide as co-formers by the microwave irradiation method is an approach to enhance its solubility and dissolution. This study aims to evaluate the effect of co-crystal formation using these two co-formers at a 1:1 molar ratio on the solubility and dissolution of ferulic acid. The result emphasizes the formation of new peaks and peak shifting compared to the pure materials characterized from the Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectrum. Moreover, the Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) thermogram exhibits the differences in the co-crystal melting point compared to the pure drug and co-former, indicating the alteration of molecular structure on the crystal lattice of ferulic acid caused by the strong interaction between supramolecular homomer and heteromeric synthon. The formation of a new crystalline phase is also observed from the X-ray Diffraction (XRD) diffractogram, suggesting the formation of a different phase from its co-crystal component. The morphology characterization using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) revealed that the ferulic acid crystal habit changes into different forms, which is acclaimed as a co-crystal formation. The results of this study also disclosed that the co-crystal formation of ferulic acid significantly enhances ferulic acid solubility and dissolution characteristics compared to the pure drug and physical mixture (p < 0.05). The enhancement of solubility is 11.85% and 10.39% for ferulic acid–malonic acid and ferulic acid–nicotinamide co-crystal, respectively. Moreover, the dissolution rate of ferulic acid increases 3.50-fold and 3.61-fold from the formation of those co-crystals. Therefore, the formation of ferulic acid–malonic acid as well as ferulic acid–nicotinamide co-crystals in a 1:1 molar ratio by the microwave irradiation method is effective in improving ferulic acid solubility and dissolution.
Co-Authors AA Sudharmawan, AA Abdul Jabbar, Davano Al Raffi Abdul Rahem, Abdul Achmad Toto Poernomo Achmad Toto Purnomo Adam Hermawan Adi Priatna, Puja Adinda Adelia Wulandari Afandi, Ryan Ainul Yaqin Ainurrizma, Dhea Ananda Akhmad Aminur Rizqia Alief Putriana Rahman Anang Setyo Wiyono Ardhayanti, Erlina Asri Darmawati Bambang Tri Purwanto Bastiana Bastiana Bermawi, Bastiana Dewi Isadiartuti Dewi Melani Hariyadi Dini Retnowati Diyah, Nuzul Wahyuning Diyah, Nuzul Wahyuning Djoko Agus Purwanto Dwi Setyawan Edy Meiyanto Edy Meiyanto Eko Pujiono, Feri Elkania Putri, Safira Engrid Juni Astuti Erawati, Erawati Erika Christy Marentek Esti Hendradi Etik Wahyuningsih Farida Ifadotunnikmah Febrianti, Winanda Rizki Fery Eko Pujiono, Fery Eko Fery Pujiono, Fery Galih Satrio Putra Galih Satrio Putra Ghifari, Aileen Syifa Ghinalya Chalbi Ananda Ghinalya Chalbi Ananda Gusti Rizaldi Hadi Poerwono Handayani, Rosita Hanifah Ridha Rabbani Hariyadi, Dewi Melany Hartono, Thalia Vanessa Heinrich Dengi Hidayati, Shabrina Wahyu I NYOMAN WIJAYA Ichsanto, Farhan Hanang Ida Kristianingsih Ilham Bagus Sagitaras Imamatin Nufus Melania Isnaeni isnaeni, isnaeni isnaeni Isnalita Isnalita, Isnalita Istna Nur’ainul Yaqin Itsna Nur ‘Ainul Yaqin Iwan Sahrial Hamid Kanzaffa, Firly Afnauriza Tedja Kholidah Febriani Kholis Amalia Nofianti Lia Agustina, Lia Luqmanul Hakim M. Faris Adrianto Mangestuti Agil Marcellino Rudyanto Marcellino Rudyanto Maulia, Arwinda Melanny Ika Sulistyowati Melanny Ika Sulistyowaty Miatmoko, Andang Moch Davit Abdul Majid Mochammad Yuwono Mohammad Rizki Fadhil Pratama Muhamad Ilham Royyan Nafi’ Muhammad Agus Syamsur Rijal Muhammad Faris Adrianto, Muhammad Faris Muhammad Ilham Royyan Nafi Muhammad Yuwono Muhammad Yuwono Muhammad yuwono Muhammad yuwono, Muhammad Yuwono Muhammad Yuwono Naufal, Adam Mochammad Ninis Yuliati, Ninis Noor Erma Nasution Noor Erma Nasution Noor Erma Nasution Noor Erma Nasution Sugijanto Noor Erma Nasution Sugijanto Noorma Rosita Norhayati Norhayati Nusandari, Ratna Paramita, Diajeng Putri Pebrianti, Denayu Poernomo, A.Toto Praditapuspa, Ersanda Nurma Pratama, Adam Prawitasari, Neny Prayoga, Adistiar Pujiono, Ferry Eko Purnomo, Ahmad Toto Purwitasari, Neny Putri Hamidah Khairunnisa Rahman, Ave Rahmana Emran Kartasasmita Rais Razak Ramadhani, Firmansyah Ardian Randiman, Sugijanto Sugijanto Rani, Karina Citra Retno Sari Rian Putra Pratama Rianti, Dian Ratna Riesta Prima Harinastitic Rijal, Agus Syamsur Rossa Auli Tasha Ruri Intan Nurcahyaningtyas Sariwati, Atmira Savitri, Orchidea Meidy Nurintan Setiawan, Albertus Aditya SETIAWAN, Catur Dian Setyo Wiyono, Anang Shigeru Sasaki Shigeru Sasaki Shihab, Fawaz Siswandono Siswandono, Siswandono Siswandono, Siswandono Siti Rahmah Soleh, Mochammad Soraya, Yasmin Sovia Aprina Basukia Suciati Suciati Sugijanto Sugijanto Kartosentono Sugijanto Kartosentono Sugijanto Sugijanto Sugijanto Sugijanto Randiman Sugijanto, Noor Erma Nasution Noor Erma Nasution Sukardiman Suko Hardjono Sulistyowati, Melanny Ika Susanto, Julian Dwi Suwarno Putra, Adryansyah Suzana SUZANA, SUZANA Syahrani, Achmad Tahta Amrillah Tiara Puspa Asriningrum Tri Ana Mulyati, Tri Ana Tri Widiandani Tutuk Budiati Tutuk Budiati Ulvan, Angkasa Megistra Wardani, Siska Widji Soeratri Winantari, Agnes Nuniek Wiwied Ekasari Yaqin, Istna Nur’ainul Yusniasari, Putri Antika Yusuf, Helmy