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Journal : educational technology in developing countries

Design and Validation of a Quality Assurance Framework for AI Educational Technology in Low-Resource Settings Mohamad Haditia; Ismail Yau Abubakar; Rokimin; Anas Fauzi
Educational Technology in Developing Countries Vol. 1 No. 1 (2026): Educational Technology in Developing Countries (ETDC)
Publisher : Jambi Tuah Tengganai

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.64929/etdc.v1i1.68

Abstract

The diffusion of artificial intelligence-enabled educational technology in low- and middle-income countries has outpaced the development of context-appropriate quality assurance mechanisms, leaving procurement agencies without evidence-based instruments to evaluate the pedagogical, technical, governance, and equity dimensions of such products. This study develops, validates, and pilot-tests the Quality Assurance Framework for Artificial Intelligence Enabled Educational Technology (hereafter, AEQAF) through Design Science Research grounded in responsible artificial intelligence theory, critical educational technology scholarship, and decolonial perspectives on technology in the Global South. The framework was constructed across three iterative cycles over twenty-four months through four phases: landscape analysis of 147 products across 23 markets; co-design workshops with 68 stakeholders in five venues; a three-round modified Delphi with 24 experts across 14 countries; and pilot application on 18 products in Nigeria, Ghana, and Kenya using three trained evaluators. The AEQAF comprises six dimensions operationalised through 42 indicators. Delphi consensus at the 75% threshold was achieved for 39 of 42 indicators. The pilot application demonstrated substantial interrater reliability (Fleiss kappa = 0.81). A non-circular discriminant validity test using five dimensions yielded a Cohen's d of 1.42, supporting the framework's capacity to differentiate product quality. The framework reveals systematically low scores for data governance, equity, and evidence dimensions. The AEQAF is ready for multi-country validation and provides an openly licensed instrument bridging technical and educational evaluation for resource-constrained systems.
Co-Authors Ahsanul Mufid Ahsanul Mufid Ainur Alam Budi Utomo Akhirudin, M. Towil Anas Fauzi Anas Fauzi Ansella Nur Rochimah Ansella Nur Rochimah Armawati Arbi Asrul Hanafiah Mokhsen At Thaariq, Zahid Zufar Athia Nur Kamilah Athia Nur Kamilah Aviena Sabila Anwar Ayu Mutmainah Bayu Arif Mahendra Bayu Arif Mahendra Dace Dace Deli Amarta Dudun Ubaedullah Dudun Ubaedullah Dudun Ubaedullah Duna Izfanna Duna Izfanna Elce Purwandari Fajar Suryono Fajar Suryono Farah Diba Farhanuddin Siregar Farhanuddin Siregar Fatmawati Fatmawati FAUZI, ANAS Hambali Hambali Hambali Hamdan Arief Hanif Hanna, Annisa Farhana Hasbu Marzuki Idham Idham Idham Idham Imam Khairul Annas Ishaq Nuriadin Ismail Yau Abubakar Kalsum Minangsih Leni Putri Rusdiana Leni Putri Rusdiana Lidwan, Nanang M. Towil Akhirudin Marzuki, Hasbu Miftah Hur Rahman ZH Miftah Hur Rahman Zh Milki Aan Milki Aan Moh. Rofiq Moh. Rofiq Mohamad Haditia Mohd Kasturi Nor Abd Aziz Mona Novita Mona Novita Mona Novita Much Hasan Darojat Muchammad Ibnu Muzakir Muhamad Towil Akhirudin Muhamad Towil Akhirudin Muhammad Fatih Azka Muhammad Irfanudin Kurniawan Muhammad Irfanudin Kurniawan Muhammad Mamduh Nuruddin Mukhlisin Mukhlisin MUTMAINAH Nashiruddin Nashiruddin Cholid Nesa Novrizal Nia Farhanis Nunung Khoiriyah Nurkholis Nuri Nurrahmaniah Nurrahmaniah Rahmad Hidayat Rijanti, Arie Rika Handayani Rika Handayani Ristiana, Ina Robbani, Asub Romidi Romidi Sahroni samiyono Sita Husnul Khotimah, Sita Husnul Sofwan Manaf Suryono, Fajar Syarif Hidayatullah Taufik Tubagus Wahyudi Wawan Ridwan Zahid Zufar At Thaariq Zahid Zufar At Thaariq Zahid Zufar At Thaariq Zhara Salsabila Zhara Salsabila