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Journal : CHEMPUBLISH JOURNAL

 1 
Valorization of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches into Sulfonated Carbon Catalysts for Esterification of Vegetable Oil Saragih, Gimelliya; Purwandari, Vivi; Silitonga, Nelson; Abdillah; Sitanggang, Yenny; Zai, Liver; Mukhtissiarni
Chempublish Journal Vol. 9 No. 2 (2025): Chempublish Journal (July - December)
Publisher : Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology Universitas Jambi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22437/chp.v9i2.47630

Abstract

This research explores the physicochemical characteristics of activated and sulfonated carbons derived from palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) as renewable raw materials, and assesses their catalytic performance in the esterification of waste cooking oil (WCO) for biodiesel synthesis. Activated carbon was sulfonated via exposure to high-concentration sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) at 7%, 10%, and 13%, facilitating the incorporation of –SO₃H groups. A range of analytical techniques, including TGA, DTA, FTIR, BET, and SEM, was employed to characterize the synthesized materials. Among the synthesized catalysts, the sulfonated carbon with 10% acid treatment (SA 10%) exhibited the most favorable characteristics: demonstrated a surface area of 41.895 m²/g and retained its structure under thermal stress, and a strong presence of sulfonic functional groups. Esterification tests at 65 °C for 2 hours showed a maximum yield of 43.28% using 3 g of SA 10%, while 5 g resulted in a lower yield of 30.32%. The results demonstrate that SA 10% is a promising eco-friendly heterogeneous catalyst for converting low-cost, waste-based feedstocks into biodiesel under mild reaction conditions.
Co-Authors A Halim Abd. Qadir Jailani Abdul Rahman Sakka Abdul Wahab Afifa Yasmin Zahira2 AGUS SANTRI Agustiaman Ahmad Mohammad Tidjani Aisy, Difa Rafidatul Ajeng Mailani Dewi Pratiwi Akhmad Hulaify Aliy Rasyid Amalia Amalia, Vita Nurul Amanda Anggraeni Anggun Suciani Dewi Pratiwi Arif, Ali Ayma, Syahratul Baso Pallawagau Bella Asfarela Bella Puspita Audina Chintia, Olga Lasma Darmawan, Dimas Darna Dewi Pramita Dewi Ratna Sari Dian Kurnia Diana Dita Ismaida Kurniawan Esa Cahaya Purnomo Fadhil Achmad Agus Bahari Fahri, Dandy Syaiful Fatimah Fitria Adestiani Fourtiwi Apriyani Simanjuntak Golfrid Gultom Gunawan Santoso Haddade, Abdul Wahid Halim, Annisa Dwi Fadillah Hannani Harmileni Hasim, Hasanuddin Hasriana Ibnu Hidayatullah Ika Ajeng Febrianti Irvandi, Wandra Iwit Prihatin JAMILAH Kartika Kasim, Amrah Keliat, Aisyah Br. Kencono, Muhammad Bayu Seto Kurniawati Mulyanti Lala Aulia Mafruhatus Maharini, Ikko Dwi Mahsup Mashuri Toha Mehmood, Saba Mimin Mintarsih Muhamad Firdaus Muhammad Fadly Syah Muhammad Iqbal Harapan Muslim Siregar Muhtadi Abdul Mun’im Mukhtissiarni Mutia Dika Magdalena Nadila, Desi Nelson Silitonga Nidya Fakhirah Nova Tri Indah Br.Rambe3 Nurhidaya M Nurmisda ramayani Nurul Aprilia Ningsih Purwandari, Vivi Raden Ayu Amelia Ramadhani Rafi Alfian Hibrizi Rasna, Rasna Rasyid, Aliy Rycce Sylviana Pratikha Saehudin Saragih, Gimelliya Sari Farah Dina Septia Khoerunnisa Setiawan, Devi Setiawati, Linda Mardiani Sharaf, Salih Yousif Silitonga, Nelson Sirajudin Sitanggang, Yenny Sitinjak, Elvri Melliaty SODRI Solehah, Azmiatun SRI RAHAYU Suarnianti, Suarnianti Sukmawati Sulaeman Susanty Lukman Syaharuddin Syaharuddin Syaharuddin Syamsurijal Syarifah Ulli Oktaviani ULUL AZMI Utin Desy Susiaty Vera Mandailina Vera Mandailina, Vera Wasim Reza Y.M, Elisabeth YANTO Yudi Darma Yunita S. Anwar Yusfar Ramadhan Zai, Liver