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The Philosophy of Law in Enforcing Criminal Liability for Nominee Accounts: A Comparative Study of Indonesia and Pakistan Ginting, Beren Rukur; Suarda, I Gede Widhiana; Rato, Dominikus; Anggono, Bayu Dwi; Abbas, Shahzada Rahim
PAMALI: Pattimura Magister Law Review Vol 6, No 1 (2026): MARCH
Publisher : Postgraduate Program in Law, Pattimura University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47268/pamali.v6i1.3654

Abstract

Introduction: The use of nominee accounts is an increasingly prevalent phenomenon in the practice of financial crimes, such as money laundering, tax evasion, and the financing of other criminal acts. The nominee account is basically used to disguise the identity of the actual beneficial owner, thus posing a serious challenge in the enforcement of criminal responsibility.Purposes of the Research: This study aims to analyze the concepts and foundations of legal philosophy, especially justice, legal certainty, and usefulness in the enforcement of criminal liability for the use of nominee accounts in Indonesia and Pakistan, as well as compare the positive legal arrangements that apply in the two countries.Methods of the Research: This research uses normative legal research methods with approaches to legal philosophy, legislation, and comparative law.Results Main Findings of the Research: The findings of the study show that philosophically, the enforcement of criminal liability against nominee accounts in Indonesia and Pakistan is based on efforts to realize substantive justice by penetrating the formalities of legal ownership to reveal the true beneficial owners. From the perspective of legal certainty, both Indonesia and Pakistan still face challenges due to the lack of an explicit and comprehensive regulation of nominee accounts, so law enforcement often relies on the interpretation of other criminal norms, such as money laundering and banking crimes. Meanwhile, from the aspect of utility, regulation and law enforcement of nominee accounts are directed to maintain financial system stability, prevent abuse of the banking system, and protect the interests of the community and the state. Legally positive, Indonesia regulates criminal liability related to nominee accounts indirectly through the Money Laundering Act, banking regulations, and policies related to beneficial ownership, while Pakistan regulates it through an anti-money laundering legal framework and financial sector regulations that emphasize ownership transparency and due diligence obligations. This comparison shows that although the two countries have similar normative approaches, the difference lies in the explicit level of regulation and effectiveness of their implementation. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the philosophical foundation and harmonize legal arrangements to ensure the enforcement of fair, definite, and beneficial criminal liability for the practice of using nominee accounts.
Co-Authors A'an Efendi Abbas, Shahzada Rahim Adi Partha, Putu Gde Nuraharja Adiyatma, Septhian Eka Ahmad Subhan Ahmad Suryono Ahmad Zairudin Amri, Ahmad Ihsan Ana Laela Fatikhatul Choiriyah Andini, Pratiwi Puspitho Andri Setiawan Andri Setiawan Anggoro, Setyo Bimo Antikowati Antikowati Anwar, Wildan Rofikil Awaludin Marwan Ayu Citra Santyaningtyas Billy Pahlevy Islamy Cahyo Setiono, Gentur Chandra, M Jeffri Arlinandes Dinh, Tran Ngoc Disantara, Fradhana Putra Dominikus Rato Dominikus Rato Efendi, Aan Emanuel Raja Damaitu Erwin Prasetyo Fachry Abda El Rahman Fahmi Ramadhan Firdaus Fanny Tanuwijaya Febrian Febrian Fendi Setyawan Gautama Budi Arundhati, Gautama Budi Ginting, Beren Rukur Harianti, Isnin Hartono, Danang Tri Hidayat, Rivan I Gede Widhiana Suarda Icha Cahyaning Fitri Indyravastha Rezhana Intan Nuraini Irham Rahman Ismail, Indi Muhtar Isnin Harianti Jarmoko, Muhammad Nurulloh Khanif, Al Khanif, Al M Jeffri Arlinandes Chandra Mafazi, Agung Maharani, Puspa Maya Cristiana Moh. Ali Mohammad Arief Amrullah Muhammad Imaduddin Muhlisin Muhlisin Muhtar, Achmad Mukhlis Mukhlis Muslim Lobubun Nando Yussele Mardika Nur Nafa Maulida Atlanta Nurdin Nurdin Nuzulia Kumala Sari Octavianus, Dwi Caesar Patmiati, Tutik Purwaningtyas, Lovika Augusta Puspita, Putu Lia Putra, Restu Adi Putra, Steinly Suwanto RA. Rini Anggraeni Rofi Wahanisa Rosita Indrayati Safira Aulia Nisa Sapti Prihatmini Sari A.P, Aulia Oktarizka Vivi Puspita Sari, Pika Septiansyah, Veris Siagian, Ruben Cornelius Sucitrawan, I Nyoman Sujatmiko, Bagus Sulistina, Sulistina Syifa Alam syifa alam Taniady, Vicko TOLIB EFFENDI Totok Yanuarto Wutwensa, Bruri Marwano Yanuarto, Totok