Articles
Penerapan Force Majeure dalam Pemenuhan isi Kontrak Akibat Pandemi Covid-19 di Indonesia
Desak Nyoman Dwi Indah Parwati;
I Made Sarjana
Jurnal Magister Hukum Udayana (Udayana Master Law Journal) Vol 11 No 1 (2022)
Publisher : University of Udayana
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DOI: 10.24843/JMHU.2022.v11.i01.p08
This study aimed to analyze the application of force majeure related to the fulfillment of contract contents in contracts due to the covid-19 that occurred in Indonesia. Normative legal research was the method chosen in this study. The result of study indicated that has been performed display that with the issuance of Presidential Decree No. 12 of 2020 concerning Determination of Non-Natural Disasters for the Spread of Corona Virus Disease 2019 by some people as a legal basis for determining covid-19 as force majeure. Debtors are allowed to submit to creditors that the Pandemic Covid-19 has made debtor difficult for to fulfill the contents of the contract. However, not all debtors can use Covid-19 as an excuse for force majeure, only debtors who do not have a steady income and are proven directly to creditors who can use the Covid-19 excuse as force majeure and good faith is needed from the debtor. In addition, related to the impact of force majeure on the fulfillment of the contents of the contract in a contract being disrupted, the process of fulfilling the contents of the contract is delayed due to the covid-19 pandemi but does not make a contract void or can be canceled. Penelitaian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa mengenai penerapan force majeure terkait pemenuhan isi kontrak dalam kontrak akibat pandemi covid-19 yang terjadi di Indonesia. Penelitian hukum normative merupakan metode yang dipilih dalam penelitian ini. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dikeluarkannya kebijakan tentang Penetapan Bencana Non-Alam Penyebaran Corona Virus Disease 2019 melalui Keppres No. 12 Tahun 2020 oleh sebagian masyarakat dijadikan acuan dasar hukum penetapan covid-19 sebagai alasan force majeure. Debitur diperbolehkan mengajukan kepada kreditur bahwa adanya pandemi covid-19 menyebabkan debitur sulit untuk memenuhi isi kontrak. Namun tidak semua debitur bisa menggunakan covid-19 sebagai alasan force majeure, hanya debitur yang tidak memiliki penghasilan tetap saja dan dibuktikan langsung kepada kreditur yang bisa menggunakan alasan covid-19 sebagai force majeure serta diperlukan adanya itikad baik dari debitur. Selain itu terkait dengan dampak force majeure terhadap pemenuhan isi kontrak dalam suatu kontrak menjadi terganggu, proses pemenuhan isi kontrak menjadi tertunda akibat pandemi covid-19 namun tidak menjadikan suatu kontrak menjadi batal atau dapat dibatalkan.
Perlindungan Karya Cipta Fotografi dalam Perspektif Internasional dan Nasional
Cokorda Istri Ilma Sisilia sari;
I Made Sarjana;
A.A Istri Ari Atu Dewi
Jurnal Magister Hukum Udayana (Udayana Master Law Journal) Vol 10 No 4 (2021)
Publisher : University of Udayana
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DOI: 10.24843/JMHU.2021.v10.i04.p06
Indonesia regulates Intellectual Property Rights (IPR), the purpose of which is to protect a person's thoughts or ideas resulting from a person's intellectual abilities and must be protected. Photography works of art are certainly protected in Indonesia, namely in Law No. 28 of 2014 concerning Copyright (UUHC). However, the regulation regarding photographic artwork in UUHC can be said to focus more on portrait art. This study discusses the legal protection of photographic copyrights and the resolution of disputes over photographic copyrights. The purpose of this study is to examine the legal protection of photographic works of art based on UUHC. The type of research in this research is normative juridical using a statutory and conceptual approach. The results of this study explain that according to the TRIPs Agreement there are 2 categories related to Property Rights, namely Copyright and Industrial Property Rights. Copyright is an exclusive right that is born automatically after a work appears in its original form, the right is in accordance with the provisions of Article 1 of Law No. 28 of 2014 concerning Copyright. If there is a violation of a copyrighted work, then the party who infringes the copyright will certainly have harmed the moral rights and economic rights of the creator. The results of the research conducted show that legal protection against copyright infringement can be in the form of preventive protection and repressive protection, as well as in resolving disputes related to photographic copyright infringement through litigation and non-litigation. Indonesia mengatur Hak Kekayaan Intelektual (HKI), yang tujuannya adalah untuk melindungi pemikiran atau gagasan seseorang yang dihasilkan dari kemampuan intelektual seseorang dan harus dilindungi. Karya seni fotografi tentunya dilindungi di Indonesia yaitu di pada Undang-Undang No.28 tahun 2014 tentang Hak Cipta (UUHC). Namun pengaturan terkait karya seni fotografi di dalam UUHC dapat dikatakan lebih memfokuskan pada karya seni potret. Penelitian ini membahas mengenai perlindungan hukum karya cipta fotografi serta penyeleseaian sengketa terhadap hak cipta fotografi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengkaji perlindungan hukum terhadap karya seni fotografi berdasarkan UUHC. Jenis penelitian dalam penenelitian ini yuridis normative dengan menggunakan pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan dan konseptual. Hasil studi ini menjelaskan bhawa sesuai dengan TRIPs Agreement terdapat 2 kategori terkait Hak Kekayaan yaitu Hak Cipta dan Hak Kekayaan Industri. Hak cipta merupakan hak eksklusif yang lahir secara otomatis setelah suatu karya muncul dalam bentuk aslinya hak tersebut sesuai dengan ketentuan Pasal 1 Undang-Undang No 28 tahun 2014 tentang Hak Cipta. Apabila terjadi pelanggaran terhadap suatu karya cipta maka pihak yang melanggar hak cipta tentunya telah merugikan hak moral dan hak ekonomi dari pencipta. Hasil dari penelitian yang dilakukan menunjukan perlindungan hukum terhadap pelanggaran hak cipta dapat berupa perlindungan preventif dan perlindungan represif, serta dalam penyelesaian sengketa terkait pelanggaran hak cipta fotografi dapat melalui litigasi dan non lititgasi.
MENGUJI ASAS DROIT DE SUITE DALAM JAMINAN FIDUSIA
I Made Sarjana;
Desak Putu Dewi Kasih;
I Gusti Ayu Kartika
Jurnal Magister Hukum Udayana (Udayana Master Law Journal) Vol 4 No 3 (2015)
Publisher : University of Udayana
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DOI: 10.24843/JMHU.2015.v04.i03.p01
The principle of droit de suite is one of the most important principles in the law of guarantee,especially in fiduciary security. The principle implies that the rights of the creditor as therecipient of the fiduciary objects continue to follow the object of guarantee, wherever theobject is, to guarantee the repayment of the debts of the debitor. The rights which are ownedby the creditor as the recipient of fiduciary security in the principle seem to be absolute, butin fact if it is related to de practice, the principle of droit de suite has certain limitations.The limitations of this principle is whon it is faced with higher interest, the individual rightsowned by the recipient of fiduciary must succumb, as in the case of illegal logging, whichonce was decided to test the Forestry Law by the Constitutional Court (Case DecisionNumber 012/PUU-III/2005). Although the State can perform fiduciary deprivation of theobject which is used for committing illegal logging, but from the aspect of material criminallaw, it cannot be done immediately to destroy the object of guarantee, since object of thefiduciary collateral, is not considered a dangerous thing. Whereas, from the legal aspects ofcriminal procedure, if the case has been decided, then there is a duty of the State to returnthe object of fiduciary to those who own it.From the aspect of civil law, the creditor as recipient of fiduciary who feel harmed as aresult of illegal logging practices may have standing to sue for damages under Article 1365of Burgerljik Wetboek. The provision is used, because the act of illegal logging is an actagainst the law and there are losses caused to the recipient of fiduciary.
Perjanjian Jual Beli Buku Pemilik Kendaraan Bermotor Tanpa Kendaraan Pada Aplikasi Facebook
Tyas Yuniawati Suroto;
I Made Sarjana
Jurnal Magister Hukum Udayana (Udayana Master Law Journal) Vol 9 No 3 (2020)
Publisher : University of Udayana
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DOI: 10.24843/JMHU.2020.v09.i03.p13
This study aims to analyze the validity of the Motor Vehicle Owner's Book sale and purchase agreement on the Facebook application in relation to the principle of freedom of contract and to analyze the legal consequences of the Motor Vehicle Owner's Book sale and purchase agreement on the Facebook application which is expected to be a benchmark for how it should be regulated regarding selling and buy this Motor Vehicle Owner's Book in the future. This study uses a normative legal research method with a statutory approach and a conceptual approach. The legal materials used are sources of primary legal materials, sources of secondary legal materials and sources of tertiary legal materials. The technique of collecting legal materials used is an argumentative technique and descriptive analysis technique. The results of the research show that the sale and purchase agreement for a Motor Vehicle Owner's Book without a vehicle is a valid agreement as long as the agreement meets the legal requirements of an agreement set out in Article 1320 of the Civil Code. The legal consequence of this agreement is that it can be canceled if it does not meet the subjective requirements and is null and void if the objective conditions are not met. In the BPKB sale and purchase agreement without a vehicle, it is clear that if the objective conditions are not met, then the agreement is null and void or the existence of the agreement is deemed not to exist from the start. Studi ini bertujuan ini untuk menganalisis keabsahan perjanjian jual beli Buku Pemilik Kendaraan Bermotor pada aplikasi Facebook dikaitkan dengan asas kebebasan berkontrak serta menganalisis akibat hukum dari adanya perjanjian jual beli Buku Pemilik Kendaraan Bermotor pada aplikasi Facebook yang diharapkan akan menjadi tolak ukur mengenai bagaimana seharusnya diatur mengenai jual beli Buku Pemilik Kendaraan Bermotor ini di masa mendatang. Studi ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan konsep. Bahan hukum yang digunakan adalah sumber bahan hukum primer, sumber bahan hukum sekunder dan sumber bahan hukum tersier. Teknik pengumpulan bahan hukum yang digunakan adalah teknik argumentative serta teknik analisis deskriptif. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukan bahwa perjanjian jual beli Buku Pemilik Kendaraan Bermotor tanpa disertai kendaraan merupakan perjanjian yang sah sepanjang perjanjian tersebut memenuhi syarat sahnya sebuah perjanjian yang tertuang di dalam Pasal 1320 Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata. Akibat hukum dari adanya perjanjian ini yaitu dapat dibatalkan apabila tidak memenuhi syarat subyektif dan batal demi hukum apabila syarat obyektifnya tidak terpenuhi. Dalam perjanjian jual beli BPKB tanpa kendaraan sudah jelas apabila syarat obyektifnya tidak terpenuhi maka perjanjian tersebut batal demi hukum atau keberadaan perjanjian tersebut sejak awal dianggap tidak ada.
Perlindungan Hukum kepada Pekerja Outsourcing Tentang Upah (Studi Pada PT. Caterison)
Deviera Dika Putri Harlapan;
I Made Sarjana
Jurnal Magister Hukum Udayana (Udayana Master Law Journal) Vol 10 No 3 (2021)
Publisher : University of Udayana
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DOI: 10.24843/JMHU.2021.v10.i03.p14
Protection of workers with the existence of the Manpower Act is expected to reduce or even eliminate treatment that is considered unfair which is generally carried out by employers to workers. The existence of a Manpower Act which is the legal umbrella for workers which includes wage protection. Writing this journal aims to find out and elaborate more deeply on the legal relationship between outsourcing workers and companies that use outsourcing services and to seek efforts to resolve cases at PT. Caterison. The method used in writing the journal is an empirical legal research method, in this case the Manpower Act with the facts that occurred at PT. Caterison deals with outsourcing workers who are not entitled to payment of their wages. The types of approaches used are the statutory approach, the case approach, and the legal concept analysis approach. The data used are primary data obtained directly from field research and secondary data sourced from library research. In data collection techniques, using descriptive analysis techniques. PT. Caterison as an outsourcing service user signed an agreement and made an agreement with an outsourcing service provider company with the aim of filling some parts of the work within the company. The case began when outsource worker who carried out his duties at PT. Caterison felt he was not entitled to his wages for three consecutive months. This becomes necessary to be resolved because the issue of wages is a sensitive matter. Perlindungan terhadap pekerja dengan adanya Undang-Undang Ketenagakerjaan diharapkan mampu mengurangi atau bahkan menghilangkan perlakuan yang dinilai tidak adil yang umumnya dilakukan oleh pengusaha kepada pekerja. Adanya Undang-Undang Ketenagakerjaan yang menjadi payung hukum untuk pekerja yang didalamnya termasuk ke dalam perlindungan upah. Penulisan jurnal ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui serta mengelaborasi lebih dalam mengenai hubungan hukum antara pekerja outsorcing dengan perusahaan yang menggunakan jasa outsorcing dan untuk mencari upaya penyelesaian kasus yang terdapat pada PT. Caterison. Metode yang digunakan dalam penulisan jurnal yakni metode penelitian hukum empiris, dalam hal ini Undang-Undang Ketenagakerjaan dengan fakta yang terjadi pada PT. Caterison berkenaan dengan pekerja outsorcing yang tidak mendapatkan hak atas pembayaran upahnya. Jenis pendekatan yang digunakan yakni, pendekatan perundang-undangan, pendekatan kasus, serta pendekatan analisis konsep hukum. Dalam penggunaan sumber data, data yang digunakan yakni data primer yang didapatan langsung dari penelitian lapangan dan data sekunder yang bersumber dari penelitian kepustakaan. Dalam teknik pengumpulan data, menggunakan teknik analisis deskripsi. PT. Caterison sebagai pengguna jasa outsourcing menandatangani perjanjian serta membuat kesepakatan dengan perusahaan penyedia jasa outsourcing dengan tujuan mengisi beberapa bagian pekerjaan dalam perusahaan namun bukan pada pekerjaan inti. Kasus bermula ketika pekerja outsourcing yang menjalankan tugasnya pada PT. Caterison merasa tidak mendapatkan hak atas upah nya selama tiga bulan berturut-turutHal ini menjadi perlu untuk diselesaikan dikarenakan permasalahan upah adalah hal yang sensitif.
Pengaturan Lembaga Gadai Online dalam Dimensi 4.0 di Indonesia
Putu Dinanda Prajna Putri;
I Made Sarjana
Jurnal Magister Hukum Udayana (Udayana Master Law Journal) Vol 9 No 1 (2020)
Publisher : University of Udayana
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DOI: 10.24843/JMHU.2020.v09.i01.p12
On the 4.0 dimension like now the needs of the human economy are increasing. With so many economic needs of people now they have to pledge his economic goods. Economic development in an area can be measured by the velocity of money. The development of the era as it is now there is a new mechanism in the pawn that is the online pawn. The purpose of writing this article is to understand more deeply about the organization of pawn shops, especially this online pawn shop. This paper uses the normative legal research method. Normative legal research is used because of the vacuum of the norma. The approach used is the negotiation approach and the conceptual approach. The legal amendments used are summaries of primer legal proceedings, source of legal security law, and secondary material judgments. The legal material collection techniques used are argumentative techniques and descriptive analysis techniques. Online pawn there are two parties, namely the giver and the pawn recipient. The pawn agreement includes an additional agreement where the principal agreement is the credit agreement. the internet network is used in this online pawn system. Where is also electronic information which means the data has been processed and has been understood? There are no rules about online liens covering all the activities of online-based online business. There are numbered vacancies, so regulations are needed to prevent losses incurred by one party for another party. Pada dimensi 4.0 seperti saat ini kebutuhan ekonomi manusia semakin meningkat. Dengan banyaknya kebutuhan ekonomi manusia saat ini membuat mereka harus menjaminkan barang ekonomi miliknya. Perkembangan perekonomian pada suatu daerah dapat diukur dari perputaran uangnya. Berkembangnya zaman seperti saat ini terdapat mekanisme baru dalam gadai yaitu gadai online. Tujuan penulisan artikel ini adalah untuk memahami lebih mendalam tentang pengaturan Lembaga gadai, khususnya gadai online ini. Tulisan ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normative. Penelitian hukum normative digunakan beranjak dari adanya kekosongan dalam aspek norma hukum, dimana dalam peraturan perundang-undangan tidak diatur secara spesifik terkait gadai online di Indonesia. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah pendekatan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan konsep. Bahan hukum yang digunakan adalah sumber bahan hukum primer, sumber bahan hukum sekunder dan sumber bahan hukum tersier. Teknik pengumpulan bahan hukum yang digunakan adalah teknik argumentative serta teknik analisis deskriptif. Dalam gadai terdapat dua subjek hukum yang saling berkaitan erat yaitu pemberi gadai dan penerima gadai. Gadai termasuk perjanjian tambahan, sedangkan perjanjian pokoknya adalah perjanjian pinjam meminjam uang. Gadai online yaitu gadai yang menggunakan internet sebagai medianya, yang merupakan informasi elektronik yang merupakan data elektronik yang telah diolah dan dapat dipahami oleh orang yang mampu memahaminya. Tidak adanya Tidak adanya atau urgensinya pengaturan mengenai gadai online di Indonesia gadai online swasta maupun gadai online dari pemerintah yang menggunakan fasilitas jaringan internet yang berkaitan dengan bagaimana menyerahkan barangnya, menaksirkan barangnya, ruang lingkup wilayahnya usaha, kemitraannya serta izinnya, serta barang atau benda yang dapat digadaikan dalam hal ini terdapat kekosongan norma yang mengaturnya.
Do The Foreign Workers Need To Speak Indonesian?
I Made Udiana;
I Made Sarjana
Jurnal Magister Hukum Udayana (Udayana Master Law Journal) Vol 8 No 2 (2019)
Publisher : University of Udayana
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DOI: 10.24843/JMHU.2019.v08.i02.p02
The foreign workers are one of the important asset supporting business activities in the globalization era. However, an easy requirement for a foreign worker who works in Indonesia such as dropping language requirement tends to decrease local worker opportunity. The aim of this study to elaborate on the impact of cutting language requirement for foreign workers in new Indonesian regulation. This study uses a comparative approach. The study indicates that Article 36 of the Minister of Manpower Regulation Number 16 of 2015 is contrary to the higher legal norm, namely Article 33 of Law Number 24 of 2009. Based on Stufenbau Theory concerning the Act No. 12 of 2011 concerning the Establishment of Law and Regulation, the lower level will be not applicable. Therefore, revision for the Decree of Manpower Regulation is needed to legal certainty and fairly opportunity for local workers.
Pengaturan Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Smell Sebagai Merek dalam Perspektif Hak Kekayaan Intelektual
Ni Made Cindhi Duaty Githasmara;
I Made Sarjana
Jurnal Magister Hukum Udayana (Udayana Master Law Journal) Vol 10 No 1 (2021)
Publisher : University of Udayana
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DOI: 10.24843/JMHU.2021.v10.i01.p14
The purpose of writing this journal is to find out how to regulate smell in trademark law in Indonesia and to find out how to regulate smell in trademark law in Indonesia in the future. The research method used in this journal is the normative legal research method, namely research by describing a problem which is then discussed using legal theories in accordance with statutory regulations. Research results show that trademark law in Indonesia in the future needs to regulate smell as a trademark because Indonesia is a member of the WTO-TRIPs which requires adjustments of national law to the agreement. In order to protect smell, Indonesia needs to pay attention to the policies of several countries in brand protection as stated in the brand definition. In addition, the need for regulation of smell is to help provide protection for inventors and speakers who have sacrificed their energy, time, and mind to produce the work, where the work is an original work. Tujuan dari penulisan jurnal ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana pengaturan tentang smell dalam hukum merek di Indonesia dan untuk mengetahui bagaiamana pengaturan tentang smell dalam hukum merek di Indonesia pada masa mendatang.Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam jurnal ini yaitu metode penelitian hukum normatif, yakni penelitian dengan memaparkan suatu permasalahan yang selanjutnya dibahas dengan menggunakan teori-teori hukum yang sesuai dengan peraturan perundang-undangan.Hasil Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hukum merek di Indonesia pada masa mendatang perlu mengatur smell sebagai merek karena Indonesia tergabung dalam anggota WTO-TRIPs yang mengharuskan penyesuaian hukum nasionalnya terhadap perjanjian tersebut. Agar dapat melindungi smell, Indonesia perlu memperhatikan kebijakan beberapa negara dalam perlindungan merek yang tertuang dalam definisi merek. Selain itu perlunya pengaturan terhadap smell adalah untuk membantu memberikan perlindungan bagi penemu dan pencitpa yang telah mengorbankan tenaga, waktu, serta pikirannya untuk menghasilkan karya tersebut, dimana karya tersebut adalah karya orisinil.
Keabsahan Sertifikasi Transaksi Secara Cyber Notary Sebagai Akta Autentik yang Dikeluarkan Notaris
Made Ary Suta;
I Made Sarjana
Jurnal Magister Hukum Udayana (Udayana Master Law Journal) Vol 12 No 1 (2023)
Publisher : University of Udayana
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DOI: 10.24843/JMHU.2023.v12.i01.p11
This study has the aim of analyzing and reviewing the authority of a notary in carrying out the concept of cyber notary related to the validity of a deed. This research uses a normative legal research due to conceptually there is a misalignment of norms in Article 16 paragraph (1) letter m and Article 15 paragraph (3) UUJN. Therefore, this research using statutory and conceptual approach. The results obtained after discussing the problems in this study shows that the authority of a notary in carrying out cyber notary concept can be said to be the same as notary authority in legalizing, besides, that it turns out and has been implemented in making the GMS of a Limited Liability Company. Regarding to the validity of authentic deeds made in a cyber notary method, it is known that the concept is only possible for the making of Relaas Deeds such as the GMS Deed and cannot be applied in the Partij Deed which involves the appellants to reach an agreement in the authentic deed because it is limited by Article 16 paragraph (1) letter (m) UUJN Penelitian ini mempunyai tujuan yakni menganalisis dan mengkaji wewenang notaris dalam menjalankan konsep cyber notary terkait keabsahan suatu akta. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum normatif dikarenakan secara konsep terdapat adanya ketidak selarasan norma dalam Pasal 16 ayat (1) huruf m dan Pasal 15 ayat (3) UUJN. Maka dari itu, untuk mengkaji hal tersebut, dalam penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan konseptual. Hasil yang diperoleh setelah membahas permasalahan dalam penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kewenangan notaris dalam menjalankan cyber notary dapat dikatakan sama dengan kewenangannya dalam melakukan legalisasi, selain itu ternyata kewenangan ini telah dan sudah diimplementasikan dalam pembuatan Akta RUPS Perseroan Terbatas. Kemudian berkaitan dengan keabsahan akta autentik yang dibuat secara cyber notary, diketahui bahwa konsep tersebut hanya dimungkinkan untuk pembuatan Akta Relaas seperti Akta RUPS dan tidak atau belum dapat diterapkan dalam Akta Partij yang melibatkan para penghadap untuk mencapai kesepakatan dalam akta otentik karena dibatasi oleh aturan hukum Pasal 16 ayat (1) huruf (m) UUJN.
Harmonization of Import Duty in the Form of Security Measures for Textile Products
Jay Maulana;
I Made Sarjana;
I Gusti Agung Mas Rwa Jayantiari
Jurnal Magister Hukum Udayana (Udayana Master Law Journal) Vol 12 No 2 (2023)
Publisher : University of Udayana
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DOI: 10.24843/JMHU.2023.v12.i02.p02
This article aims to determine the principles and regulations of international trade and to analyze the regulation for imposing security measures on imports of fabric products. The method used in this study is a normative juridical legal research type, with a statutory approach or statute approach to analyze legal issues. This research finds that the principle of International Trade adopted by the Indonesian state/Government is essentially aimed at protecting domestic products to maintain a healthy trade climate. International Trade is regulated by General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, General Agreement on Trade in Services, The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights and Dispute Resolution of the World Trade Organization. Furthermore, in regards to the imposition of security measures on the import of fabric products in Indonesia, it is regulated in the Minister of Finance Regulations and its amendments. However, the Ministerial Regulation felt to be contradictory to the Minister of Trade’s Regulation. So, it is considered less effective because it will only burden local entrepreneurs/companies who need material products from abroad, on one hand the volume of imports has been limited and on the other hand there is an additional imposition of import duty as a result of security measures.