Garuda - Garba Rujukan Digital

Condition and zonation of mangrove ecosystems in the small islands around the area crossed by the equatorial line of North Maluku Province Najamuddin, Najamuddin; Baksir, Abdurrachman; Akbar, Nebuchadnezzar; Ismail, Firdaut; Siolimbona, Abdul Ajiz; Arafat, Dondy; Paembonan, Rustam E; Kotta, Raismin; Subhan, Beginer; Tahir, Irmalita; Natih, Nyoman MN; Wibowo, Eko S; Marus, Ikbal; Nurjaya, I Wayan; Bengen, Dietriech Geoffrey
Depik Vol 13, No 2 (2024): AUGUST 2024
Publisher : Faculty of Marine and Fisheries, Universitas Syiah Kuala

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13170/depik.13.2.32075

The South Halmahera Islands feature a comprehensive marine coastal ecology. The ecosystems found were seagrass, mangrove and coral reef ecosystems. The components that sustain the existence of this ecosystem are employed equitably because of its geographical location on the equator. Mangrove ecosystems that provide benefits directly and indirectly to the community. The purpose of this study was to determine the condition of the mangrove ecosystem based on the hemispherical photography method and the type of zonation. Tawabi Island, Kayoa, South Halmahera Regency served as the site of the equator research. The research station is determined as many as 3 stations. Mangrove percent cover canopy using the hemispherical photography and transect quadrant for density. Field data gathering procedures with transects drawn perpendicular from the sea to the land. Zonation characteristics and thickness using zone tracking. Density mangrove using ecology analysis and zonation using canvas 9.0. The results of the research founded were Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata and Sonneratia alba. Mangrove percent cover canopy were good category (75-81%), where station I (75%), station II (81%) and station III (77%). Station I having 600 trees per ha, station II having 500 trees per ha, and station III having 400 trees per ha (low density category). Mangroves were found in 3 zones Sonneratia alba, Rhizophora apiculata and Rhizophora mucronata. The mangrove thickness from sea to land at station I (65 meters), station II (69 meters) and station III (42 meters).Keywords:biodiversitycoastalequator lineHalmaheratropical

Presenting identification keys and future study on seagrass Halophila major in Indonesia Darus, Robba Fahrisy; Bengen, Dietriech Geoffrey; Zamani, Neviaty Putri; Ismet, Meutia Samira
Depik Jurnal Ilmu Ilmu Perairan, Pesisir, dan Perikanan Vol 14, No 2 (2025): JUNE 2025
Publisher : Faculty of Marine and Fisheries, Universitas Syiah Kuala

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13170/depik.14.2.44166

Halophila major is a new species with a wide distribution across various regions in Indonesia. The species was identified in 2020 through a combination of morphology and molecular approaches. Several studies have shown that it has a similar morphology to H. ovalis, which causes significant confusion during identification. Therefore, this study aims to describe the key identification and habitat of H. major and summarize seagrasses study opportunities based on the trend of published articles. A bibliometric analysis was used to summarize the habitat, morphometrics, molecular confirmation, and trend of seagrass topics in Indonesia. Based on the scientific articles, H. major has bigger morphometrics than H. ovalis. In addition, the number of paired and branching cross veins was reported to be an identification key of H. major. The species was also considered a deep ovalis found in 2-4 m depth. Genetically, the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) gene marker was appropriate to showits phylogenetic tree. H. major was also classified into different clades with H. ovalis due to various factors. The results showed that genetics, tourism, and restoration were topics with the potential to be explored in the future. This study recommended collaborating in multi-institution to transfer knowledge, technologies, and project arrangements for seagrass exploration.Keywords:BibliometricHalophilaMarine angiospermaeMarin plantRediscoverySpecies

Condition and zonation of mangrove ecosystems in the small islands around the area crossed by the equatorial line of North Maluku Province Najamuddin, Najamuddin; Baksir, Abdurrachman; Akbar, Nebuchadnezzar; Ismail, Firdaut; Siolimbona, Abdul Ajiz; Arafat, Dondy; Paembonan, Rustam E; Kotta, Raismin; Subhan, Beginer; Tahir, Irmalita; Natih, Nyoman MN; Wibowo, Eko S; Marus, Ikbal; Nurjaya, I Wayan; Bengen, Dietriech Geoffrey
Depik Vol 13, No 2 (2024): AUGUST 2024
Publisher : Faculty of Marine and Fisheries, Universitas Syiah Kuala

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13170/depik.13.2.32075

The South Halmahera Islands feature a comprehensive marine coastal ecology. The ecosystems found were seagrass, mangrove and coral reef ecosystems. The components that sustain the existence of this ecosystem are employed equitably because of its geographical location on the equator. Mangrove ecosystems that provide benefits directly and indirectly to the community. The purpose of this study was to determine the condition of the mangrove ecosystem based on the hemispherical photography method and the type of zonation. Tawabi Island, Kayoa, South Halmahera Regency served as the site of the equator research. The research station is determined as many as 3 stations. Mangrove percent cover canopy using the hemispherical photography and transect quadrant for density. Field data gathering procedures with transects drawn perpendicular from the sea to the land. Zonation characteristics and thickness using zone tracking. Density mangrove using ecology analysis and zonation using canvas 9.0. The results of the research founded were Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata and Sonneratia alba. Mangrove percent cover canopy were good category (75-81%), where station I (75%), station II (81%) and station III (77%). Station I having 600 trees per ha, station II having 500 trees per ha, and station III having 400 trees per ha (low density category). Mangroves were found in 3 zones Sonneratia alba, Rhizophora apiculata and Rhizophora mucronata. The mangrove thickness from sea to land at station I (65 meters), station II (69 meters) and station III (42 meters).Keywords:biodiversitycoastalequator lineHalmaheratropical

Variability of Marine Carbonate Systems in Seagrass and Coral Reef Ecosystems of Pari and Lombok Islands, Indonesia Afdal, Afdal; Bengen, Dietriech G.; Wahyudi, A’an Johan; Rastina, Rastina; Purwiyanto, Anna Ida Sunaryo; Prayitno, Hanif Budi; Hamzah, Faisal; Suteja, Yulianto; Adi, Novi Susetyo; Koropitan, Alan F.
ILMU KELAUTAN: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences Vol 30, No 2 (2025): Ilmu Kelautan
Publisher : Marine Science Department Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/ik.ijms.30.2.221-236

The increase in anthropogenic CO2 emissions has induced significant physical and biogeochemical alterations in oceans worldwide, including warming, acidification, and oxygen depletion. Coastal areas are particularly vulnerable due to intensified human activities and terrestrial influences, resulting in increased coastal ocean acidification driven by atmospheric CO2 absorption and regional biological and anthropogenic processes. However, research on the collective impact of land-sea interaction and air-sea CO2 exchange on coastal ocean acidification in severely disturbed areas, such as the small islands of Lombok and Pari in Indonesia, remains limited. This study aims to investigate the daily fluctuations in marine carbonate systems and aragonite saturation (Ωarag) levels in the vicinity of seagrass and coral reef habitats in Pari Island and Sire Bay, Lombok. Seawater samples were collected from Sire Bay, Lombok, and the coastal waters of Pari Island to analyze the carbonate systems, CO₂ flux, and metabolic processes. The findings indicate that Pari Island's coastal waters are more susceptible to ocean acidification than Sire Bay, Lombok, showing significantly lower pH values and Ωarag (P<0.05), ranging from 7.60 to 8.00 and 1.04 to 2.54, respectively. This disparity arises from the decreased temperature and salinity in Pari Island's coastal waters during the northwest monsoon, coupled with the deteriorated state of the seagrass and coral reef ecosystems, altering the equilibrium of ecosystem productivity and calcification. The study underscores the necessity of adopting specific coastal management tactics to lessen the effects on fragile ecosystems, highlighting the urgency for additional studies to evaluate adaptive and conservation strategies to preserve coastal biodiversity and ecosystem services.

EVALUASI MULTITEMPORAL INDEKS KESEHATAN KARANG DI KAWASAN KONSERVASI PULAU PIEH DAN LAUT SEKITARNYA (2021-2024): ANALISIS BIOFISIK DAN IMPLIKASINYA TERHADAP PENGELOLAAN BERBASIS EKOSISTEM Noferya, Efi; Bengen, Dietriech Geoffrey; Zamani, Neviaty Putri; Ismet, Meutia Samira; Muslim, Ryan Adhitia; Arisandi, Defrian Marza; Rahmat, Fadhlan Basiluddin; Ilham, Yuwanda; Utama, Agung Putra; Yennafri, Yennafri; Samsuardi, Samsuardi; Miswandi, Muhammad
Jurnal Kebijakan Perikanan Indonesia Vol 17, No 1 (2025): (Mei) 2025
Publisher : Badan Penyuluhan dan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Manusia Kelautan dan Perikanan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15578/jkpi.17.1.2025.59-75

Terumbu karang merupakan ekosistem laut yang memiliki peran penting dalam menjaga biodiversitas dan ketahanan lingkungan pesisir. Namun, dalam beberapa dekade terakhir, degradasi terumbu karang terus meningkat akibat aktivitas antropogenik dan perubahan iklim. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis Indeks Kesehatan Karang (Coral Health Index / CHI) di Kawasan Konservasi Pulau Pieh dan perairan sekitarnya dalam periode 2021-2024 menggunakan pendekatan biofisik dan statistik. Analisis dilakukan terhadap 16 stasiun pengamatan, menggunakan data parameter bentik (tutupan karang hidup, resiliensi) dan biomassa ikan karang yang diperoleh melalui metode Underwater Photo Transect (UPT) dan Underwater Visual Census (UVC). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai CHI berkisar antara 3 hingga 10, dengan beberapa stasiun menunjukkan tren peningkatan sementara lainnya mengalami stagnasi atau penurunan. Analisis Spearman correlation mengindikasikan bahwa parameter kualitas air (pH, DO, suhu, dan salinitas) tidak memiliki hubungan signifikan terhadap CHI pada semua tahun pengamatan (p-value > 0,05). Analisis Principal Component Analysis (PCA) menunjukkan bahwa faktor kualitas air bukan penentu utama perubahan CHI, tetapi tekanan ekologis dan aktivitas antropogenik lebih berperan dalam menentukan kondisi kesehatan terumbu karang. Hasil penelitian ini memberikan rekomendasi untuk pengelolaan berbasis ekosistem guna menjaga keberlanjutan ekosistem terumbu karang.Coral reefs are marine ecosystems that play a crucial role in maintaining biodiversity and coastal environmental resilience. However, in recent decades, coral reef degradation has continued to increase due to anthropogenic activities and climate change. This study aims to analyze the Coral Health Index (CHI) in the Pieh Island Conservation Area and its surrounding waters from 2021 to 2024 using biophysical and statistical approaches. The analysis was conducted at 16 observation stations using benthic parameters (live coral cover, resilience) and reef fish biomass data collected through the Underwater Photo Transect (UPT) and Underwater Visual Census (UVC) methods. The results indicate that CHI values range from 3 to 10, with some stations showing an increasing trend while others experience stagnation or decline. Spearman correlation analysis indicates that water quality parameters (pH, DO, temperature, and salinity) do not have a significant relationship with CHI in all observation years (p-value > 0.05). Principal Component Analysis (PCA) shows that water quality factors are not the main determinants of CHI changes; instead, ecological pressure and anthropogenic activities play a more significant role in determining coral reef health. This study provides recommendations for ecosystem-based management to ensure the sustainability of coral reef ecosystems.

Mapping and validation of spatial algorithm for monitoring turbidity of seagrass habitat using sentinel-2B imagery in Ternate Island Paembonan, Rustam Effendi; Bengen, Dietriech Geoffrey; Nurjaya, I Wayan; Agus, Syamsul Bahri; Natih, Nyoman Metta N; Subhan, Beginer; Santoso, Joko
Depik Jurnal Ilmu Ilmu Perairan, Pesisir, dan Perikanan 2025: Special Issue ICFM
Publisher : Faculty of Marine and Fisheries, Universitas Syiah Kuala

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13170/depik.0.0.46989

Turbidity is a parameter of the marine environment that greatly affects the condition of seagrass whose habitat is an intertidal zone in shallow sea waters. Seagrass is an important type of ecosystem that can be found in several coastal areas of Ternate Island. This study aims to analyze the turbidity conditions of seagrass habitat waters and apply a remote sensing algorithm using Sentinel 2B images. The turbidity research method was carried out by field measurements. The turbidity algorithm model used refers to references with mathematical equations (Rrs665-0.014)/0.013, and the development of a new algorithm as a comparison algorithm. Both algorithms were validated with field data to determine the level of accuracy using the Normalized Mean Absolute Error (NMAE) and determination coefficient (R2). The results were obtained from turbidity data with values ranging from 0.3 NTU to 1.5 NTU with an average value of 0.87 0.45 NTU. The Sentinel 2B image in this study was restored with geometric corrections, atmosphere, radiometric digital values, land masking, and sun glint. The turbidity algorithm model used obtained good accuracy in mapping and monitoring the turbidity of seagrass habitat waters on Ternate Island. The application of the turbidity algorithm used as a reference in this study has an NMAE value of 50.44 and R2 of 0.8822, while the newly discovered turbidity algorithm has an NMAE value of 29.38 and R2 of 0.8827.Keywords:remote sensingecosystemscoastalsedimentationNorth Maluku

Preliminary study oceanography and environmental parameters of habitat endemic species Halmahera walking shark (Hemiscyllium halmahera) on Indopacific Ocean Area in North Maluku Indonesia Natih, Nyoman Metta N; Akbar, Nebuchadnezzar; Bengen, Dietriech G; Nurjaya, I Wayan; Subur, Riyadi; Baksir, Abdurrachman; Ismail, Firdaut; Wahab, Iswandi; Arafat, Dondy; Paembonan, Rustam E; Siolimbona, Abdul Ajiz; Rasidi, Rasidi; Budiman, Asep Sandra; Subhan, Beginer
Depik Jurnal Ilmu Ilmu Perairan, Pesisir, dan Perikanan 2025: Special Issue ICFM
Publisher : Faculty of Marine and Fisheries, Universitas Syiah Kuala

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13170/depik.0.0.46913

The Halmahera Walking Shark (Hemiscyllium halmahera) is an endemic species in the Halmahera Sea. Information related to the environment in general has not been described in a complex manner. The environment is the main factor to support the life of biota. Environmental characteristics are a determining factor in the sustainability of biota. The study aims to provide information related to the physical environment of the habitat of the H. halmahera species. Primary data collection was carried out directly (in situ). Current data was taken using the Lagrange method using a currents drogue. Tides using tidal palms and observed for 24 hours. Secondary data was taken from Marine Copernicus and the Geospatial Information Agency (BIG). All data were tabulated and analyzed by Ocean Data View (ODV) software. The results of the study found that the surface current velocity was found to be in the fast current category. Current speed descriptively provides information on the life of H. halmahera. Primary data shows that the direction of the surface current moves to the east and north. Secondary data in vertical distribution shows weak zonal and meridional current shifts. The tidal pattern was found to be two high and low tides (semidiurnal). The distribution of surface temperature was found to be around 30-32oC. The vertical temperature profile found three layers, namely 1-13m (30oC), 65m (25oC) and 71m (20oC). The chemical environment showed all normal variables. The physical and chemical environmental conditions support H. halmahera to inhabit the sea area of Morotai Island. The environmental description has provided a brief understanding of how the ecological role of the H. halmahera species. Management and sustainability of the environment in the future due to climate change can be done with information on habitat characteristics.Keywords:coral triangleHalmaheranicheNorth Malukutropical

Mapping and validation of spatial algorithm for monitoring turbidity of seagrass habitat using sentinel-2B imagery in Ternate Island Paembonan, Rustam Effendi; Bengen, Dietriech Geoffrey; Nurjaya, I Wayan; Agus, Syamsul Bahri; Natih, Nyoman Metta N; Subhan, Beginer; Santoso, Joko
Depik Jurnal Ilmu Ilmu Perairan, Pesisir, dan Perikanan 2025: Special Issue ICFM
Publisher : Faculty of Marine and Fisheries, Universitas Syiah Kuala

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13170/depik.0.0.46989

Turbidity is a parameter of the marine environment that greatly affects the condition of seagrass whose habitat is an intertidal zone in shallow sea waters. Seagrass is an important type of ecosystem that can be found in several coastal areas of Ternate Island. This study aims to analyze the turbidity conditions of seagrass habitat waters and apply a remote sensing algorithm using Sentinel 2B images. The turbidity research method was carried out by field measurements. The turbidity algorithm model used refers to references with mathematical equations (Rrs665-0.014)/0.013, and the development of a new algorithm as a comparison algorithm. Both algorithms were validated with field data to determine the level of accuracy using the Normalized Mean Absolute Error (NMAE) and determination coefficient (R2). The results were obtained from turbidity data with values ranging from 0.3 NTU to 1.5 NTU with an average value of 0.87 0.45 NTU. The Sentinel 2B image in this study was restored with geometric corrections, atmosphere, radiometric digital values, land masking, and sun glint. The turbidity algorithm model used obtained good accuracy in mapping and monitoring the turbidity of seagrass habitat waters on Ternate Island. The application of the turbidity algorithm used as a reference in this study has an NMAE value of 50.44 and R2 of 0.8822, while the newly discovered turbidity algorithm has an NMAE value of 29.38 and R2 of 0.8827.Keywords:remote sensingecosystemscoastalsedimentationNorth Maluku

Preliminary study oceanography and environmental parameters of habitat endemic species Halmahera walking shark (Hemiscyllium halmahera) on Indopacific Ocean Area in North Maluku Indonesia Natih, Nyoman Metta N; Akbar, Nebuchadnezzar; Bengen, Dietriech G; Nurjaya, I Wayan; Subur, Riyadi; Baksir, Abdurrachman; Ismail, Firdaut; Wahab, Iswandi; Arafat, Dondy; Paembonan, Rustam E; Siolimbona, Abdul Ajiz; Rasidi, Rasidi; Budiman, Asep Sandra; Subhan, Beginer
Depik Jurnal Ilmu Ilmu Perairan, Pesisir, dan Perikanan 2025: Special Issue ICFM
Publisher : Faculty of Marine and Fisheries, Universitas Syiah Kuala

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13170/depik.0.0.46913

The Halmahera Walking Shark (Hemiscyllium halmahera) is an endemic species in the Halmahera Sea. Information related to the environment in general has not been described in a complex manner. The environment is the main factor to support the life of biota. Environmental characteristics are a determining factor in the sustainability of biota. The study aims to provide information related to the physical environment of the habitat of the H. halmahera species. Primary data collection was carried out directly (in situ). Current data was taken using the Lagrange method using a currents drogue. Tides using tidal palms and observed for 24 hours. Secondary data was taken from Marine Copernicus and the Geospatial Information Agency (BIG). All data were tabulated and analyzed by Ocean Data View (ODV) software. The results of the study found that the surface current velocity was found to be in the fast current category. Current speed descriptively provides information on the life of H. halmahera. Primary data shows that the direction of the surface current moves to the east and north. Secondary data in vertical distribution shows weak zonal and meridional current shifts. The tidal pattern was found to be two high and low tides (semidiurnal). The distribution of surface temperature was found to be around 30-32oC. The vertical temperature profile found three layers, namely 1-13m (30oC), 65m (25oC) and 71m (20oC). The chemical environment showed all normal variables. The physical and chemical environmental conditions support H. halmahera to inhabit the sea area of Morotai Island. The environmental description has provided a brief understanding of how the ecological role of the H. halmahera species. Management and sustainability of the environment in the future due to climate change can be done with information on habitat characteristics.Keywords:coral triangleHalmaheranicheNorth Malukutropical

Integrasi Kelembagaan Pengelolaan Kawasan Konservasi Perairan Daerah Kabupaten Raja Ampat Melalui Analisis Level Aksi Kelembagaan Nuraini, Nuraini; Satria, Arif; Wahyuni, Ekawati Sri; Bengen, Dietriech Geoffrey
Jurnal Kebijakan Sosial Ekonomi Kelautan dan Perikanan Vol 15, No 1 (2025): JUNI 2025
Publisher : Balai Besar Riset Sosial Ekonomi Kelautan dan Perikanan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15578/jksekp.v15i1.14900

Masalah pengelolaan kawasan konservasi seringkali dipengaruhi oleh ketidaksesuaian kebijakan antara pemerintah pusat, pemerintah provinsi dan pemerintah kabupaten serta bagaimana kepatuhan terhadap pelaksanaan kebijakan tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji integrasi kelembagaan pengelolaan kawasan konservasi perairan daerah melalui analisis pada tiga level aksi kelembagaan yaitu level konstitusional, kolektif dan operasional. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan analisis konten peraturan dan analisis deskriptif. Penelitian dilakukan di Kampung Arborek, Yenbuba dan Sawinggrai Kabupaten Raja Ampat pada bulan Oktober 2022. Pengumpulan data diperoleh melalui wawancara, observasi, focus group discussion dan analisis dokumen Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Integrasi kelembagaan dalam pengelolaan kawasan konservasi perairan daerah Kabupaten Raja Ampat telah terbentuk. Pada level konstitusional, integrasi kelembagaan terlihat dari kesesuaian aturan mengenai pihak yang berwenang dalam penyusunan rencana zonasi dan pengelolaan kawasan konservasi perairan serta adanya pengakuan kewenangan masyarakat adat. Pada integrasi di level kolektif terwujud melalui adanya kesesuaian tujuan lintas sektor dan kerjasama antar pemangku kepentingan. Pada level operasional, integrasi kelembagaan terwujud melalui kesesuaian pemahaman mengenai batas wilayah konservasi perairan, pelaksanaan aturan konservasi dan pemberlakuan sanksi. Rekomendasi kebijakan yang dapat memperkuat integrasi kelembagaan pengelolaan kawasan konservasi perairan Raja Ampat antara lain: 1) penyesuaian pembaruan penetapan kebijakan mengenai wewenang pengelolaan antara pemerintah pusat, provinsi dan kabupaten; 2) peningkatan kapasitas kelembagaan Dewan Adat Suku Maya dengan cara memberi dukungan dana, keterampilan, atau keahlian untuk menjalankan program-program konservasi perairan; 3) penyesuaian luas konservasi antara yang ditetapkan oleh pemerintah pusat, pemerintah provinsi Papua Barat dan pemerintah Kabupaten Raja Ampat; serta 4) pemberian tanda batas pada zona-zona konservasi. Title : The Institutional Integration of Marine Conservation Area Management in Raja Ampat Regency Through Institutional Action Level AnalysisThe management of conservation areas is often influenced by the misalignment of policies between the central government, provincial government, and regional government, as well as the level of compliance with the implementation of these policies. This study aims to examine the institutional integration in the management of regional marine conservasion areas through an analysis of three institutional levels: constitutional, collective and operational. A qualitative method with a policy analysis and descriptive analysis approach was employed. The research was conducted in the villages of Arborek, Yenbuba, and Sawinggrai, Raja Ampat Regency, in October 2022. Data were collected through interviews, observations, focus group discussions, and document analysis. The findings show that institutional integration in the management of marine conservation areas in Raja Ampat Regency has been established. At the constitutional level, institutional integration is reflected in the alignment of regulations concerning the authorities responsible for drafting zoning plans and managing marine conservation areas, as well as the recognition of indigenous people’s authority. At the collective level, institutional integration is manifested in the alignment of cross-sectoral objectives, collaboration among stakeholders, and the involvement of indigenous communities. At the operational level, institutional integration is evident in the consistency of understanding regarding the boundaries of marine conservation area, the enforcement of conservation regulations, and the imposition of sanctions. Policy recommendations that could strengthen institutional integration in the management of marine conservation area in Raja Ampat include: 1) adjusting policies regarding management authority between the central, provincial, and regionak governments; 2) enhancing the institutional capacity of the Maya Indigenous Council by providing financial support, skills, or expertise to support marine conservation programs; 3) adjusting the area of the conservation between the central government,the West Papua Provincial Government and the Raja Ampat Regency government; and 4) marking boundaries in the marine conservation zones.

Title Search

Found 100 Documents Search

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Title

Found 100 Documents
Search