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All Journal Sains Olahraga : Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Keolahragaan Farabi Majalah Ilmiah MOMENTUM Jurnal Berita Sosial Pendas : Jurnah Ilmiah Pendidikan Dasar JTP - Jurnal Teknologi Pendidikan JURNAL ILMU KEOLAHRAGAAN Jurnal Pedagogik Olahraga Al Iman: Jurnal Keislaman dan Kemasyarakatan Didaktik : Jurnal Ilmiah PGSD STKIP Subang Iqtishaduna : Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Hukum Ekonomi Syariah Berajah Journal Economic Reviews Journal Jurnal Karajata Engineering Jurnal Teknik Sipil Macca AL-QIBLAH: Jurnal Studi Islam dan Bahasa Arab ARUS JURNAL SAINS DAN TEKNOLOGI Jurnal Ilmiah Kepesantrenan Neoclassical Legal Review: Journal of Law and Contemporary Issues Mazalat: Jurnal Pemikiran Islam Multidisciplinary Indonesian Center Journal PESHUM Al Iman: Jurnal Keislaman dan Kemasyarakatan J-Proteksion : Jurnal Kajian Ilmiah dan Teknologi Teknik Mesin Interaction Lentera: Journal of Islamic Studies Edumaspul: Jurnal Pendidikan Mala'bi: Jurnal Manajemen Ekonomi
Mahmuddin Mahmuddin
Unknown Affiliation
Religion Arts Humanities Automotive Engineering Chemistry Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture Computer Science & IT Decision Sciences, Operations Research & Management Earth & Planetary Sciences Economics, Econometrics & Finance Education Engineering Health Professions Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Library & Information Science Mechanical Engineering Physics Public Health Social Sciences Other

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Journal : Berajah Journal

 1 
TINJAUAN YURIDIS SENGKETA KEBIJAKAN EKSPOR NIKEL INDONESIA DI WTO DAN IMPLIKASINYA TERHADAP KEDAULATAN SUMBER DAYA ALAM NEGARA BERKEMBANG Rahmat Giling; Annie Myranika; Nursalim; Mahmuddin; Dany Wahyu
Berajah Journal Vol. 6 No. 2 (2026): Berajah Journal
Publisher : CV. Lafadz Jaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47353/bj.v6i2.646

Abstract

This study analyses the dispute over Indonesia’s nickel ore export policy at the World Trade Organization (WTO), initiated by the European Union (DS592), as a paradigmatic case in the conflict between international trade obligations and developing countries’ sovereignty over natural resources. Using a normative-empirical legal research method, this article examines the WTO Panel’s November 2022 ruling and Indonesia’s appeal, and relates these to recent developments in the reform of Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) under UNCITRAL Working Group III. The study finds that this dispute illustrates a fundamental tension between GATT Article XX (general exceptions) and sustainable industrialisation policies. A comparative analysis with the Argentina Footwear and *China Raw Materials* cases demonstrates the evolution of WTO jurisprudence regarding natural resource conservation policies. Furthermore, this study critiques the deficiencies of the WTO Appellate Body and proposes a Multi-Party Interim Appeal Arbitration Arrangement (MPIA) as an alternative mechanism. The implications of this dispute extend to the realm of international investment arbitration, where similar policies could potentially give rise to *indirect expropriation* claims under Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs). The study recommends harmonising natural resource industrialisation policies with WTO provisions through an integrated sustainable development approach, as well as Indonesia’s participation in the MPIA to ensure access to effective appellate review.
KONTROVERSI POLITIK HUKUM DALAM KEBIJAKAN PEMBATASAN IMPOR KOMODITAS STRATEGIS PERSPEKTIF KEDAULATAN EKONOMI Rahmat Giling; Mustofa Kamil; Dany Wahyu; Nursalim; Mahmuddin
Berajah Journal Vol. 6 No. 2 (2026): Berajah Journal
Publisher : CV. Lafadz Jaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47353/bj.v6i2.433

Abstract

Policies restricting imports of strategic commodities are an important instrument in achieving a nation’s economic sovereignty. In Indonesia, these policies face a range of complex political and legal controversies, particularly in the context of global economic integration and international trade obligations. This paper analyses the political and legal controversies surrounding policies restricting imports of strategic commodities from the perspective of economic sovereignty, using a normative legal research method supplemented by historical, conceptual and comparative legal approaches. The research findings indicate that there is a tension between the interests of protecting national economic sovereignty and the obligations of international trade liberalisation as stipulated in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade/World Trade Organisation. This legal-political controversy is reflected in the dynamics of legislative drafting, which is often ambivalent, inconsistent policy implementation, and selective law enforcement. This paper recommends the need for a reconstruction of legal policy that integrates the principle of economic sovereignty into the framework of international trade law through the utilisation of safeguard mechanisms, general exceptions, and industrial policies consistent with international trade commitments.
KAJIAN YURIDIS DAMPAK TEKNOLOGI DIGITAL TERHADAP KEPASTIAN HUKUM DALAM TRANSAKSI BISNIS Rahmat Giling; Pandri Zulfikar; Mahmuddin; Dany Wahyu; Nursalim
Berajah Journal Vol. 6 No. 2 (2026): Berajah Journal
Publisher : CV. Lafadz Jaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47353/bj.v6i2.463

Abstract

The development of digital technology has brought about a fundamental transformation in the conduct of modern business transactions. The emergence of blockchain technology, smart contracts, electronic signatures and e-commerce platforms has changed the conventional paradigm of conducting transactions. However, this digital transformation poses significant challenges to legal certainty in business transactions, particularly in relation to legal validity, consumer protection, dispute resolution and jurisdiction. This study aims to analyse the impact of digital technology on legal certainty in business transactions from a legal perspective using a normative legal research method. The results of the study indicate that digital technology has a two-sided impact on legal certainty: on the one hand, it enhances the efficiency and transparency of transactions; on the other hand, it creates legal uncertainty due to regulations that have not yet been able to keep pace with technological developments. This study recommends the need to harmonise national regulations with international standards, as well as the establishment of a specific legal framework for digital transactions to ensure optimal legal certainty.
PERTANGGUNGJAWABAN HUKUM FINTECH LENDING ATAS KREDIT MACET DALAM PERJANJIAN ELEKTRONIK Rahmat Giling; Hasnah Aziz; Nursalim; Mahmuddin; Dany Wahyu
Berajah Journal Vol. 6 No. 3 (2026): Berajah Journal
Publisher : CV. Lafadz Jaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47353/bj.v6i3.502

Abstract

The development of financial technology lending (fintech lending) in Indonesia has transformed the financing landscape by introducing electronic agreements as the primary legal instrument in creditor-debtor relationships. However, the increasing volume of non-performing loans in this sector raises fundamental questions regarding the legal accountability of fintech lending providers. This article aims to analyze juridically the legal accountability of fintech lending for non-performing loans arising from electronic agreements. The research method used is qualitative with a normative-empirical legal approach. Data was collected through studies of legislation, court decisions, Financial Services Authority reports, and scientific literature studies. The results show that the legal accountability of fintech lending for non-performing loans involves three crucial aspects: first, the legal status of fintech lending as an intermediary versus a party to the credit agreement; second, the distribution of responsibility among fintech lending, partner banks, and investors in the peer-to-peer lending financing structure; and third, the mechanism for resolving non-performing loans that fulfills the principle of substantive justice. This article recommends the need for clarification of the legal status of fintech lending in legislation, harmonization of obligations among parties in electronic agreements, and development of a proportional non-performing loan resolution mechanism.
Co-Authors Abdul Mannang Abdullah Fikri Adnan Afriansyah Purba Agussalim, M. Ahmad Adhyaksa Ainun Azzahra Aldo Rahmat Pakpahan Ali, Muhammad Yunus Amansyah Amar, Ishak Andi Anggi Kemalasari Andi Nurfatimah Anggreawan Wardana, Dony Annie Myranika Ariadi Arima, Putra Asdin Agus Salim, Muh. Asmayanti Assidiq, Ilham Azhar Azhar Aziz Torang Koto Bambang Tripoli Barsihannor Annur Carry Rafles Naibah Chairad, Muhammad Charles Prakas Purba Dany Wahyu Depi Lisnawati Dewi Endriani Ellok Gita Fadia Farizal, Teuku Firdaus Muhammad Haeruddin Hardinoto, Nono Haris Kurniawan Hasisa Haruna Hasnah Aziz Hasnawia Helda Susanti Hespirawati Hidayat, Taufiq Al Ibrahim, Asma Ika Wisudawaty Imelda Rosiana Indo Santalia Indry Natalia Tambunan Jamir, M Jhon Olofman Sitompul Johannes Kristopel Manullang Kevin Hezekiel Sitinjak Krish Dwi Sadewa Pakpahan Lilih Wijayanto, Hendi M Agusalim Maidi Saputra Mansida, Amrullah Maria Olfah Mohamad Rifal Muhajirin, Muhajirin Muhammad Akbar Muhammad Alfian, Muhammad Muhammad Fadhil Hasani Muhammad Istiqamah Muhammad Japri Murtiadi Awaluddin Mustofa Kamil Muzdalipafah Sahib Nafis, Andi Ahmad Zahri Najwa NINGRUM NATASYA SIRAIT Norlidia Nurlaelah Abbas Nursalim Pahrul, Pahrul Pandri Zulfikar Putra, M. Sandi Putri Enjel Sitorus RACHMAT HIDAYAT Rachmat Hidayat Rafael Bonansius Hasudungan Nahampun Rahma Dewi Rahmat Giling Ramsiah Tasruddin Rif'an Syafruddin Rifaldo Pido Rifandi, Arif Rinaldy Rinaldy Rita Fazlina Samsul Fajeri Septian, Abdi Simbolon, Incen Martinus Sitorus Pane, Bessy Sopian Siregar Sri Rosmiana Sudarmi Syam, Agus Syamsuriaty Syukri Himran Uqbah Al Ansyari Usman Van Assel Simangunsong Veranita Veranita Wangsa, Fithriyah Arief Widia Willy Hope Sigalingging Winda Yuli Pertiwi Siregar Wisron Situmorang Wulan Purnamasari Zakir Husin Zuhrami DE Zuhrami DE Zulfan Heri Zulkifly Zulyaden, Zulyaden