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Indoor PM₂.₅ and CO₂ Exposure and Respiratory Symptoms Among Toddlers in Daycare Centers in Surabaya Corie Indria Prasasti; Retno Adriyani; Khuliyah Candraning Diyanah; Namira Zulaikha Putri; Ahmad Zia Ul-Saufie; Siti Nurshahida Nazli; Galuh Mega Kurnia
JURNAL KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN Vol. 18 No. 1 (2026): JURNAL KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN
Publisher : Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/jkl.v18i1.2026.85-92

Abstract

Introduction: The high intensity of transportation and urban activities in Surabaya causes PM2.5 and CO2 exposure to fall into the unhealthy category for vulnerable group, including toddlers. The aims of this study is to investigate the association between indoor air quality and respiratory symptoms among toddlers in daycare centers in Surabaya. Methods: The research design of this study was cross-sectional and conducted in 15 daycare centers. The sample of this study were 149 toddlers aged 0–60 months and randomly selected from a total of 278 population. Respiratory symptoms were measured using the ISAAC questionnaire who was administered to parents. PM2.5 and CO2 were measured using AiRBOXSense Low-Cost Air Quality Sensors (LAQSs). Results and Discussion: The study shows that toddlers aged 24-60 months who experienced respiratory symptoms (69.4%) were higher than toddlers aged 0–24 months who experienced respiratory symptoms (30.6%). There was no significant association between respiratory symptoms and PM2.5. Significant associations were found only between respiratory symptoms and CO2 levels in the playroom (p = 0.041). Elevated levels of PM2.5 and CO2 were also observed in several daycare centers (bedroom and playroom). Conclusion: CO2 might be the only parameters that was directly associated with respiratory symptoms in this study. However, elevated PM2.5 and CO2 levels suggest potential long-term risks. Prevention efforts, continuous monitoring, and improvement of indoor environments in daycare settings were essentials to minimize potential exposures.
Co-Authors Abdu Fadli Assomadi Aditya Sukma Pawitra Afriani, Novi Dian Agung Murti Nugroho Agustin, Avita Fitri Ahmad Zia Ul-Saufie Aini Fadlila Alami, Nungki Najfaris Alif, Achmad Anca Laika Annisa, Nijma Ardanisworo Lintang Wicaksani Arfiani, Novi Arief Hargono Atika Anif Prameswari Aulia Choirunnisa' Avita Fitri Agustin Ayu Putri Pitaloka Azmy, Ulul Azzahra, Muhafasya Karunia Birayu Jeny Afdhalash Chamidatul Umaiyah Chaterine Rahel Corie Indria Prasasti Corie Indria Prasasti Corie Indria Prasasti Damai Arum Pratiwi Danuartha, Ida Bagus Gede Krishna Desi Listianingsih Devi Ma’ariful Akliyah Diva Alishya Shafwah Elamin, Muhammad Zamzami Endang Dwiyanti Eny Qurniyawati Eny Rohmawati Eva Rosdiana Dewi Farapti Farapti Fatma Nur Ardiati Febrianto, Arry Feryalin Navyanti Fitri Anisai Rohmah Fitriandini, Lucia Leony Galuh Mega Kurnia Hadyandiono, Chrisna Nur Hafida Yumna Huwaida Haibah, Anizah Izzi Hamedon, Titi Rahmawati Hana’ Izdihar Hari Basuki Notobroto Hartono, Rudy Herlina Susmaneli Hernanda Arie Nurfitria Hernanda Arie Nurfitria Huwaida, Hafida Yumna I Wayan Gede Artawan Eka Putra Ilyas Ibrahim Imam Safawi Ahmad, Imam Safawi Izdihar, Hana’ J Mukono J. Mukono J.Mukono Jassey, Babucarr Jayanti Dian Eka Sari, Jayanti Dian Kencana, Yulfa Tiara Khairatul Annisa Khuliyah Candraning Diyanah Kuncoro, Eko Prasetya Kurnia, Galuh Mega Kusuma Scorpia Lestari Kusuma Scorpia Lestari Kusuma Scorpia Lestari, Kusuma Scorpia Kusuma Wardani, Ratnaningtyas Wahyu Larasati, Adella Atika Lestari, Kusuma Lilis Sulistyorini Lucia Leony Fitriandini Lusno, Muhammad Maskinah, Eni Maulidiyah Dwi Azti Putri Mohd Yusmaidie Aziz Muhammad Farid Dimjati Lusno Muhashonah, Izzuki Muhimatul Ummah Muji sulistyowati Mukono, Jojok Muzakky, Achmad Namira Zulaikha Putri Naser, Mhd. Izzan Nayla Mohamed Gomaa Nasr Neil Harris NILA PUSPITA SARI Novi Dian Arfiani Nur, Ardiati Fatma Nuzulul Kusuma Putri Nuzulul Kusuma Putri Parmawati, Rita Putri, Alifia Fiarnanda Putu Ayu Widyary Dewanti R Azizah R. Azizah R. Azizah R.Azizah Rachman Setiawan Randy Ghifari Ratna Dwi Puji Astuti Ratnaningtyas Wahyu Kusuma Wardani Resawati Intan Savitri Restu Alami Ririh Yudhastuti Rizaldi, M Addin Rohmah, Shofiyatur Safaryna, Alifia M Sakti, Bagus Prayoga Saleh, Tania Ardiani Salsabila, Regina Sasi Riyadinil Ula Septya Fathonatun Nisak Setyoningsih, Dian Shafwah, Diva Alishya Shaharuddin bin Mohd Sham Shaharuddin Mohd Sham Sham, Shaharuddin bin Mohd Shelvi Indah Ayu Puspita Shofiyah Salma Farumi Shulkhiatus Syafa'ah Sigit Ari Saputro Siswati Siswati Siti Nurshahida Nazli Soedjajadi Keman Sondakh, Cresti Sukmadevi Sudarmaji Sudarmaji Sudarmaji SUDARMAJI SUDARMAJI Suryaningrum, Lina Syafei, Arie Dipareza Syahrul R, Syahrul Taufik Imadudin Ulfa Nurzila Ulfa Nurzila Ummi Sholichatur Rachma Utomo, Moch. Wirjo Viddina Xyquizintya Maroef Wardani, Ratnaningtyas Wilda Prihatiningtyas Wulandari, Prisca Kiki Yeni Dhamayanti Yudho, Haryo Bimo U. Yulfa Tiara Kencana Yusrina Nurul Aanisah Zahro, Alif Fatimatuz Zida Husnina Zida Husnina Zulaikha, Putri Namira