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All Journal Wahana Didaktika Jurnal Keolahragaan AGASTYA: JURNAL SEJARAH DAN PEMBELAJARANNYA International Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research Jurnal ASPIKOM Jurnal Pertahanan : Media Informasi tentang Kajian dan Strategi Pertahanan yang Mengedepankan Identity, Nasionalism dan Integrity JMKSP (Jurnal Manajemen, Kepemimpinan, dan Supervisi Pendidikan) JURNAL EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT NUSANTARA : Jurnal Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial JUSPI (Jurnal Sejarah Peradaban Islam) JURNAL GOVERNANSI Journal of Humanities and Social Studies Jurnal Ecoment Global: Kajian Bisnis dan Manajemen JRTI (Jurnal Riset Tindakan Indonesia) Santhet: (Jurnal Sejarah, Pendidikan Dan Humaniora) International Journal of Economics Development Research (IJEDR) Jurnal Darma Agung Jurnal Syntax Transformation Jurnal Inovasi Penelitian Jurnal Cafetaria Jurnal Kewarganegaraan Jurnal Ilmiah Wahana Pendidikan International Journal on Social Science, Economics and Art Pelita Kota Journal CITIZEN: Jurnal Ilmiah Mulitidisiplin Indonesia Jurnal Multidisiplin Madani (MUDIMA) East Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (EAJMR) International Journal of Humanities Education and Social Sciences Jurnal Cakrawala Ilmiah Jurnal Studi Ilmu Sosial dan Politik LEBAH QISTINA: Jurnal Multidisiplin Indonesia Aurelia: Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengabdian Masyarakat Indonesia Journal of Education Technology Information Social Sciences and Health Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Sains PPSDP International Journal of Education JSE: Jurnal Sharia Economica Advances In Social Humanities Research El-Mal: Jurnal Kajian Ekonomi & Bisnis Islam Journal of Innovation in Teaching and Instructional Media Journal of Social Work and Science Education International Journal of Technology and Education Research Journal of Ekonomics, Finance, and Management Studies PALAR : Pakuan Law Review
Guntur Eko Saputro
Universitas Pertahanan Republik Indonesia
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Contested Maritime Spaces in the Middle East: Geopolitical Dynamics, Non-State Actors, and Security Challenges in the Red Sea and the Strait of Hormuz Munawir Masly Pandoe, Ridha; Setiawibawa, Rachmat; Dolli Hutabarat, Harri; Eko Saputro, Guntur; Yudho Prakoso, Lukman
Advances In Social Humanities Research Vol. 4 No. 1 (2026): Advances In Social Humanities Research
Publisher : Sahabat Publikasi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.46799/adv.v4i1.538

Abstract

In recent years, these routes have been exposed to multifaceted and hybrid security threats—including missile and drone attacks, deployment of unmanned maritime systems, cyber intrusions, the rise of piracy, and proxy wars waged by non-state actors backed by regional powers. Such developments significantly increase the vulnerability of maritime traffic and pose serious risks to international economic stability and energy security. The study examines how contemporary geopolitical dynamics are shaping maritime security challenges in the Middle East by analyzing recent security incidents, regional power competitions, and the evolving role of international navies operating in the region. Using a qualitative geopolitical security approach, the study draws on policy documents, security reports, and incident analyses to identify the key drivers of maritime insecurity. These findings suggest that maritime instability in the Middle East is driven by the convergence of unresolved regional conflicts, the adoption of asymmetric warfare strategies, and the increasing involvement of external forces seeking to protect strategic interests. This combination has complicated traditional maritime security frameworks and weakened unilateral security measures. Therefore, the study underscores the urgent need for coordinated multilateral maritime governance, enhanced information sharing, and collective security mechanisms to ensure the protection of critical sea lanes and the long-term stability of the regional and global maritime domains.
Navigating Economic Growth: An Analysis of Indonesia’s Maritime Axis Policy Implementation Arizza, Fikri Kamil; Saputro, Guntur Eko; Sahabuddin, Zainal Abiddin
PPSDP International Journal of Education Vol. 5 No. 1 (2026): PPSDP International Journal of Education
Publisher : Perkumpulan Program Studi Doktor Pendidikan (PPSDP)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59175/pijed.v5i1.710

Abstract

This study aims to analyze maritime axis policies from the perspective of defense economics and policy implementation in order to grow Indonesia’s economy. Utilizing qualitative research approach, data was collected from a variety of sources, including academic journals, policy documents, and credible reports. The findings indicate that Indonesia’s Position as a maritime country, Indonesia has opportunities for economic growth and security as a national pillar. Indonesia’s maritime future is realized through synergy between communication, resources, and bureaucracy. economic development in enhancing economic growth is realized through the “Maritime Silk Road” and efforts to create harmony between the three aspects of policy implementation theory. However, challenges such as unsustainable practices, stakeholder conflicts, and inadequate policy coordination hinder effective implementation. The success of the maritime axis policy in Indonesia necessitates comprehensive implementation that integrate sustainability principles across all sectors, as well as collaboration among stakeholders. This finding provides valuable insights for policymakers in formulating policy implementation that promote sustainable development in maritime axis policy, ensuring that economic growth benefits can be enjoyed by both current and future generations. Thus, the maritime axis policy not only has potential to drive economic growth but also safeguard in marine ecosystems that are essential for the livehood of coastal communities. From that we may know maritime policy can drive economic development by focusing on infrastructure development, natural resource and human resource management, maritime improvement, and international cooperation.
Between Ambition and Fiscal Reality: Strategic Environment, Budgeting, and Military Modernization in Indonesia (2020-2025) Yaffid, Rienal; Saputro, Guntur Eko; Suwarno, Panji
PPSDP International Journal of Education Vol. 5 No. 1 (2026): PPSDP International Journal of Education
Publisher : Perkumpulan Program Studi Doktor Pendidikan (PPSDP)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59175/pijed.v5i1.808

Abstract

This journal article analyses the trends in the strategic environment (lingstra) that underlie the formulation of Minimum Essential Force (MEF) stages I, II, and III, and evaluates the process of preparing Indonesia’s defence spending from 2020 to 2025. The analysis uses a qualitative approach and secondary data documentation from the Ministry of Defence, the Ministry of Finance, and the National Development Planning Agency. The article presents the dynamics of policies and the process of formulating the defence expenditure budget, including a comparison between the proposed and approved budgets. It also includes data on financing components from Pure Rupiah Funds, as well as domestic and foreign financing. The findings show that global and regional strategic environmental factors, such as geopolitical competition, military modernization in neighbouring countries, and advancements in defence technology, significantly influence Indonesia’s defence priorities.
The Impact of Import Tariffs on Economic Growth in Indonesia: Evidence from Provincial Panel Data (2010-2024) Sanjaya, Dhika; Saputro, Guntur Eko; Suwito, Suwito
PPSDP International Journal of Education Vol. 5 No. 1 (2026): PPSDP International Journal of Education
Publisher : Perkumpulan Program Studi Doktor Pendidikan (PPSDP)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59175/pijed.v5i1.829

Abstract

This study examines the impact of import tariff policy on Indonesia’s economic growth over the 2010–2024 period, aiming to provide an empirical foundation for designing adaptive tariff strategies that balance efficiency and industrial protection. A quantitative explanatory approach is employed using panel data from 34 provinces. Secondary data were obtained from official open sources, including Statistics Indonesia (BPS), the Directorate General of Customs and Excise (DJBC), the World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS), and the World Bank. The analysis utilizes Fixed and Random Effect Models, with the Hausman test determining the optimal specification. The results indicate that higher import tariffs suppress Indonesia’s economic growth by increasing input costs and reducing industrial productivity. Investment and exports exhibit positive effects, while exchange rate depreciation negatively affects growth, particularly in import-dependent sectors. Notably, moderate tariffs can play a strategic role in protecting emerging industries that contribute to structural transformation and long-term competitiveness. The findings underscore the need for adaptive tariff policies lowering tariffs on raw materials and capital goods while maintaining moderate protection for strategic sectors such as manufacturing and agro-processing. Such policies can enhance productivity, attract investment, and foster sustainable growth across Indonesia’s regions. This study advances the literature by combining provincial-level panel data with a robust econometric framework to quantify the effects of tariff adjustments on economic growth. It bridges theory and policy by demonstrating how selective liberalization, grounded in endogenous growth dynamics, can optimize Indonesia’s trade strategy for sustainable and inclusive development.
Kontribusi KOMCAD TNI Terhadap Pengamanan Dan Ketahanan Infrastruktur Energi Di Indonesia: Tinjauan Literatur Perdana, Mahendra Yudha; Yoesgiantoro, Donny; Saputro, Guntur Eko
Citizen : Jurnal Ilmiah Multidisiplin Indonesia Vol. 5 No. 5 (2025): CITIZEN: Jurnal Ilmiah Multidisiplin Indonesia
Publisher : DAS Institute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.53866/jimi.v5i5.1034

Abstract

Ketahanan energi nasional merupakan aspek strategis yang tidak hanya berkaitan dengan ketersediaan sumber daya, tetapi juga pengamanan infrastruktur vital yang menopangnya. Dalam konteks Indonesia, kehadiran Komponen Cadangan (Komcad) TNI menjadi elemen penting dalam mendukung pengamanan infrastruktur energi dari berbagai ancaman, termasuk yang bersifat non-tradisional dan geopolitik. Studi ini bertujuan untuk meninjau secara sistematis peran Komcad TNI dalam memperkuat ketahanan energi melalui pendekatan pengamanan fisik dan dukungan operasional terhadap objek-objek vital nasional di sektor energi. Dengan metode studi literatur, penelitian ini mengkaji regulasi, strategi pertahanan, serta kerangka kerja sinergis antara sektor militer dan energi. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa integrasi Komcad dalam strategi ketahanan energi dapat meningkatkan respons negara terhadap potensi gangguan yang bersifat eksternal maupun internal. Oleh karena itu, penguatan kapasitas Komcad dalam konteks keamanan energi menjadi langkah adaptif yang relevan dengan dinamika geopolitik kontemporer.
A historical study of Mongols: The relevance of genghis khan’s leadership in the modern era Kusumawardhani, Chandra; Simorangkir, Arnold Hiras; Widjayanto, Joni; Sutanto, S; Saputro, Guntur Eko
AGASTYA: JURNAL SEJARAH DAN PEMBELAJARANNYA Vol. 16 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : UNIVERITAS PGRI MADIUN

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25273/ajsp.v16i1.23890

Abstract

Contemporary leadership is generally based on the context of modern organizations and does not conduct much research on historical leadership models that once shaped large-scale government systems. This study was conducted in an effort to fill this gap by analyzing the leadership of Genghis Khan, which has often been reduced to narratives of conquest and violence, without being analyzed as a structured leadership system. The study aims to analyze the principles of Genghis Khan's leadership and assess its relevance to modern leadership and management paradigms. This study uses a systematic literature review method by synthesizing 22 selected scientific sources consisting of classical historical texts and reputable journal articles with a thematic analysis approach. The results of the study identify five main themes, namely the historical context of Mongolia, leadership theory, meritocracy and organizational justice, servant leadership and social empathy, and value-based leadership. These findings show that Genghis Khan's leadership was a crucial factor in the success of the Mongol Empire, which was characterized by merit-based governance, adaptive organizational structures, strategic intelligence, and moral accountability. These leadership principles remain relevant and applicable in facing the complex and dynamic challenges of contemporary leadership and organizations.
Transforming Terrestrial Defense Doctrines In Response To Cyber And Space Domain Threats Lusiana Dwiyanti; Robby MT; Guntur Eko Saputro
PALAR (Pakuan Law review) Vol. 12 No. 1 (2026): Volume 12, Number 1 January-March 2026
Publisher : UNIVERSITAS PAKUAN

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33751/palar.v12i1.40

Abstract

In the era of multidomain warfare, conventional land defense doctrines encounter fundamental challenges stemming from the proliferation of cyber and space threats, which obscure traditional operational boundaries and accelerate the dynamics of asymmetric conflicts. The background of this study is rooted in the inadequacy of national military doctrines to counter hybrid attacks, wherein cyber incidents such as breaches of defense networks and satellite interference jeopardize the integrity of land operations, as evidenced by post-2020 escalations in the Indo-Pacific region. This research aims to analyze the transformation of land defense doctrines in order to integrate resilience across cyber and space dimensions, while formulating policy recommendations aligned with the national defense vision, with a particular emphasis on strategic adaptation and multidomain operations (MDO) to bolster national resilience. Methodologically, the study adopts a qualitative approach, employing thematic analysis of policy documents and strategic frameworks. The findings reveal the necessity for a fundamental restructuring of land defense doctrines across three domains: conceptual adaptation to the multidomain warfare paradigm, technological modernization of critical defense infrastructure, and institutional reform of command and control structures. The study's conclusion affirms that successful doctrine transformation demands the implementation of an integrated Multidomain Operations framework, substantial investments in cyber-space capabilities, and strategic partnerships with national and international stakeholders. Keywords: Doctrine Transformation, Cyber Threats, Outer Space, Multidomain Operations, Indonesian Land Defense.
Fragmentation of Authority in National Cyber Defense A Legal Analysis of Overlapping Inter-Agency Authority and the Urgency of Integrated Command Restu Putri Pamungkas; Bambang Kustiawan; Asep Adang Supriyadi; Guntur Eko Saputro
PALAR (Pakuan Law review) Vol. 12 No. 1 (2026): Volume 12, Number 1 January-March 2026
Publisher : UNIVERSITAS PAKUAN

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33751/palar.v12i1.41

Abstract

The evolution of cyberspace as the fifth domain of warfare has transformed the national defense landscape, where hybrid threats can now disrupt sovereignty without physical war declarations. Indonesia responds to this challenge through the Total People's Defense and Security System (Sishankamrata) doctrine, yet its implementation is hindered by acute institutional fragmentation. This study aims to analyze the implications of regulatory disharmony on strategic defense effectiveness and formulate an ideal legal construction for national cyber governance. Using normative legal research methods with statutory and conceptual approaches, this study finds that current sectoral regulations create legal antinomy between defense mandates (Military/TNI), law enforcement (Police/Polri), and administrative security (National Cyber and Crypto Agency/BSSN). An asymmetry of authority is identified where BSSN, as the coordinator, is based only on a Presidential Regulation, lacking operational coercive power over institutions established by Law. The absence of legal escalation mechanisms in the "grey zone" leads to decision-making paralysis during crises. This study concludes the need for legal reconstruction through the enactment of a Cyber Security and Defense Law as lex specialis. This law must institutionalize a Unified Command System that establishes a single authority and clear thresholds for transferring operational control from civil to military domains, ensuring a rapid, integrated, and legally certain state response. Keywords: National Cyber Security Policy, Strategic Defense, Authority Fragmentation, Unified Command, Total Defense System.
Reconstructing International Humanitarian Law for the Use of Autonomous Weapon Systems in Modern Defence: Addressing Meaningful Human Control and the Accountability Gap Nanang Yulian; Bambang Kustiawan; Asep Adang Supriyadi; Guntur Eko Saputro
PALAR (Pakuan Law review) Vol. 12 No. 1 (2026): Volume 12, Number 1 January-March 2026
Publisher : UNIVERSITAS PAKUAN

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33751/palar.v12i1.46

Abstract

The rapid deployment of Autonomous Weapon Systems (AWS) is reshaping contemporary defence strategies and testing the adequacy of existing International Humanitarian Law (IHL). This research offers a normative legal analysis of the relationship between autonomous lethal decision-making and core IHL principles, particularly distinction, proportionality, and precautions in attack. Combining doctrinal methods with a systematic bibliometric review of 621 Scopus-indexed publications, the study empirically maps the global debate and identifies structural gaps between advances in military AI and current accountability regimes. The findings reveal a persistent accountability gap when AWS operate unpredictably, undermining individual criminal responsibility and victims’ right to remedy. To address this, the article proposes a reconstruction of IHL centred on robust standards of Meaningful Human Control, algorithmic transparency, and the integration of co-active design as a legal design requirement for AWS. This reconstruction aims to ensure that technological modernisation in warfare does not erode human dignity, but remains anchored in human agency and enforceable legal responsibility. Keywords: Autonomous Weapon Systems; International Humanitarian Law; Meaningful Human Control; accountability gap; co-active design; war torts.
Integrating Mental And Psychosocial Readiness Into Military Human Resource Policy For Conflict Zone Deployment In Indonesia Chandra Kusumawardhani; Guntur Eko Saputro; Sutanto
PALAR (Pakuan Law review) Vol. 12 No. 1 (2026): Volume 12, Number 1 January-March 2026
Publisher : UNIVERSITAS PAKUAN

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33751/palar.v12i1.66

Abstract

This study examines the strategic role of mental and psychosocial readiness as an integral component of military human resource management within conflict environments, with a particular focus on its legal and policy implications for the Indonesian National Armed Forces (TNI). Employing a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) of 30 peer-reviewed and institutional sources published between 2019 and 2025, this study synthesizes empirical evidence and normative frameworks across five core domains: mental readiness, psychosocial support systems, deployment stress in conflict zones, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) risk, and military mental health governance. The findings demonstrate that soldiers with higher levels of mental preparedness and structured psychosocial support exhibit superior operational performance, ethical decision-making, adaptability, and emotional stability under prolonged stress exposure. Conversely, inadequate mental and psychosocial readiness significantly increases vulnerability to psychological distress, PTSD, operational errors, and long-term institutional burden. From a policy perspective, the study identifies a critical gap between scientific evidence and the existing regulatory framework governing military human resource management in Indonesia, where mental readiness has not yet been explicitly institutionalized as a formal indicator of operational readiness.This article argues that mental and psychosocial readiness must be repositioned from an individual health concern to a legally component of defense governance. Keywords : Conflict Zone, Defense Policy, Mental Readiness, Psychosocial
Co-Authors Achmad, Irdham Agus Winarna ahmad arifin Albubaroq, Hikmat Zakky Amanda, Brian Anantha Andhikatama Dalimunthe Andreas N, Djoko Anshori, Muhamad Rizky Anton Iman Santosa Arizza, Fikri Kamil Asmara, Johar Ayu Pertiwi Ayu Pertiwi Bambang Kustiawan Bangun P. Hutajulu Boedoyo, M. Sidik BUDI PRAMONO Cakrawati Sudjoko Chandra Kusumawardhani Chandra Kusumawardhani, Chandra Chika Lintang Cunayah, Cucun Danga, Cosmas Manukallo Deni Dadang Ahmad Rajab Deny Pradana Saputro Dolli Hutabarat, Harri Duha, Junindra Edy Sulistyadi F.Harsono, Cecilia Fajri Mulya, Hikmatul Febriani, Erna Feny Avisha Feny Avisha Gabriel Choirul Alman Gazali Salim Gusriandari, Wahyu Gusvita, Andrea Haetami, Haetami Haetami, Haetami Hanri Jan Piter Harefa, Faonaso HERLINA TARIGAN Herlina Tarigan Hermanto, Djamarel Hutabarat, Harri Dolli Hutagalung, Josua Irwanto, Bambang Isnaeniah, Risma Wati Ivan Yulivan Jihan Marha Juliana Juliana Juliana Juliana Juliana Juliana Julianus Pardede, Simon Junindra Duha Kartiningsih, Yuli Khotimah Nur KINARO, MAIJON Luhut Simbolon Lusiana Dwiyanti Mahroza, Jonni Mainunah Sambas Mardamsyah, Adam Muhtar Rifai Mujiyanto Mujiyanto Mujiyanto Mujiyanto Mulyani Mulyani Munawir Masly Pandoe, Ridha Mursidi Mursidi Murtiana , Sri Murtiana, Sri Nadia Indah Rosalina Nanang Yulian Navalino, R Djoko Andreas Nisa, Rizqa Ulya Fakhrun Nugroho Sasongko Jati, Nugroho Sasongko Nur Rizkasari, Azizah Nurcahyo Agung Pambudhi Octaviani, Melinda Oktasari, Erita Pandoe, Ridha Munawir Masly Panji Suwarno Pasaribu, Charles Perdana, Mahendra Yudha Prakoso, Lukman Yudho Pratama Maesza Prayogi Aprilianto Prihantoro, Kasih Pujo Andriana Purwanto, Ignatius Eko Djoko Purwantoro, Susilo Adi Putri HS Rheviany Rachmat Setiawibawa Ratih Rachma Kurnia Ratih Rachma Kurnia Ratih Rachma Kurnia Reo Prasetiyo Herpandika, Reo Prasetiyo Restu Putri Pamungkas Rhandu Inzany Ria Anggun Ariani Rianto M.Si.Par Rianto Rianto Riedho Dharmawan Rinaldi Rinaldi Rinaldi, M. Risma Wati Isnaeniah Rizqiah, Khairul Robby MT Rohmanu Royke Deksino, George RR. Ella Evrita Hestiandari Sa'bani, Shaghi Ratu Sahabuddin, Zaenal Abidin Sahabuddin, Zainal Abiddin Saleh, Basuki Rahmad Sambas, Maimunah Samingan, Muhamad Sani, Firman Sanjaya, Dhika Santoso, Totok Imam Sarjito, Aris Savira Ayu Arsita Seftiana, Ledy Shellie Paola Chelsie Sianipar, Leo Sianturi, Kristomei Simorangkir, Arnold Hiras Siti Rodiyah, Siti Sri Iswati Sri Murtiana Sri Murtiana Sri Murtiana Suadnyana, I Nyoman Sudjoko, Cakrawati Suhirwan, Suhirwan Sujana, Ahmad Sundari, Sri Supriyadi, Adang Asep Supriyadi, Asep Adang Susanto Susanto Susilo Adi Purwanto Sutanto Sutanto, S Sutrasna, Yudi Suwarno, Panji Suwito Suwito SUWITO SUWITO Suwito Suwito Syafril, Khairani Syaiful Rachman Syarif Hidayatullah Syarif, Jainuddin T. Edyansyah, T. Edyansyah Thamrin, Suyono Tika Maidasari Toni, Toni Tri Ambodo Ully Ngesti Pratiwi ULUL AZMI Ulul Azmi Ulya Fakhrun Nisa', Rizqa Wahyu Gusriandari Widjayanto, Joni Wijanarko, Trias Yaffid, Rienal Yoesgiantoro, Donny Yudhi Chandra Jaya Yudi Satrasna Yulianto Tri Yulingga Nanda Hanief