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Aktivitas Hepatoprotektor Ekstrak Metanol Akar Pasak Bumi dan Fraksi-Fraksi Turunannya Ruqiah Ganda Putri Panjaitan; Wasmen Manalu; Ekowati Handharyani; Chairul -
Jurnal Veteriner Vol 12 No 4 (2011)
Publisher : Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University and Published in collaboration with the Indonesia Veterinarian Association

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (190.722 KB)

Abstract

The hepatoprotector activity of pasak bumi (Eurycoma longifolia Jack.) roots was evaluated in carbontetrachloride (CCl4)-induced rats. Each rat was administered 500 mg/kg body weight of metanol extractand its derivates (n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol-water) for 7 consecutive days. Thepositive control group received 25 mg silymarin/kg body weight daily for 7 consecutive days. Hepatoprotectoractivity was assessed by measuring serum alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase(AST). Futhermore, hepatic tissues were subjected to histopathological studies. The results and AST(272.33±85.63 U/L) compared to methanol extract (380.61±324.88 U/L and 475.27±412.31 U/L), n-hexanefraction (279.80±304.92 U/L and 488.53±426.81 U/L), chloroform fraction (418.30±294.80 U/L and427.70±273.08 U/L), and ethyl acetate fraction (312.80±443.30 U/L and 418.40±370.52 U/L), but thisresult was not as good as silymarin (ALT 105.09±21.62 U/L and AST 310.25±2.45 U/L). Moreover, thehistopathological studies of methanol-water fraction was also not as good as silymarin . It was concludedthat methanol-water fraction of pasak bumi roots has a hepatoprotector potensial.
STUDI HISTOPATOLOGI PADA LIMPA DAN BURSA FABRICIOUS AYAM NEWCASTLE DISEASE DARI KASUS LAPANG HISTOPATHOLOGY (STUDIES ON SPLEEN AND BURSA OF FABRICIUS OF NEWCASTLE DISEASE CHICKHENS FROM FIELD CASE) Etriwati Etriwati; Ekowati Handharyani; Surachmi Setiyaningsih
Jurnal Veteriner Vol 18 No 4 (2017)
Publisher : Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University and Published in collaboration with the Indonesia Veterinarian Association

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (145.822 KB) | DOI: 10.19087/jveteriner.2017.18.4.510

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Newcastle Disease is a highly contagious and very virulent avian disease in all of poultry. The aims of this study were to determine the lesions and distribution of Newcastle disease virus on spleen and bursa of Fabricous of Newcastle disease chickhens from field cases. The sample used in this study were the spleen and bursa Fabricious organ of ten cases of suspect Newcastle disease. Haematoxylin and eosin staining examination was performed determine of cell morphology and distribution of the virus by immunohistochemical staining. The distribution of the lesions and the degree of reaction were determined by the category immunopositive mild, moderate and severe. Gross lesion on spleen, including swollen, fragile and necrotic multifocal. Histopathological lesions showed hyperemia/congestion and depletion of lymphoid cells. Immunopositive reaction found in lymphoid cells of red pulp and lymphoid cells in lymphoid follicles. Bursa of Fabricious showed atrophy and hyperemia/congestion with histopatological lesions hemorrhages, lymphoid cells in lymphoid follicles undergo necrosis and depletion of lymphoid follicles. Immunopositif reaction was observed in lymphoid cells in the mantle zone of lymphoid follicles. Newcastle disease from field cases cause damage to the spleen and bursa of Fabricius with degrees lesions and virus distribution in the organs are severe.
Blood Profile of Domestic Cat (Felix catus) During Skin Graft Recovery with Different Period (PROFIL DARAH KUCING LOKAL SELAMA KESEMBUHAN AUTO-SKIN GRAFT DENGAN WAKTU YANG BERBEDA) Erwin Erwin; Gunanti Gunanti; Ekowati Handharyani; Deni Noviana
Jurnal Veteriner Vol 18 No 1 (2017)
Publisher : Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University and Published in collaboration with the Indonesia Veterinarian Association

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (214.134 KB) | DOI: 10.19087/jveteriner.2017.18.1.31

Abstract

The aim of this research is to observe blood profile of domestic cats which includes red blood cell, white blood cell, haemoglobin, haematocrit, and trombocyte during skin graft recovery period via autograft. A total of nine male domestic cats (Felis catus) aged 1-2 years weighting 3-4 kg were separated into three treatment groups. Hair shaving and disinfectant application were done on lateral area of front leg, and then 2x2 cm incision was made. The wound was wrapped by sterile gauze dampened by poviderm iodine and left for different period of days per treatment group; where Group I (two days), Group II (four days), and Group III (six days). Transplantation was done by taking the skin on thorax area and placing it on the recipient after first cleaning subcutaneous tissue from the skin surface of donor’s wound and the base of recipient’s wound. Blood sample was taken from vena cephalica antebrachii anterior on day 0 before skin graft, on day three, six, nine, 12, and 18 after skin graft. Based on the result, significant difference waso bserved from red blood cell count, white blood cell count, haemoglobin count, and hematocrit, whereas trombocyte count did not show any significant difference between treatment groups. The cats on Group II and Group III were systemic good condition compared to Group I. ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan melihat profil darah kucing lokal, meliputi sel darah merah, sel darah putih, hemoglobin, hematokrit, dan trombosit selama kesembuhan tranplantasi kulit secara autograft. Sebanyak sembilan ekor kucing lokal (Felix catus) jantan umur 1-2 tahun dengan bobot badan 3-4 kg dibagi menjadi tiga kelompok perlakuan. Pada kucing tersebut dilakukan pencukuran rambut dan desinfeksi pada area kaki depan sisi lateral, selanjutnya dibuat luka sayat/incisi 2x2 cm. Luka dibalut dengan kasa steril yang dibasahi povidone iodine dan dibiarkan selama beberapa hari. Kucing dengan sayatan yang dibiarkan tersebut dikelompokkan menjadi kelompok I (dua hari), kelompok II (empat hari), dan kelompok III (enam hari). Transplantasi dilakukan dengan mengambil kulit dari area thorak dan ditempatkan pada resipien dengan terlebih dahulu permukaan luka kulit donor dan dasar luka resipien dibersihkan dari jaringan subkutis. Pengambilan sampel darah dilakukan melalui vena cephalica antebrachii anterior pada hari ke-0, 3, 6, 9, 12, dan 18. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian terjadi perbedaan yang signifikan (P<0,05) terhadap jumlah sel darah merah, sel darah putih, hemoglobin, dan hematokrit, sedangkan jumlah trombosit tidak menunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan (P>0,05) di antara kelompok perlakuan. Kondisi sistemik tubuh kucing kelompok II dan III lebih baik dibandingan kelompok I.
Efek Durasi Waktu Ekstraksi dan Fraksinasi terhadap Aktivitas Antioksidan Daun Bakau Api-Api Putih (Avicennia marina) Safrina Dyah Hardiningtyas; Sri Purwaningsih; Ekowati Handharyani
Jurnal Pascapanen dan Bioteknologi Kelautan dan Perikanan Vol 15, No 2 (2020): Desember 2020
Publisher : Balai Besar Riset Pengolahan Produk dan Bioteknologi Kelautan dan Perikanan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15578/jpbkp.v15i2.604

Abstract

Api-api putih (Avicennia marina) merupakan salah satu jenis bakau yang melimpah di Indonesia dan dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai sumber antioksidan alami. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan pengaruh waktu ekstraksi dan fraksinasi daun A. marina terhadap aktivitas antioksidannya. Serbuk daun A. marina dimaserasi dengan pelarut etil asetat pada durasi waktu ekstraksi selama 1, 2, 3, dan 4 hari. Sementara itu, fraksinasi ekstrak etil asetat dilakukan dengan kolom kromatografi secara isokratik. Aktivitas antioksidan dari ekstrak kasar dan fraksi-fraksi dianalisis dengan metode DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl). Hasil analisis menunjukkan perlakuan selama satu hari merupakan durasi waktu ekstraksi terbaik untuk mendapatkan rendemen ekstrak (1,65±0,01 %) dengan aktivitas antioksidan tertinggi (IC50 186,67±2,82 ppm). Eluen pengembang terbaik untuk fraksinasi ekstrak etil asetat adalah campuran eluen etil asetat: n-heksana (3:7), yang menghasilkan delapan fraksi. Namun, fraksinasi menurunkan aktivitas antioksidan pada fraksi-fraksi, dibandingkan dengan ekstraknya. Hal ini diduga disebabkan oleh efek sinergis antar senyawa dalam ekstrak. Penelitian lebih lanjut dapat dilakukan untuk isolasi senyawa aktif yang terdapat ekstrak etil asetat daun bakau A. marina. ABSTRACTGrey mangrove (Avicenia marina) is one of the abundant types of mangrove in Indonesia, which can be used as a natural antioxidant source. This study aimed to determine the effect of extraction duration and fractionation on the antioxidant activity of A. Marina leaves. A. marina leaves powder was macerated by ethyl acetate solvent for 1, 2, 3, and 4 days. Meanwhile, fractionation was carried out using column chromatography with an isocratic method. The antioxidant activity of crude extracts and fractions was analyzed by DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) method. The result showed that one-day treatment was the optimum extraction duration to obtain the extract’s yield (1.65±0.01%) with the highest antioxidant activity (IC50 186.67±2.82 ppm). The best eluent in fractionation was a mixture of ethyl acetate: n-hexane (3:7) eluents, which produced eight fractions. However, fractionation reduced the antioxidant activity of fractions, compared to the crude extract. This might have happened because of the synergistic effect among compounds in the extract. Further research can be carried out to isolate the active compounds in the A. marina leaves extract.
STUDI GAMBARAN HISTOPATOLOGI OTAK MENCIT PASCA PEMBERIAN FRAKSI DAUN BINAHONG (Basella alba) SEBAGAI NEUROPROTEKTAN Eflisa Endah Putri; Yuni Andriani; Lili Andriani; Ekowati Handharyani
Jurnal Farmamedika (Pharmamedika Journal) Vol 5 No 2 (2020): Jurnal Farmamedika (Pharmamedica Journal)
Publisher : Sekolah Tinggi Teknologi Industri dan Farmasi Bogor

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47219/ath.v5i2.94

Abstract

Demensia merupakan penyakit degenerative yang disebabkan proses degenerasi otak dengan gejala hilang ingatan, kesulitan bahasa dan kurangnya kemampuan dalam pemecahan masalah. Sel otak yang mengalami degenarasi otak akan mengalami kerusakan sel saraf yang diinduksi oleh diazepam dengan dosis tinggi. Kerusakan tersebut dapat dicegah oleh daun binahong (Basella alba) yang mengandung neuroprotektan yang dapat berperan sebagai perlindungan otak dari neurotoksik.Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui efek neuroprotektan yang terdapat pada fraksi daun binahong (Basella alba) yang dapat dilihat berdasarkan gambaran histopatologi otak mencit jantan yang diinduksi diazepam pada bagian hipokampus otak. Metode ini bersifat preventif dan pada Penelitian ini menggunakan 25 ekor mencit yang terdiri dari 5 kelompok perlakuan yaitu K(-) diberi diazepam injeksi 0,15 ml secara intraperitoneal, K(+) diberi piracetam 800 mg/kgBB secara oral, P1 diberi fraksi n-heksana 500 mg/KgBB secara oral, P2 diberi fraksi etil asetat 500 mg/KgBB secara oral dan P3 diberi fraksi n-butanol 500 mg/KgBB secara oral. Hasil penelitian ini didapatkan rerata jumlah nekrosis neuron yang didapatkan dari hasil gambaran histopatologi otak mencit antara lain K(-) 0.061; K(+) 0.028; P1 0.044; P2 0.025; dan P3 0.044.kemudian setelah data terkumpul dari masing-masing kelompok perlakuan dilanjutkan dengan dilakukan uji statistik dengan uji One-Way ANOVA. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini ialah terdapat pengaruh pemberian fraksi daun binahong (Basella alba) terhadap gambaran histopatologi otak mencit jantan yang diinduksi diazepam. Berdasarkan fraksi daun binahong yang digunakan didapatkan hasil bahwa fraksi etil asetat yang berpotensi sebagai neuroprotektan, Jadi fraksi daun binahong berpotensi sebagai neuroprotektan.
Essential Oil and Ethanolic Extract of Curcuma Inhibits Mammae Tumors in Rats Induction by DMBA Akhmad Endang Zainal Hasan; Ekowati Handharyani; Sri Wahyuni
Jurnal Pharmascience Vol 9, No 1 (2022): Jurnal Pharmascience
Publisher : Program Studi Farmasi FMIPA Universitas Lambung Mangkurat

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20527/jps.v9i1.13215

Abstract

Curcuminoids and xanthorizol are active components that may act as anticancer in the rhizome of Curcuma xanthorrhiza. The purpose of this study was to determine the content of the class of compounds in curcuma extract and essential oil using the phytochemical screening test method, the Folin-Ciocalteu method to determine the total phenolic content and the AlCl3 method for the total fentuconoid content. In addition, the activity of curcuma in inhibiting the influence of DMBA on the growth of breast cancer in rats was determined. Curcuma extract used is the result of extraction using 70% ethanol on an industrial scale. Total phenolic content and flavonoid extract of curcuma were determined by spectrophotometer. Inhibition testing of tumors formed due to DMBA induction was carried out by administering temulawak extract at doses of 35, 70, 140, 210 and 280 mg/kg body weight. Based on the phytochemical analysis, the ethanol extract of curcuma contained terpenoids, alkaloids, phenolic compounds and flavonoids. The results of the analysis of the ethanol extract of curcuma contained total phenols and flavonoids with concentrations of 42.96 mg GAE/g and 3.96 mg QE/g, respectively. The group that was given curcuma extract as the control group (p<0.05) had a significant difference. Based on the Mann-Whitney analysis, the third group with a dose of 140 mg/kg BW had the highest effect on tumor inhibition. The hope is that the development of curcuma extract into a standardized herbal medicine so that it can be used for the treatment of breast cancer can use the results of this research.
Mammalian Contribution to Transmission of Schistosoma japonicum Infection in West Lore, Poso, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia Novericko Ginger Budiono; Fadjar Satrija; Yusuf Ridwan; Ekowati Handharyani; Sri Murtini; Opyn Mananta
Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan Veteriner Vol 27, No 3 (2022): September 2022
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development (ICARD)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14334/jitv.v27i3.3026

Abstract

Studies on the role of domestic animals in the transmission of schistosomiasis japonica in the West Lore Sub-district, Poso District, are still limited despite its importance as zoonosis. This study used a cross-sectional design to determine schistosomiasis prevalence in domestic mammals and identify the relative contribution of each mammalian species’ schistosomiasis transmission in the West Lore Sub-District. Fecal samples were obtained from 209 animals (seven buffaloes, 70 dogs, 44 cattle, 86 pigs, and two horses). The Danish Bilharziasis Laboratory technique was used to detect both the occurrence of S. japonicum egg in feces and the intensity of schistosomiasis infection. The examination of 1852 human fecal samples using the Kato-Katz method was carried out by the Laboratory of Schistosomiasis Lengkeka. The measurement of environmental pollution with S. japonicum eggs and the relative contribution of each species in the transmission was performed. The highest prevalence of S. japonicum infection in animals was in horses (100%; 2/2), cattle (54.55%; 24/44), and pigs (51.16%; 44/86). The prevalence in buffaloes and dogs was 28.57% (2/7) and 32.86% (23/70). Cattle (69.74%) were the main contributors to S. japonicum eggs contamination in the environment, followed by pigs (21.95%) and buffaloes (4.71%). This study reported a high prevalence of schistosomiasis in animals (45.46%), while low human schistosomiasis prevalence (0.59%).
Pengaruh Pemberian Ekstrak Etanol Keong Matah Merah (Cerithidea obstusa) Terhadap Kadar Enzim Transaminase Tikus Putih (Rattus novergicus) Dewi Ulfa Trisdiani; Sri Purwaningsih; Ekowati Handharyani
Jurnal Pascapanen dan Bioteknologi Kelautan dan Perikanan Vol 17, No 2 (2022): Desember 2022
Publisher : Balai Besar Riset Pengolahan Produk dan Bioteknologi Kelautan dan Perikanan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15578/jpbkp.v17i2.853

Abstract

Keong matah merah (Cerithidea obtusa) terbukti memiliki potensi farmakologis sebagai obat. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis kadar enzim transaminase, yaitu serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) dan serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) pada serum tikus putih (Rattus novergicus) jantan galur Sprague Dawley yang diberi ekstrak etanol daging keong matah merah (C. obtusa) selama 28 hari. Kadar SGOT dan SGPT yang mengalami peningkatan secara bersamaan dapat menjadi indikator kerusakan hati. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan daging mentah segar keong matah merah (C. obtusa) mempunyai kadar air, protein, lemak, dan abu berturut-turut sebesar 74,22%; 11,99%; 0,63%, dan 8,40%. Ekstrak etanol daging mentah segar keong matah merah memiliki rendemen sebesar 3,41%. Penelitian ini menggunakan 24 ekor tikus putih jantan, yang dibagi secara acak menjadi 4 kelompok dan mendapatkan perlakuan yang berbeda selama 28 hari. Kelompok 1 (kontrol) beri akuades 2 ml/hari, kelompok 2 beri metotreksat 0,125 mg/kg BB/dua hari , kelompok 3 dan 4 diberi ekstrak etanol daging keong matah merah berturut-turut dengan dosis 100 dan 200 mg/kg BB/hari. Pengambilan sampel serum darah dilakukan pada hari ke-29 secara intrakardiak, kemudian dilakukan analisis kadar SGOT dan SGPT. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol daging keong matah merah dengan dosis 100 dan 200 mg/kg BB/hari secara signifikan menurunkan kadar SGOT dan SGPT pada serum tikus putih jantan. KATA KUNCI: ABSTRACT The red eyed snail (Cerithidea obtusa) has been shown to have pharmacological potential as a drug. This study aimed to anal,yze the levels of transaminase enzymes, namely serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) and serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) in the serum of male white rats (Rattus novergicus) Sprague Dawley strain given ethanol extract of red eye snail meat (C. obtusa) for 28 days. Levels of SGOT and SGPT which increase simultaneously can be an indicator of liver damage. The results showed that fresh raw meat of red eyed snail (Cerithidea obtusa) had water, protein, fat and ash content respectively of 74.22%; 11.99%; 0.63%, and 8.40%. Ethanol extract of fresh raw meat of red eyed snail has a yield of 3.41%. This study used 24 male white rats which were randomly grouped into 4 groups and received different treatments for 28 days. Group 1 (control) was given a 2 ml of distilled water/day, group 2 was treated with methotrexate 0.125 mg/kg BW/two days, while groups 3 and 4 were fed with ethanol extract of red eye snail meat of 100 and 200 mg/kg BW/day respectively. Blood serum samples were taken by intracardiac method on the 29th day and then analyzed for SGOT and SGPT levels. The results showed that the red eye snail meat ethanol extract with doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg BW/day was significantly able to reduce SGOT and SGPT levels in male white rats serum.
Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) as proinflammatory cytokines in traumatic brain injury (TBI) of rat (Sprague-Dawley) : A study of propofol administration Riyadh Firdaus; Franciscus Dhyana Giri Suyatna; Aida Rosita Tantri; Yetty Ramli; Ekowati Handharyani; Arni Diana Fitri
Journal of Global Pharma Technology Volume 12 Issue 11 (2020) Nov. 2020
Publisher : Journal of Global Pharma Technology

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (756.843 KB)

Abstract

The increase in the prevalence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) followed by increased morbidity and mortality challenges anesthetists to perform the treatment patients with TBI. Menwhile, interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) are the first pro-inflammatory markers expressed after secondary injury occurs. In addition, propofol (2,6-disopropylphenol) is a short-acting intravenous agent that reported to play role in inflammatory process. This study aims to determine the effects of propofol administration on the neuroinflammatory pathway. Thirty adult female Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned as TBI rats (T), rats that received propofol infusion (P), or TBI rats that received propofol infusion (TP). The rat model of TBI was developed using the Marmarou Weight Drop method. Clinical assessment was performed using the Neurobehavioral Severity Score-Revised (NSS-R). Brain tissues were taken 24 h after TBI and the levels of interleukin-1 (IL-1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) mRNA expression levels were examined using qRT-PCR, while the concentration were examined using ELISA and immunohistochemistry. On clinical examination, a decrease in the median value of NSS-R in the TP group was found from 30th minute to 120th minute. 24 hours after the occurrence of TBI, there was a decrease in both the TP and T groups. However, the NSS-R values in the TP group were lower than those in the T group. The expression of IL-1β was found in the nuclei and cytosol, while IL-6 was found in the axons and cytosol. The expression and concentration of IL-1β and IL-6 were the highest in the TP group, followed by the P and then the T group. Propofol can improve neurological function in rats with TBI, probably through the mechanism involves neuroinflammatory pathways, particularly IL-1β and IL-6.
The Kejadian Pertama Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease Berdasarkan Studi Seroprevalensi di Provinsi Jawa Barat, Indonesia Retno Setyaningsih; I Wayan Teguh Wibawan; Surachmi Setiyaningsih; Ekowati Handharyani; Sri Murtini; Ahmad Biharidin
Jurnal Veteriner Vol 23 No 3 (2022)
Publisher : Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University and Published in collaboration with the Indonesia Veterinarian Association

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.19087/jveteriner.2022.23.3.409

Abstract

Rabbit Haemmorhagic Disease (RHD) is one of viral diseases in rabbits that is still exotic in Indonesia. The RHD disease is caused by the Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease Virus (RHDV) which is a calicivirus of the genus Lagovirus, Caliciviridae family. The high genetic variation of the RHDV and the rapid spread have the potential to disrupt rabbit farm (rabbittery) production and trade activities, especially rabbit exports, which require clarity on the status and situation of RHD disease in rabbits in Indonesia. A case of suspected RHD in Indonesia was first detected in the Philippines where rabbits exported from Indonesia were detected to be seropositive to RHD which resulted in rabbit export activities to the country was stopped. There is no data on the presence of RHD disease in rabbits in Indonesia, so the seroprevalence study is useful to provide preliminary information on the presence of this disease in Indonesia. This study was conducted on 163 rabbits samples raised in the Lembang area, Bandung, West Java, which is known as the largest rabbit farming center in Indonesia. Rabbit samples were taken at rabbit farms spread across seven villages namely Lembang, Pagerwangi, Cikahuripan, Cikole, Sukajaya, Gudangkahuripan and Jambudipa. The rabbits serum samples obtained were tested using the Indirect Enzym Linked Immunosorbant Assay (ELISA) method to determine the titer of antibodies against RHD. Based on the results of the analysis, it is known that 120 out of 163 rabbit serum samples showed positive antibody titers against RHD. The presence of antibody titers in rabbits on such farms can be preliminary information to be able to carry out further studies.
Co-Authors ., Chairul A Winarto Adi Winanto Adi Winarto Afiff , Usamah Agus Buono Agus Setiyono Ahmad Biharidin Ahmad Sulaeman Akhmad Endang Zainal Hasan Aldo Yanuar Wuriyantara Armenia Eka Putriana Arni Diana Fitri Aulia Andi Mustika Aziz Kustiyo Bambang Kiranadi Bambang Sumiarto Bambang Widyo Prastowo BIBIANA W LAY Budiono, Novericko Ginger Chairul - Chairul Chairul Clara Meliyanti Kusharto Deni Noviana Denny Widaya Lukman Dewa, Wisnu Jaka DEWI APRI ASTUTI Dewi Ratih Agungpriyono Dewi Ulfa Trisdiani Dhany Nugraha Ramdhany Dondin Sajuthi Dwi Santy Damayati Dwi Utari Rahmiati Eflisa Endah Putri Elly Munadziroh Eny Palupi Erni Sulistiawati Erwin Erwin Etriwati E Evy Damayanthi Fadjar Satrija Fajar Kawitan Firmansyah, Hardi Fitri Ariyani Fitri, Arni Diana Franciscus Dhyana Giri Suyatna Geneva Ariesta Giriwono, Puspo E. Gunanti . Hadi Riyadi Handayu Untari Hapsari Mahatmi Hardi Firmansyah HERA MAHESHWARI Hernomoadi . Hernomoadi Hernomoadi Herwin Pisestyani Hidayah Dwiyanti Huda Shalahudin Darusman I wayan Teguh Wibawan Ikeu Ekayanti Irma Herawati Suparto K Ochiai Karsi Ambarwati Katrin Roosita KHOIRIYAH, ROMYUN ALVY Kiranadi Bambang Komariah Komariah Komariah Lili Andriani Lina Noviyanti Sutardi M.B. Malole . MARIA BINTANG Masdiana C. Padaga Masriani . Nabilah, Avida Shahnaz Nasution, Zuraidah Ni Luh Putu Ika Mayasari Nisrina Rosyida Noor Rifai Novera Nirmalasanti Nugraha, Arifin Budiman Nugroho, Setyo Widi Octarina Okti Nadia Poetri Olga Purnama Bakti Opyn Mananta Perdhana, Ika Satya Putra Wijaya, Erlangga Putri Puncak Anjani R. Susanti Rahayu WoroWiranti Retno Damajanti Soejoedono Retno Damayanti Soejoedono Retno Setyaningsih Retno Setyaningsih Rimbawan , Rimbawan Rimbawan Risti Rosmiati Riyadh Firdaus Rizal M Damanik, Rizal M Ruqiah Ganda Putri Panjaitan safrina dyah hardiningtyas Sangko Sayuti Nasution Sangko Sayuti Nasution, Sangko SEDARNAWATI YASNI SILMI MARIYA Sophia Setyawati Sri Anna Marliyati sri murtini . Sri Purwaningsih Sri Rahmatul Laila Sri Wahyuni Suhendi, Adnan Rizal Surachmi Setiyaningsih Tanjung Penataseputro Tantri, Aida Rosita Trini Suryowati, Trini Umi Cahyaningsih Wasmen Manalu Wibowo, Artdhea Regita Wiwin Winarsih Yetty Ramli Yuli Purwandari Kristiangingrum Yuni Andriani Yusuf Ridwan Zulfa Zakiah