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Peran Lembaga Internasional dalam Menegakkan Hukum Humaniter: Studi Atas Upaya PBB dan Palang Merah Internasional dalam Konflik Bersenjata Sudrajat, Mochamad Andri Wahyu; Johor, Wan Saiful Bahari Bin Wan; Susilo, Tarsisius; Yadi, Rahman; Prasetyo, Joko
Innovative: Journal Of Social Science Research Vol. 5 No. 4 (2025): Innovative: Journal Of Social Science Research
Publisher : Universitas Pahlawan Tuanku Tambusai

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31004/innovative.v5i4.19158

Abstract

Armed conflicts that continue to occur in various parts of the world have caused immense suffering to civilian populations, thereby demanding the enforcement of International Humanitarian Law (IHL) as a legal framework to protect victims of war. In this context, the role of international institutions becomes crucial, particularly the United Nations (UN) and the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), which possess distinct yet complementary mandates and mechanisms. This study aims to thoroughly analyze the contributions and challenges faced by both institutions in upholding international humanitarian law. The research employs a library research method with a qualitative-descriptive approach, based on official documents, academic journals, reports from international organizations, and theoretical analyses related to humanitarian law. The findings reveal that the UN plays a normative, political, and security role through peacekeeping missions, Security Council resolutions, and support for international tribunals. Meanwhile, the ICRC contributes operationally by providing direct humanitarian assistance, maintaining neutral advocacy, and promoting humanitarian law education. The collaboration between both institutions proves essential in ensuring civilian protection, although it is not without challenges such as politicization, field access constraints, and conflicts of interest among international actors. Effective institutional synergy, reformed coordination mechanisms, and adaptation to the evolving nature of contemporary conflicts are critical for enhancing the future effectiveness of humanitarian law enforcement.
Pengaruh Perang Dunia I dan II Terhadap Pembentukan Hukum Humaniter Modern Aryaka, Marvien; Wibowo, Imam; Susilo, Tarsisius; Apandi, M. Asep; Dhani, Sidik
Jurnal Locus Penelitian dan Pengabdian Vol. 4 No. 8 (2025): JURNAL LOCUS: Penelitian dan Pengabdian
Publisher : Riviera Publishing

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58344/locus.v4i8.4202

Abstract

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh Perang Dunia I dan II terhadap pembentukan hukum humaniter modern serta menilai relevansi dan efektivitas hukum tersebut dalam konteks konflik bersenjata kontemporer. Metode yang digunakan meliputi kajian literatur komprehensif terhadap dokumen sejarah, instrumen hukum internasional, serta teori-teori hukum humaniter dan hubungan internasional. Selain itu, analisis kebijakan dilakukan untuk memahami dinamika perubahan paradigma hukum humaniter pasca perang dunia. Pendekatan teoretis yang digunakan mengacu pada teori legalisme moral, konstruktivisme normatif, dan sistem hukum internasional untuk membingkai pembahasan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pelanggaran hukum humaniter selama Perang Dunia I dan II menjadi pemicu utama reformasi hukum internasional yang menekankan perlindungan korban perang dan pembatasan metode berperang. Hukum humaniter modern yang terbentuk berdasarkan prinsip keadilan moral dan norma kolektif internasional tetap relevan dalam mengatur konflik kontemporer meskipun menghadapi berbagai tantangan baru, termasuk konflik asimetris dan teknologi perang mutakhir. Penegakan hukum dan penguatan mekanisme akuntabilitas menjadi kunci efektivitas hukum humaniter saat ini. Penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa pengalaman sejarah kedua perang dunia merupakan landasan penting dalam pengembangan hukum humaniter yang harus terus diperbarui dan diadaptasi agar mampu menjaga nilai-nilai kemanusiaan di tengah kompleksitas konflik modern.
Pengaruh Kepemimpinan Transformasional Terhadap Mobilisasi Sumber Daya Nasional dalam Rancang Bangun Doktrin Pertahanan Indonesia 2045 Wiyono, Sidik; Syakur, Nanang Mahfudi; Susilo, Tarsisius; Zega, Muhammad Taufiq; Purwanto, Dudik
Community Engagement and Emergence Journal (CEEJ) Vol. 6 No. 5 (2025): Community Engagement & Emergence Journal (CEEJ)
Publisher : Yayasan Riset dan Pengembangan Intelektual

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37385/ceej.v6i5.9205

Abstract

Kepemimpinan transformasional dipandang sebagai model kepemimpinan strategis yang relevan dalam menjawab tantangan geopolitik dan geostrategi global yang semakin kompleks dan multidomain. Dalam konteks Indonesia, model kepemimpinan ini memiliki peran penting dalam mengonsolidasikan serta memobilisasi sumber daya nasional baik sumber daya manusia (SDM) maupun sumber daya alam (SDA) guna mendukung rancang bangun doktrin pertahanan yang adaptif menuju Indonesia Emas 2045. Kajian ini berangkat dari kenyataan bahwa penelitian terdahulu lebih banyak menekankan aspek deskriptif gaya kepemimpinan global tanpa menjembatani kebutuhan operasional doktrin pertahanan nasional, sehingga memunculkan kesenjangan penelitian. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis pengaruh kepemimpinan transformasional terhadap mobilisasi sumber daya nasional dalam rangka membentuk doktrin pertahanan masa depan. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif dengan metode studi literatur, analisis kebijakan, dan wawancara pakar bila memungkinkan. Analisis dilakukan dengan memanfaatkan teori kepemimpinan transformasional (Burns, Bass), kepemimpinan adaptif (Heifetz), serta konsep kepemimpinan strategis militer. Fokus kajian diarahkan pada bagaimana karakteristik kepemimpinan transformasional visi strategis, motivasi inspirasional, stimulasi intelektual, dan pertimbangan individual dapat memperkuat konsolidasi SDM, SDA, teknologi, dan diplomasi pertahanan. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa kepemimpinan transformasional mampu mendorong sinergi lintas sektor, mempercepat pembangunan teknologi pertahanan, dan meningkatkan kapasitas mobilisasi nasional secara terpadu. Dengan demikian, kepemimpinan transformasional bukan hanya faktor pendukung, tetapi juga instrumen kunci dalam merancang doktrin pertahanan Indonesia yang adaptif, berkarakter, serta berorientasi pada tantangan global menuju 2045.
Model Kepemimpinan Strategik dan Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Nasional Untuk Pertahanan Adaptif Indonesia Emas 2045 Nijo, Jamet; Lubis, Zulhamidi; Susilo, Tarsisius; Supriyo, Sarwo; Risandi, Anton Bimo
Syntax Literate Jurnal Ilmiah Indonesia
Publisher : Syntax Corporation

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36418/syntax-literate.v10i10.61748

Abstract

This article analyzes the model of strategic leadership and national resource management as the foundation for Indonesia’s adaptive defense toward Golden Indonesia 2045. The study is based on global dynamics marked by geopolitical rivalries, technological progress, and multidimensional threats that demand visionary and integrative leadership. A qualitative-descriptive method was employed, combining literature review, policy analysis, and comparative international case studies, with data drawn from books, academic journals, official defense documents, and expert interviews. SWOT analysis reveals Indonesia’s strengths in ideology, geostrategy, and social legitimacy, yet highlights weaknesses in defense modernization, foreign technology dependence, and limited cross-sectoral coordination. Strategic opportunities lie in the Golden Indonesia 2045 vision, digital transformation, and international cooperation, while external threats include great-power rivalries, cyberattacks, grey-zone competition, and global supply chain disruptions.The study concludes that Indonesia’s strategic leadership must be transformational, adaptive, and integrative. Recommendations focus on building an independent defense industry, strengthening human resources, and advancing digital defense. With consistent implementation, this model can enhance adaptive defense and contribute significantly to achieving Golden Indonesia 2045.
Strategi Indonesia Menghadapi Rivalitas Global Melalui Reformulasi Doktrin Pertahanan Berbasis Asta Cita Atmoko, Andriyan Wahyu Dwi; Bawanto, Arief Tri; Susilo, Tarsisius; Basuki, Tedy; Nugroho, Ig. Widi
Syntax Literate Jurnal Ilmiah Indonesia
Publisher : Syntax Corporation

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36418/syntax-literate.v10i10.61750

Abstract

The rivalry between the United States, China, and Russia in the Indo-Pacific region increasingly underscores the global geopolitical shift toward competition over strategic resources, trade routes, and technological supremacy. The leadership models of these three major actors exhibit distinct characteristics: the America First doctrine emphasizing defense-industry protectionism, China’s technocratic model of technology-driven national mobilization, and Russia’s use of energy sovereignty as a geopolitical instrument. These leadership dynamics not only reshape the regional security architecture but also generate multidomain threats with direct implications for Indonesia’s national interests This study employs a qualitative-descriptive approach, framed by the theories of transformational leadership (Burns & Bass), adaptive leadership (Heifetz), and strategic military leadership. To map Indonesia’s objective conditions, a SWOT analysis is applied to identify strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats in the formulation of the national defense doctrine. The findings reveal that Indonesia possesses notable advantages, including its geostrategic position, the warrior ethos of the TNI, and opportunities for regional cooperation. However, significant challenges remain, such as technological limitations and dependence on external defense industries. The study’s key recommendation is the necessity of re-charting Indonesia’s defense doctrine based on Asta Cita principles in an integrative manner: prioritizing defense-industry self-reliance, strengthening defense diplomacy, capitalizing on the demographic dividend, and consolidating maritime superiority. In doing so, Indonesia will not only be able to anticipate global rivalries but also reinforce the foundations of an adaptive defense posture in pursuit of the Indonesia Emas 2045 vision.
Asta Cita Pertahanan Indonesia Dan Dinamika Kepemimpinan Strategis Dalam Geopolitik Indo Pasifik Solikhin, Solikhin; Widodo, Eko Slamet; Susilo, Tarsisius; Yadi, Rahman; Golkariansyah, Golkariansyah
Syntax Literate Jurnal Ilmiah Indonesia
Publisher : Syntax Corporation

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36418/syntax-literate.v10i10.61769

Abstract

Kajian ini menganalisis dinamika geopolitik Indo-Pasifik yang semakin dipengaruhi oleh rivalitas Amerika Serikat, Tiongkok, dan Rusia dalam perebutan sumber daya strategis, jalur perdagangan, serta dominasi politik kawasan. Indonesia, sebagai negara kepulauan terbesar dengan posisi geostrategis pada Sea Lines of Communication (SLOC), menghadapi tantangan sekaligus peluang dalam mengamankan kepentingan nasional. Melalui kerangka Asta Cita Pertahanan, yang menekankan delapan prioritas strategis termasuk modernisasi alutsista, penguatan industri pertahanan, dan diplomasi pertahanan aktif, penelitian ini menelaah bagaimana Indonesia dapat memanfaatkan kekuatan internal untuk merebut peluang eksternal. Metode penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif dengan analisis SWOT yang menunjukkan posisi Indonesia pada Kuadran I (Strength–Opportunity). Hasil penelitian mengungkap bahwa keunggulan geostrategis, doktrin Sishankamrata, dan potensi sumber daya alam dapat dijadikan basis untuk memperkuat postur pertahanan nasional serta meningkatkan kepemimpinan Indonesia di kawasan. Namun demikian, keterbatasan modernisasi alutsista, ketergantungan teknologi luar negeri, dan lemahnya koordinasi lintas-sektor tetap menjadi hambatan. Kesimpulan penelitian ini menegaskan perlunya kepemimpinan strategis yang proaktif, adaptif, dan visioner guna memastikan bahwa Asta Cita Pertahanan tidak hanya menjadi doktrin normatif, tetapi juga instrumen operasional menuju Indonesia Emas 2045.
ALI KHAMENEI DAN KETAHANAN IDEOLOGIS IRAN: KEPEMIMPINAN SPIRITUAL-MILITER DALAM MENGELOLA SUMBER DAYA UNTUK RESISTENSI NASIONAL Sitompul, Ely Asyer; Ibrohim, Nur Rochmad; Susilo, Tarsisius; Saroso, Budi; Limbong, Beny Leonard
HUMANITIS: Jurnal Homaniora, Sosial dan Bisnis Vol. 3 No. 7 (2025)
Publisher : ADISAM PUBLISHER

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Abstract

Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, as Iran’s Supreme Leader, combines spiritual authority with military influence in his leadership. Under Khamenei, Iran faces severe international sanctions and global pressure, yet has endured through strong ideological resilience. This paper analyzes how integrating ideology (values of the Islamic Revolution and Shi’ism) with Iran’s self-reliant defense strategies (such as the resistance economy and domestic military development) has been key to national resistance. Khamenei launched the “Resistance Economy” concept emphasizing self-sufficiency and diversification  for example, achieving fuel independence by building domestic refineries, bolstering food security, and developing defense technology (local drones and ballistic missiles) Khamenei’s spiritual-military leadership –legitimized by the principle of Wilayat al-Faqih  enables him to guide the people ideologically while also controlling military strategy, as seen when he issued a fatwa banning nuclear weapons yet still pushed for strengthened civilian nuclear capacity. In comparison, Indonesia’s defense is guided by the Pancasila ideology and the 1945 patriotic values. This study compares Iran’s principle of ideological resilience with that of Indonesia, which, although different (theocracy vs. Pancasila), both emphasize ideological strength in defense. The findings indicate that a strong state ideology can foster national solidarity against threats, with the caveat that differing contexts require strategic adaptation. Implication: Indonesia can learn from Iran the importance of ideological resilience, but apply it according to Pancasila values  making Indonesia’s defense resolute in protecting sovereignty while remaining humane.
PUTIN DAN KEDAULATAN ENERGI: KEPEMIMPINAN AUTARKI SEBAGAI BASIS STRATEGI PERTAHANAN NASIONAL Dewanto, Roli; Kartono, Mandri; Susilo, Tarsisius; Arismunandar, Setiawan; Wahyudi, Edi
HUMANITIS: Jurnal Homaniora, Sosial dan Bisnis Vol. 3 No. 7 (2025)
Publisher : ADISAM PUBLISHER

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Abstract

Vladimir Putin’s autarkic leadership emphasizes Russia’s self-reliance in resources, particularly energy, as the foundation of its national defense strategy. Western geopolitical pressures such as NATO expansion and economic sanctions pushed Putin to weaponize energy as Russia’s strategic bargaining tool. This article examines how Putin’s energy sovereignty policies shaped Russia’s defense capabilities and explores lessons Indonesia can adopt in building a defense system based on strategic natural resources. Literature shows that Russia has leveraged its dominance in oil and gas exports for geopolitical influence, while domestically reinforcing state control over the energy sector and pursuing defense self-sufficiency despite sanctions. This study employs a qualitative case study approach, comparing Russia’s experience with Indonesia’s context. The analysis confirms that mastery of natural resources strengthens defense resilience; Russia financed its military modernization through energy windfalls and remained relatively resilient against embargoes through local innovation. For Indonesia, energy sovereignty is a prerequisite for long-term defense and must be integrated into national doctrine. However, Indonesia’s approach must adhere to Pancasila ethics utilizing resources for self-defense without weaponizing them for coercion. Key recommendations include cross-sector synergy (Energy–Defense) to secure strategic reserves for the armed forces, investment in new energy sources (biofuels, batteries) for military platforms, and strengthening resource-based defense industries. These steps will shape Indonesia’s 2045 defense posture into a resilient and self-reliant system, aligned with ethical values and global cooperation.
ERDOĞAN DAN KONVERGENSI SUMBER DAYA GEOSTRATEGIS TURKI: PELAJARAN BAGI INDONESIA SEBAGAI POROS MARITIM DUNIA Nursanto, Ukik Ari; Triambodo, Reno; Susilo, Tarsisius; Ramadhanus, Wahyu; Sinaga, Thomas H.K
HUMANITIS: Jurnal Homaniora, Sosial dan Bisnis Vol. 3 No. 7 (2025)
Publisher : ADISAM PUBLISHER

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Abstract

Recep Tayyip Erdoğan has capitalized on Turkey’s unique position at the crossroads of Europe and Asia with an Ottoman heritage to assert regional influence. Through a convergence of geostrategic resources, Erdoğan integrates Turkey’s geographical advantages, domestically built military power, and historical-cultural capital to elevate Turkey as a regional player. This paper examines Erdoğan’s strategy in leveraging strategic location (the Bosphorus and Dardanelles straits), military strength and defense industry (e.g. Bayraktar drones, the “Blue Homeland” doctrine), as well as Ottoman historical legacy and soft power (popular TV series, Muslim diplomacy) that bolster Turkey’s leadership in the Islamic world. It then discusses the relevance and lessons for Indonesia a strategically located archipelago in the Indo-Pacific in realizing its Global Maritime Fulcrum vision. Using comparative strategic analysis, we identify key elements: (a) the importance of exploiting geostrategic location (chokepoint straits) via diplomacy and sovereignty enforcement; (b) building national maritime power and self-reliant defense industries; (c) harnessing historical capital and cultural diplomacy to support regional leadership; and (d) adapting strategies to Indonesia’s context of a non-aligned, peace-oriented foreign policy. In conclusion, Indonesia can constructively adapt Erdoğan’s “convergence” approach by developing robust sea power, proactive maritime diplomacy, and a strong maritime identity to become a Global Maritime Fulcrum that is influential yet remains peaceful in line with Pancasila values.
GEOPOLITIK KEPEMIMPINAN GLOBAL DAN KOMPETISI SUMBER DAYA: PERSPEKTIF INDO-PASIFIK DAN PETA ULANG DOKTRIN PERTAHANAN RI Effendi, M.; Hartono, Rudi; Susilo, Tarsisius; Arismunandar, Setiawan; Wahyudi, Edi
HUMANITIS: Jurnal Homaniora, Sosial dan Bisnis Vol. 3 No. 7 (2025)
Publisher : ADISAM PUBLISHER

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Abstract

The contest for global leadership is increasingly centered in the Indo-Pacific, where major powers the United States, China, and Russia are vying for strategic resources. This rivalry spans multiple domains (energy, critical minerals, technology, land, and information) and is reshaping the region’s security architecture. This article examines how resource competition (for example, disputes over oil in the South China Sea, the 5G and semiconductor race, and struggles for supply routes) is impacting Indo-Pacific geopolitics and influencing Indonesia’s security environment. It underlines the urgency for Indonesia to respond by recalibrating its national defense doctrine. Grounded in the Asta Cita 2045 vision, Indonesia must formulate an adaptive defense doctrine that strengthens maritime security, multi-domain capabilities (cyber and space), and defense diplomacy all while upholding its independent and active foreign policy. Using an interdisciplinary approach, this study identifies patterns of resource rivalry among great powers, assesses the threats and opportunities for Indonesia, evaluates gaps in Indonesia’s current defense doctrine, and proposes a new “Indo-Pacific” defense doctrine framework aligned with the Indonesia Gold 2045 agenda. The analysis recommends a proactive and comprehensive Indonesian defense doctrine to safeguard sovereignty and national resources amid global rivalry, enabling Indonesia to contribute constructively to regional stability toward 2045.
Co-Authors Abadi, Andi Nur Achyar, Mohammad Adam Darmawan, Marino Adriono, Rudi Agung, Erwin Akad, Andy Mustafa Alam, Saiful Ali Mahmudi ali, yusuf Alif, Akhmad Amperawan, Cahyadi Andriono , Rudi Antono, Kukuh Dwi Apandi, Asep Apandi, M. Asep Arief Hidayat Arismunandar, Setiawan Aritonang, Rudi Hasiholan Arvianto, Tomy Aryaka, Marvien Atmojo, Dwi Atmoko, Andriyan Wahyu Dwi Auliadi Santoso, Anugrah Bambang Wijonarko Basuki, Tedy Bawanto, Arief Tri Brahmana, Ernesta A. Broto, S. Dhani Budi, I Ketut Setia Budiman Budiman Cahyono, Agung Nur Dewanto, Roli Dhani Broto Nugroho, Sidik Dhani, Sidik Effendi, M. Erlangga , Aqsa Golkariansyah, Golkariansyah Gunawan, Roma Hamel, Boy Yopi Hanla, Hanla Hartono, Rudi Hendrayana, Dadang Hermawan, Herlan Budi Hertanto, Arief Kurniawan Ibrohim, Nur Rochmad Imasfy, M. Irawan, Yudha Iskandar, Yulian Istiawan, Istiawan Iwan Setiawan Jaya, Dedy Kusuma Johor, Wan Saiful Bahari Bin Wan Joko Prasetyo Kartono, Mandri Kismanto, Totok Prio Komaruddin, Kamarulzaman bin Komarudin, Dedi Limbong, Benny Limbong, Beny Leonard Littlejohn, Andrew Lubis, M. Sati Lubis, Zulhamidi Made Mertha Yasa, I Malinton, Yoki Marpaung, Budiman Marpaung, Irfan Satya Prasad Mattanete, Takdir Milyardin, Ian Rizkian Muhammad Halkis Mustamin Mustamin Napitupulu, Faisal Florance Negara, Agung Perwira Nijo, Jamet Noya, Mario Christian Nugroho, Ig Widi Nugroho, Ig. Widi Nugroho, Ignatius Widi Nugroho, Yogi Nur Wahyudi Nurcahyo, Yulianto Nurhidayat Nurhidayat Nursanto, Ukik Ari Nurtono, Adietya Yuni Panggabean, Andar Dodianto Panggabean, Ranto Ucok Parinussa, Johanis Prasetyo W., Danang Prasetyo, Nurulloh Zemy Priyanto Priyanto Purwanto, Dudik Purwanto, Farid Yudis Putra, Bastian Setya Laksana Putra, Deki Rayusyah Raharja, Raden Yoga Raharjo, Kanang Budi Ramadhanus, Wahyu Ratu, Yudi Rianto Ridwan, Yohanas Risandi, Anton Bimo Romas, Humaidi Syarif Rozi, Roy Fakhrul Saerodin, Rahmad Santosa, Wahyudi Dwi Santoso, Antonius Adi Sarana, Arinto Beny Saroso, Budi Setiawan, Gede Setiyawan, Danang Ary Setyawan, Edy Setyawan Setyoko , Budi Setyoko, Budi Sihombing, Rooy Candra Simangunsong, Rudy Simanjuntak, Arifin Sinaga, Thomas Sinaga, Thomas H.K Sinaga, Thomas HK. Sirait, Dinand Tumpak Sitompul, Ely Asyer Soeprianto, Agus Solikhin Solikhin Sudrajat, Mochamad Andri Wahyu Sugir, Sugir Sujiwo, Aji Sultan Alimudin, Andi Sunadi, Sunadi Sunarko Sunarko Supriyo, Sarwo Sutopo, Joko Syakur, Nanang Mahfudi T. Wijaya, Xanthoniar Tadung, Rapy Tapayasa, Gusti Bagus Oka Taufik Nur Cahyanto, Taufik Nur Timur, Afrilian Sukarno Triambodo, Reno Triandoko, Febi Triyono Triyono Utomo, Bambang Prasetyo Wahyu RS, Wahyu RS Wahyudi, Edi Wahyudi, Joko Warli, Lili Wibowo , Anggit Budi Wibowo, Imam Wibowo, Medi Hariyo Widodo, Eko Slamet Widodo, Roni Agus Wijaya, Hilman Winarno, Irwan Aditya Wiseso, Gatot Wiyono, Sidik Yadi, Rahman Zaman, Komaruz Zega , Taufik Zega, Muhammad Taufiq ‘Alimi, Nur