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All Journal Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan Jurnal Visi Ilmu Pendidikan Jurnal Pendidikan Humaniora Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics (IJAL) TEFLIN Journal: A publication on the teaching and learning of English English Review: Journal of English Education At-Taqaddum Journal on English as a Foreign Language (JEFL) IDEAS: Journal on English Language Teaching and Learning, Linguistics and Literature Jurnal Pendidikan: Teori, Penelitian, dan Pengembangan Journal of English Language Studies LET: Linguistics, Literature and English Teaching Journal Language Literacy: Journal of Linguistics, Literature, and Language Teaching LLT Journal: A Journal on Language and Language Teaching Getsempena English Education Journal Journal of English for Academic and Specific Purposes (JEASP) English Language and Literature International Conference (ELLiC) Proceedings English Language Teaching Educational Journal Scope: Journal of English Language Teaching Jurnal Karinov Paramasastra: Jurnal Ilmiah Bahasa Sastra dan Pembelajarannya Getsempena English Education Journal Jurnal Graha Pengabdian Didaktika: Jurnal Kependidikan Education and Linguistics Knowledge Journal (Edulink) JOLLT Journal of Languages and Language Teaching Bulletin of Science Education Jurnal bahasa, sastra, seni, dan pengajarannya International Journal of Education and Literature (IJEL) Studies in English Language and Education International Journal of Community Engagement Payungi Jurnal bahasa, sastra, seni, dan pengajarannya
Nur Mukminatien
Universitas Negeri Malang
Religion Arts Humanities Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture Economics, Econometrics & Finance Education Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media Library & Information Science Mathematics Public Health Social Sciences Other

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Journal : English Language Teaching Educational Journal

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Google Gemini-assisted writing and lexical appropriateness in EFL Paragraph Writing: Evidence of stability across tasks Prasodjo, Pandu; Kweldju, Siusana; Mukminatien, Nur; Ivone, Francisca Maria; Purba, Hilarius Raditya Priambada
English Language Teaching Educational Journal Vol. 9 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Ahmad Dahlan

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Abstract

This study examined the influence of Google Gemini, a generative artificial-intelligence (AI) tool, on the lexical appropriateness of Indonesian EFL students’ paragraph writing. Drawing on theories of lexical richness and appropriateness, the study employed an exploratory quasi-experimental design involving three writing conditions: a baseline task, an AI-assisted revision task, and a delayed post-test without AI support. Fourteen second-year English Language Teaching students (A2–B1 CEFR) participated in the study. Lexical appropriateness was measured using Type-Token Ratio (TTR) and Measure of Textual Lexical Diversity (MTLD), and the data were analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA to examine differences across tasks. The results revealed no statistically significant differences in lexical diversity across the three conditions, suggesting that short-term interaction with Google Gemini did not lead to measurable improvement in lexical appropriateness. Qualitative observations further indicated that limited vocabulary depth and low metalinguistic awareness constrained students’ ability to evaluate and apply AI-generated lexical suggestions. These findings suggest that lexical appropriateness is reflective, and instruction-dependent process, and that AI tools such as Google Gemini function more as a potential scaffolding partner rather than autonomous enhancers of lexical development.
Co-Authors A Halim Abdul Halim Achmad Effendi Kadarisman Adzanil, Fuad Nabil Afif Ikhwanul Muslimin, Afif Ikhwanul Ahmad Heki Sujiatmoko Anggraini, Merliyani Putri Anik Nunuk Wulyani Ardhi Eka Fadilah Ariyanto, Meilisa Sindy Astika Asih Santi Hastuti Asnawi Muslem Atik Umamah Atika Kumala Dewi Atiqah Nurul Asri Badriyah Ulfah Bambang Yudi Cahyono Batunan, Deisyi Anna Chusna, Sumti Ekaning Dewanti Laksmi Eko Suhartoyo El Khoiri, Niamika Enny Irawati Erikson Saragih Erma Sujiyani Erma Sujiyani, Erma Evi Eliyanah, Evi Fatmawati, Fatmawati Fauziah, Humairah Fika Megawati Fitrana Harintama Fitriyah, Ima Francisca Maria Ivone Ika Trisnantasari Ika Trisnantasari, Ika Imam Wahyudi Karimullah Ivone, Fransisca Maria khusnul khotimah Kurniasih Kurniasih Kurniasih Kurniasih M. Affandi Arianto M. Hilmy Hidayatullah Maria Hidayati Masitoh, Fitriatul Maya Rizki Fauzia Maya Rizki Fauzia, Maya Rizki Meilisa Sindy Astika Ariyanto Merliyani Putri Anggraini Mida Alifia Soviana Mirjam Anugerahwati Moch. Nur Cholis Majid Moh. Taufik Mukminatus Zuhriyah Nadrotin Mawaddah Nahid Ayad Nila Swandari Ninuk Indrayani Nisrina Nisrina Nisrina Nisrina Nova Ariyani Nunung Suryati Prasodjo, Pandu Pratama, Raga Purba, Hilarius Raditya Priambada Raga Driyan Pratama Rahmadi Nirwanto, Rahmadi Rahmanita, Meiga Rasyidi, Aura Henidar Ratih Novita Sari Ratih Novita Sari, Ratih Novita Rhima Holida Nurmala Rihardini, Ajeng Ayu Risma Fahrul Amin Ruqoyah Yulia Hasanah Dhomiri Saiful Marhaban Santoso, Dian Rahma Sari Karmina Shinta, Lucia Geneviave Bella Sintha Tresnadewi Sitompul, Siti Kholija Siusana Kweldju Sri Rachmajanti Sri Rahmajanti Sri Rahmajanti, Sri Suci, Dewi Nur Suharyadi Suhono Suhono, Suhono Syahria, Nukmatus Syamdianita Syamdianita, Syamdianita Syarifudin, Syarifudin Teguh Sulistyo Tengku Intan Suzila bt Tengku Sharif Utami Widiati Wardani Dwi Suhastyanang Wihda Nadia Silcha Wijayanti, Sheirly Octaviantoro Ayu Yaniafari, Rahmati Putri Yazid Basthomi Yeasy Agustina Sari Yulia Vonna Yuniatri Intan Kusuma Ningrum Yunita Puspitasari Zagoto, Impiani