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Efectiveness of Shallot Root Extract Local Palu Against Candida albicans Fungus and its Utiliation as Learning Media Mirfadz Maharani; I Nengah Kundera; I Made Budiarsa
Equator Science Journal Vol. 3 No. 1 (2025): Equator Science Journal (ESJ)
Publisher : CV. Dharma Samakta Edukhatulistiwa

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61142/esj.v3i1.149

Abstract

The potential of Palu local shallot roots as an antifungal agent has not been optimally utilized. The aim of this research is to determine the effectiveness of Palu local shallot root extract against the fungus Candida albicans, identify the optimal concentration for inhibiting the growth of Candida albicans, and to use the findings as an educational medium. This research employed a laboratory experimental method with a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of 5 treatments and 4 replications at concentrations of 0% as a negative control, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. The Candida albicans fungus was obtained from Paramartha Lab Mojokerto with strain code ATCC-14053. The parameter observed was the diameter of the inhibition zone formed. The data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), followed by a Least Significant Difference (LSD) test. The results of this study showed that the extract of Palu local shallot roots effectively inhibited the growth of Candida albicans* at a concentration of 100%. This research is feasible to be used as an educational medium in the form of a digital flipbook with an eligibility percentage of 87.08%.
Effects of Red Coconut Tembuluk (Cocos nucifera var. rubescens) Extract on Creatinine Level Reduction in Mice (Mus musculus) Amelia A Riuh; Sutrisnawati Sutrisnawati; Manap Trianto; Masrianih Masrianih; Fatmah Dhafir; I Nengah Kundera
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.699-704

Abstract

Creatinine is a key biochemical indicator of renal function, and elevated creatinine levels reflect impaired kidney performance. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is a known nephrotoxic agent that induces oxidative stress and renal damage. This study evaluate the effect of red coconut tembuluk (Cocos nucifera var. rubescens) extract on creatinine in CCl4-induced mice (Mus musculus). The study employed an experimental laboratory design using 24 male mice, which were divided into six groups: normal control, negative control (CCl4-induced), and four treatment groups administered red coconut tembuluk extract at concentrations of 10%, 20%, 40%, and 80%. Renal damage was induced by intraperitoneal injection of CCl4 at a dose of 1 mL/kg body weight. The extract was administered orally for eight consecutive days following induction. Serum creatinine levels were measured before and after treatment. The results showed that CCl4 induction significantly increased creatinine levels in the negative control group compared to the normal control, indicating impaired renal function. Administration of red coconut tembuluk extract resulted in a significant reduction in creatinine levels across all treatment groups, with the most pronounced effect observed at the 80% concentration. Statistical analysis using one-way ANOVA demonstrated a significant effect of the extract on creatinine reduction (p < 0.05), followed by a Least Significant Difference (LSD) test confirming differences among treatment groups. The nephroprotective effect of the extract is likely associated with its bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, antioxidants, and L-arginine, which contribute to the reduction of oxidative stress and support renal tissue recovery. In conclusion, red coconut tembuluk extract effectively reduces serum creatinine levels in CCl4-induced mice, with the 80% concentration showing the greatest protective effect. These findings suggest that red coconut tembuluk has potential as a natural nephroprotective agent.
Genetic Variation and Phylogenetic Analysis of Philippine Scrubfowl (Megapodius cumingii) Based on Mitochondrial NADH Dehydrogenase Subunit 2 (ND2) Gene Jihan Winarti; I Made Budiarsa; Manap Trianto; I Nengah Kundera; Mursito S. Bialangi; Abdul Ashari
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.433-442

Abstract

Central Sulawesi is one of the provinces in Indonesia with high avian diversity, including the Philippine scrubfowl (Megapodius cumingii). This species belongs to the family Megapodiidae and is distributed in the Philippines, parts of eastern Borneo, and several small islands in Indonesia. This study aimed to analyze the genetic variation and phylogenetic relationships of Megapodius cumingii from Poat Island based on sequences of the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (ND2) gene. Genomic DNA extracted from blood samples of the Philippine scrubfowl was isolated using the gSYNC™ DNA Extraction Kit (Geneaid), amplified using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method with primers L5145 (forward) and H6394 (reverse), and visualized by 1% agarose gel electrophoresis. The PCR products were purified using the QIAquick PCR Purification Kit. Sequence data were analyzed using BLAST for species confirmation, DnaSP v6.12.03 for genetic variation analysis, and MEGA 11 for phylogenetic tree reconstruction using the Maximum Likelihood and Neighbor-Joining methods. The results showed that the 1.072 base pair ND2 gene sequences generated three haplotypes, with a haplotype diversity value of 0.667 and a nucleotide diversity of 0.00249. The nucleotide base composition of the ND2 gene was dominated by A+T (52.03%) compared to G+C (47.95%). Phylogenetic tree reconstruction using both methods produced consistent topologies, in which all Megapodius cumingii samples from Poat Island formed a monophyletic clade with high bootstrap support, indicating strong and stable genetic relationships.
Identification of Salmonella spp. Contamination in Gado-Gado Sold Around the Tadulako University Campus Pebi Angreni; I Nengah Kundera; Yulia Windarsih; Mohammad Jamhari; Vita Indri Febriani; Abdul Ashari
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.787-793

Abstract

Salmonella spp. are Gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria commonly found in the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals and are recognized as one of the major causes of foodborne diseases. This study aimed to identify the presence of Salmonella spp. in gado-gado sold in the canteens of Tadulako University. This research employed a descriptive exploratory laboratory design. Samples were collected from five different canteens using a random sampling technique. Microbiological analyses were conducted through presumptive and confirmatory tests using the Most Probable Number (MPN) method, Total Plate Count (TPC), Gram staining, cultivation on selective Salmonella–Shigella Agar (SSA), and biochemical testing using Triple Sugar Iron Agar (TSIA). The MPN results showed an average value of 4,900 MPN/mL of sample, while the TPC reached 35,800/ml sample. These values indicate that the food product does not meet the microbiological safety standards established by the Indonesian Ministry of Health, as the TPC exceeds the maximum permissible limit of 104 CFU/mL.
Identification of Escherichia coli in Ice Dawet Sold in the Palu City Area Yosphita Sevianti; I Nengah Kundera; Musdalifah Nurdin; Yulia Windarsih; Abdul Ashari; Mohammad Jamhari
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.795-801

Abstract

Escherichia coli is a Gram-negative bacterium from the family Enterobacteriaceae found in the human body and is used as an indicator of hygiene in water, food, or beverages. The purpose of this study was to identify the presence of E. coli in ice dawet sold in the Palu City area. This study used a descriptive-exploratory design with the Most Probable Number (MPN) method, Total Plate Count (TPC), and biochemical testing using Triple Sugar Iron Agar (TSIA) medium. Samples were collected from five locations in the Palu City area using simple random sampling. Based on the results, the Most Probable Number (MPN) test produced an average value of 18.700 MPN/mL of sample, while the Total Plate Count (TPC) test showed an average value of 26.800 CFU/mL of sample, indicating that the samples did not meet the standards set by the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) under the Ministry of Health, which states that the maximum allowable microbial contamination in beverages is 0/100 mL. Confirmatory tests on Eosin Methylene Blue Agar showed colony growth with a metallic green sheen and reddish coloration, characteristic of Gram-negative bacilli. The results of the Triple Sugar Iron Agar biochemical test were positive, indicating biochemical characteristics consistent with E. coli. Therefore, the findings confirm the presence of E. coli in the analyzed samples.
Effects of Red Coconut Tembuluk (Cocos nucifera var. rubescens) Extract on Uric Acid Level Reduction in Mice (Mus musculus) Sukmawati Sukmawati; Sutrisnawati Sutrisnawati; Manap Trianto; Masrianih Masrianih; Fatmah Dhafir; I Nengah Kundera
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.693-698

Abstract

Increased levels of uric acid in the blood can lead to metabolic disorders such as gouty arthritis, which require effective management. This study aimed to determine the effect of red coconut tembuluk extract (Cocos nucifera var. rubescens) on reducing uric acid levels in mice (Mus musculus). The study employed an experimental research design using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). A total of 28 mice were used, divided into seven groups with four replications each. The groups consisted of a normal control group (KN), which received food and water ad libitum; a negative control group (K+); a positive control group (K-); and four treatment groups (PI, PII, PIII, and PIV). The negative control group (K+), positive control group (K-), and all treatment groups were induced with lard oil for 14 days to increase uric acid levels. The positive control group (K?) was treated with allopurinol at a dose of 0.026 mg per 20 g body weight. The normal control (KN) and negative control (K+) groups received food and water ad libitum without extract administration. Treatment group PI received 10% red coconut tembuluk extract, PII received 20%, PIII received 40%, and PIV received 80%. The data obtained were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The results showed that administration of red coconut tembuluk extract significantly reduced uric acid levels in mice induced with lard oil. The most effective concentration in reducing uric acid levels was 80% (PIV), with an average uric acid level of 5.4 mg/dL.
Identification of Escherichia coli in Gado-Gado Sold Around Tadulako University Nur Amal; I Nengah Kundera; Syech Zainal; Yulia Windarsih; Rafiqa Rafiqa; Abdul Ashari
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.779-786

Abstract

Escherichia coli is a pathogenic bacterium that has the potential to contaminate food. Certain strains of E. coli exhibit pathogenic properties and may cause infections in hosts. The presence of pathogenic bacteria in food is a critical concern in food safety. This study aimed to identify the presence of E. coli in gado-gado sold in the canteens of Tadulako University. This research employed a descriptive exploratory laboratory approach. Samples were collected from five different canteens using random sampling techniques. Microbiological analyses were conducted using the Most Probable Number (MPN) method, Total Plate Count (TPC), Gram staining, cultivation on selective Eosin Methylene Blue Agar, and biochemical testing using Triple Sugar Iron Agar. The results showed that the average Most Probable Number was 4,900 MPN /mL of sample, while the Total Plate Count averaged 35,800 CFU/mL. This TPC value exceeds the standard set by the Indonesian Food and Drug Authority (BPOM) of 104 CFU/g, indicating that the food products do not meet the required health standards. Confirmatory tests on Eosin Methylene Blue Agar showed colony growth with a metallic green sheen and reddish coloration, characteristic of Gram-negative bacilli. Biochemical testing on Triple Sugar Iron Agar yielded positive results consistent with the biochemical characteristics of E. coli. Therefore, the findings confirm the presence of E. coli in the analyzed samples.
Identifikasi Hambatan dalam Penyelesaian Tugas Akhir Mahasiswa Pendidikan Biologi Universitas Tadulako ⁠Della Tesya Lestari; Masrianih Masrianih; Syech Zainal; I Nengah Kundera; Rafiqa Rafiqa; Abdul Hakim Laenggeng
Journal of Education Research Vol. 7 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Perkumpulan Pengelola Jurnal PAUD Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37985/jer.v7i2.3896

Abstract

Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis faktor-faktor yang menghambat penyelesaian tugas akhir mahasiswa Program Studi Pendidikan Biologi Universitas Tadulako. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif kualitatif yang didukung analisis persentase. Subjek penelitian terdiri atas 20 mahasiswa angkatan 2019–2021 yang sedang menyusun tugas akhir. Data dikumpulkan melalui angket skala Likert, wawancara, dan dokumentasi, kemudian dianalisis secara deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hambatan internal utama meliputi stres atau kecemasan selama penyusunan tugas akhir (77%), kesulitan mengatur waktu (74%), serta kesulitan menyusun metode dan pembahasan penelitian (70%). Hambatan eksternal yang dominan meliputi harapan terhadap dosen pembimbing yang lebih aktif dan responsif (87%), keterbatasan referensi (66%), kendala keuangan (62%), dan lingkungan sosial yang mengganggu fokus (61%). Sebaliknya, dukungan keluarga (91%), dukungan teman sebaya (86%), dan motivasi untuk menyelesaikan tugas akhir (87%) menjadi faktor pendukung utama. Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa penyelesaian tugas akhir dipengaruhi oleh interaksi faktor internal dan eksternal, sehingga diperlukan pendampingan akademik dan bimbingan yang lebih komprehensif untuk meningkatkan keberhasilan studi mahasiswa.
Phylogenetic Analysis of Schistosoma japonicum Based on 16S rRNA Gene Safani Safani; Sutrisnawati Sutrisnawati; Manap Trianto; I Nengah Kundera; Zulaikhah Dwi Jayanti; Masrianih Masrianih
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.1161-1170

Abstract

Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by trematode worms of the genus Schistosoma and remains a public health concern in several endemic areas of Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. DNA-based molecular approaches have been increasingly applied to support species identification and the analysis of genetic relationships in Schistosoma japonicum. This study aimed to investigate the phylogenetic relationships and genetic variation of S. japonicum based on the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene. Samples of Oncomelania hupensis lindoensis were collected from endemic areas surrounding Lake Lindu, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Detection of S. japonicum was performed using the crushing method, followed by DNA extraction with the GS 100gSYNCTM DNA Extraction Kit. Amplification of the 16S rRNA gene was carried out using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique with the primers LR13107-F and LR12647-R. Sequence data were analyzed using BLAST, MEGA 11, MESQUITE, DNASTAR, GeneStudio, and DnaSP software. Phylogenetic trees were reconstructed using the Neighbor-Joining (NJ) and Maximum Likelihood (ML) methods with 10,000 bootstrap replicates. PCR amplification produced clear and high-quality DNA bands. BLAST analysis revealed query cover values ranging from 99.90% to 100% and sequence identity of 100% with Schistosoma japonicum sequences available in GenBank. Genetic variation analysis indicated low genetic diversity, characterized by two haplotypes, one variable site, haplotype diversity of 0.500 ± 0.170, and nucleotide diversity of 0.00055 ± 0.00015. Nucleotide composition analysis showed that thymine (T) was the most abundant nucleotide (43.53%), and the A+T content (72.14%) was higher than the G+C content (27.87%), a characteristic feature of mitochondrial genomes. Phylogenetic reconstruction using both NJ and ML methods consistently clustered the Central Sulawesi samples with S. japonicum populations from Shanghai and Guangdong, China, with strong bootstrap support values ranging from 99% to 100%. Genetic distance analysis based on the Kimura 2-Parameter model revealed genetic divergence values of 0.00–0.00% among Central Sulawesi samples and between the Indonesian and Chinese populations, indicating very close genetic relationships and high genetic homogeneity. These findings demonstrate that S. japonicum populations in Central Sulawesi exhibit low genetic variation and share close phylogenetic relationships with other Asian populations, providing valuable molecular information to support the development of schistosomiasis surveillance and control strategies in Indonesia.
Effect of Moringa oleifera Leaf Flour Addition on Iron (Fe) and Vitamin A Levels of Crackers as a Healthy Snack Suriyanti Suriyanti; Abd Hakim Laenggeng; Musdalifah Nurdin; Masrianih Masrianih; I Nengah Kundera; Yulia Windarsih
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.1213-1221

Abstract

Moringa (Moringa oleifera) leaf crackers are an innovative food product that can be utilized as a nutritious snack. Moringa is widely recognized as a superfood due to its high nutritional value, including proteins, vitamins, and minerals that provide various health benefits. In the context of improving community dietary patterns, these crackers may serve as a healthier snack alternative. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Moringa oleifera leaf supplementation in increasing the iron (Fe) and vitamin A contents of crackers as a healthy snack alternative. The analyses were conducted using a spectrophotometric method with standard calibration curves to determine iron and vitamin A concentrations. The treatments consisted of different concentrations of Moringa leaf powder: 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%. The results showed that the addition of Moringa leaf powder significantly increased the iron content, from 0.67 mg/100 g in the control treatment to 3.05 mg/100 g at the highest concentration. Vitamin A content also increased with increasing levels of Moringa leaf supplementation, although the trend was not entirely linear due to the effects of processing on compound stability. The standard calibration curves demonstrated a linear relationship between concentration and absorbance, indicating that the analytical method was valid. These findings suggest that the incorporation of Moringa oleifera leaf powder effectively enhances the nutritional quality of crackers, particularly in terms of iron and vitamin A content, making them a promising healthy snack option.
Co-Authors A, Aulanniam Abd Hakim Laenggeng Abd Hakim Laenggeng Abd Hakim Laenggeng, Abd Hakim Abd Rauf Abd Rauf Abd. Hakim Laenggeng, Abd. Hakim Abd. Rauf Abdul Ashari Abdul Ashari Abdul Hakim Laenggeng Abdul Muluk Abdurahman Rifai Abdurahman, Faisal Achmad Ramadhan Achmad Ramadhan Achmad Ramadhan Ahdal Ahdal Ahmad Ramadhan Akram, Akram Almira Rayyah Shadriah Fahru Almira Rayyah Shadriah Fahru Amalia Buntu Amelia A Riuh Amiruddin Kasim Amram Rede Anak Agung Gede Sugianthara Andi Tanra Tellu Ashari, Abd. Ashari, Abdul Asifah, Nur Astija Aulanni'am, Aulanni'am Aulia Putri Ramadhani Ayu - Lestari, Ayu - Banne, Fenia Rensa Betty Sunaryanti Bialangi, Mursito S. Biung, Yelsan Kanan Brilyan Anindya Dayfi Burhanuddin, Alga Patricia Bustamin Bustamin Bustamin Desi Desi Dewi Purwasi Samaela Dewi Tureni Eka Gusti Randani Evasari Herman Sapu Fajri Marisa Fatmah Dhafir Gamar B. N. Shamdas Gamar Binti Non Shamdas Gamar Shamdas Hadijah S. Pago Hamsah, Muhammad Hayyatun Mawaddah Hj. Musdalifah Nurdin I Made Budiarsa I Made Budiarsa I Made Budiarsa Isnainar Isnainar Jihan Winarti Kusumaningati, Lilis Tri Laksono Trisnantoro Landewang, Laora Cecilia Lestari M.P Alibasyah Lilies Lilies Lilies Lilies M.Tangge Lilies N Tangge Lilies Tangge Manap Trianto Marisa, Fajri Masriani . Masrianih Masrianih Masrianih Mauruh, Renindya Marchelly Mery Napitupulu Mia Pinasti Azizah Minarni Mirfadz Maharani Mohammad Jamhari Mohammad Jamhari Muhamad Erwin Muhammad Jamhari Muhammad Rivai Mursito S. Bialangi Mursito S. Bialangi Mursito S. Bialangi Mursito S. Bialangi Musdalifah Nurdin Nabila, Putri Najma AR. Talamoa Ni Gusti Ayu Galuh Candra Kirana Ni Luh Ayu Mustikawati Novi, Winda Cinthia NOVITASARI Novriadi Novriadi Nunink Nur Amal Nur, Atipa Nurasyah Dewi Napitupulu Nurchamidah Nurhalimah, Rizki Pebi Angreni Pramasanti, Desak Ketut Rafiqa Rafiqa Rafiqa Rafiqa Ramadhan, Suchin Randani, Eka Gusti Ratman Raya Agni Renindya Marchelly Mauruh Risnawati Risnawati Rizka Fardha Rizki Nurhalimah Rizkiayanti, Rizkiayanti Rodiah, Rodiah Rodiah rofiqoh rofiqoh Safani Safani Samsurizal, M. Sulaeman Sanarto Santoso Saridewi, Uut Sarjan N. Husain Selviana Selviana Siti Fathonah Septianingsih Sri Winarsih Suchin Ramadhan Sukmawati Sukmawati Sukmawati Sukmawati Sulistyani Prabu Aji Suriyanti Suriyanti Sutrisnawati Mardin Sutrisnawati Sutrisnawati Sutrisnawati Sutrisnawati Syech Zainal Syech Zainal Tandi, Jenifa Arisa Tanryale, Masni Halimin Tiara Elza Vita Indri Febriani Wa Ode Sitti Mardhiyah Wayan Windyawati Windarsih, Yulia WULANDARI Yosphita Sevianti Yusdin Gagaramusu Yusril Ihza Mahendra Yusril Ihza Mahendra Zasmita, Eka Zulaikhah Dwi Jayanti Zulaikhah Dwi Jayanti ⁠Della Tesya Lestari