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All Journal Rechtsidee Jurnal Daulat Hukum Ajudikasi : Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Publik (Jurnal Ilmu Administrasi) Hasanuddin Law Review Syntax Literate: Jurnal Ilmiah Indonesia DE LEGA LATA: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Bina Hukum Lingkungan NUSANTARA : Jurnal Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial International Journal of Supply Chain Management JURNAL MERCATORIA Legal Standing : Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Awang Long Law Review Unes Law Review Jurnal Muara Ilmu Sosial, Humaniora, dan Seni Jurnal Al-Dustur JUSTISI Era Hukum: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Hukum Jurnal Ilmu Hukum KYADIREN Progressive Law Review Jurnal Hukum Adigama JURNAL USM LAW REVIEW Jurnal Suara Hukum Academia Open Jurnal Scientia Indonesian Journal of Law and Economics Review Jurnal Hukum Lex Generalis SUPREMASI Jurnal Hukum Indonesian Journal of Legality of Law Devotion: Journal of Research and Community Service Indonesian Journal of International Law JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES, SOCIAL SCIENCES AND BUSINESS (JHSSB) Law Development Journal The International Journal of Politics and Sociology Research Az Zarqa': Jurnal Hukum Bisnis Islam Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, Humaniora dan Politik (JIHHP) POLICY, LAW, NOTARY AND REGULATORY ISSUES (POLRI) International Journal Of Economics Social And Technology Indonesia Law Review (ILREV) Journal of Law, Poliitic and Humanities Bina Hukum Lingkungan Edunity: Kajian Ilmu Sosial dan Pendidikan Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Sains Journal of Business, Management and Social Studies Ranah Research : Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development Riwayat: Educational Journal of History and Humanities LamLaj Journal of Health Education Law Information and Humanities Jurnal Serina Abdimas
Ariawan Gunadi
Faculty of Law, Tarumanagara University
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Journal : Academia Open

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Implementation of Black Campaigns as a Form of Unfair Business Competition: A Review of the Fulfillment of the Elements of Article 1365 of the Civil Code: Implementasi Black Campaign Sebagai Bentuk Persaingan Usaha Tidak Sehat: Tinjauan Terhadap Pemenuhan Unsur-Unsur Pasal 1365 KUH Perdata Mingga, Britney Wilhelmina Berlian; Gunadi, Ariawan
Academia Open Vol. 10 No. 2 (2025): December
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/acopen.10.2025.12970

Abstract

 General background: Indonesia’s rapid economic growth has intensified business competition, particularly through the increasing use of digital marketing strategies. Specific background: This environment has contributed to the rise of black campaign practices, which not only damage business reputations but also cause substantial material and immaterial losses, while regulatory clarity remains limited. Knowledge gap: Existing studies rarely examine black campaigns as a form of unfair business competition within the framework of unlawful acts under Article 1365 of the Indonesian Civil Code. Aim: This study analyzes whether black campaign practices fulfill the elements of an unlawful act—namely the existence of an act, illegality, fault, losses, and causal relationship—thereby establishing grounds for civil liability. Results: The findings demonstrate that the characteristics of black campaigns, including the dissemination of misleading information and direct attacks on competitors’ products and branding, substantively satisfy all elements of Article 1365. Novelty: This research highlights that black campaign disputes should not be viewed solely through the lens of criminal liability under the ITE Law, but can be more effectively resolved through civil liability mechanisms that address actual economic harm. Implications: The study underscores the importance of adopting civil law remedies to protect business continuity, market fairness, and economic stability within the digital competition landscape. Highlights: Black campaign practices meet all elements of unlawful acts under Article 1365. Civil liability offers a more effective remedy than relying solely on the ITE Law. Digital competition increases reputational and economic risks for businesses. Keywords: Black Campaign, Unfair Business Competition, Unlawful Act, Civil Liability, Digital Marketing
Corporate Governance Failures Leading to Bankruptcy in State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) Subsidiaries Tsabita, Nabilla Mahva; Gunadi, Ariawan
Academia Open Vol. 10 No. 2 (2025): December
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/acopen.10.2025.12991

Abstract

General Background: Good Corporate Governance (GCG) is essential for ensuring corporate integrity and preventing financial distress, particularly within State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs). Specific Background: Recent bankruptcy cases involving SOE subsidiaries reveal persistent weaknesses in transparency, accountability, and supervisory mechanisms, as exemplified by the collapse of PT Indofarma Global Medika (IGM). Knowledge Gap: Existing studies often assess fraud or GCG violations in isolation, lacking analysis that connects governance failures to legal and financial consequences within SOE parent–subsidiary structures. Aims: This study examines how suboptimal GCG implementation contributes to bankruptcy risks in SOE subsidiaries and evaluates the legal and managerial implications for parent entities. Results: Findings show that repeated fraud, inadequate risk management, and ineffective oversight created structural vulnerabilities that escalated into insolvency during the Suspension of Debt Payment Obligations process. Novelty: The research establishes a direct causal link between GCG failure and subsidiary bankruptcy within the specific legal framework governing SOEs, highlighting accountability gaps in parent–subsidiary governance. Implications: Strengthening GCG enforcement is critical to safeguard state assets, enhance supervisory effectiveness, and prevent future insolvencies in SOE corporate groups. Highlights: Suboptimal GCG implementation in SOE subsidiaries significantly increases bankruptcy risk. Parent–subsidiary governance gaps weaken supervision and allow fraud to recur. Strengthening risk management and accountability is crucial to protect state assets. Keywords: Good Corporate Governance, State-Owned Enterprises, Bankruptcy, Parent–Subsidiary Governance, Risk Management
Co-Authors Agustin, Dila Wahyu Alberta, Alberta Alexander Arcelino Gunadi Amad Sudiro Ambarita, Dicki Candra Amrie Firmansyah Andre Kiemas Anthony Willyus Wongkar Antonius Ferry Bastian Aprilia, Indah Siti Aulia, Riska Awuy, Euginia Nataniela Ayu Puspita Sari Baehaqi Bianty, Thisia Bondan Cahyadi Budi Prana Prasetyo Calvita Candra, Marvin Carsnelly, Eileen Cendranita, Ivannia Chandra, Edwin Chandra, Yulius Charomain, Mochammad Imam Christina, Nadya Christopher David Nagaria Claudia, Zulian Clementino Moningka, Yosia Cornelia Alpha Daniel Daniel Darren Andreas Dave Chrysander Defilania, Oktri Dewi Rahma Dewi Wulandari Dharmasetya, Lani Ekaratri, Azkia Elysia Wilhelmina Rengkung Endison Ravlindo Evelyn Fahri, Achmad Febrianto, Rizky Ferdinandus Zulvacar, Nathanael Ezekiel Fionita, Jessica Frederick Septian Tuwan Fredrik Siregar, Aristoteles Gerhard Frisca Delicia, Nadya Frisca Frisca Grace Priskilla Suwanto Graciella, Eunike Gumintang, Galuh Gilang Gunardi Gunardi Gunawan, Berry Hakim, M. Rizky Aulia Harjanto, Devy Yulyana Hasan, Laura Kurniadi Herman Joseph Hummerson, Laureen Aurora Ilyasa, Farhan Hamka Irma, Febriana Jennifer Jennifer Jessica Candakentjana Jessica Jessica Joeliant, Hanz Bryan Juan Davis Elhanan Kamil, Renita Kevin Veronica Halim Khanifa Fauziah Khantidevi Lukmadi, Fionna Khutub, Muhammad Kiemas, Andre Kurniawan, Cicelly Chiesa Lestari, Novianti Lina Kristie Yonathin Lisa Putri Utami Loka, Silvia Lukita, Hans Made Aubrey Josephine Angelina Mahardhika, Dutasena Mahieu, Feybiola Cecilia Makawowor, Chelsea The Marchel Thobie Maria Cecilia Nugroho Marshella Cenyvesta Martheo, Felicia Martono Martono Matheus, Juan Mayvians, Tidelstein Melani Harly Melvina Michelle Nathania Michelle Starla Ongko Michelle, Grace Bernadette Mingga, Britney Wilhelmina Berlian Mita, Ermita Ekalia Monica Blazinky Muhammad Abdurrohim Muhammad Awal Alishakur Muhammad Theo Rizki Putra Muzacky, Ahmad Nadhea Tungga Devi Naftalie, Livia Aurelia Nagaria, Christopher David Nugroho, Hizkia Ivan Oping, Timothy Farrel Pagrelia, Yuda Tri Panji Ramadhan Paramitha, Chintya Lie Pascal Amadeo Yapputro Pasyah, Rabbil Arya Petrosina Matauseja Huka, Christia Prasanti, Nandani Bayu Puspa Hartanto, Adinda Puspita, Lidya Putri, Amanda Fitriani Eka Putri, Amelia Natalie Putri, Destia Liana Putri, Pricilia Dwi Anggreni Putri, Qonita Rizqi Iffani Raymond Kusuma Reyza Julianda Mahabati Ricky Ricky Rimandita, Tiffani Rizki, Muhamad Abdul Jamil Rohaya, Nizla Salim, Gerardus Aldo Samudra, Muhammad Bima Samuel, Maria Gabriela Samuel, Yoel sari, nike kumala Shahan, Akbar Helmie Nur Shasmita, Sylvia Stephanie Patricia Prasetyo Suwinto Johan Sylvia, Sylvia Tanera, Lauren Teddy Francis Theresia Wijaya Tsabita, Nabilla Mahva Vanessa Widjaja Vianka, Maria Ibella Vina Octavia Vincent Vincent, Vincent Vivi Heniasy Wanibe, Kenji Dustin Wonohadidjojo, Christopher Howard Yanuar Putra Erwin Yolanda, Maureen Keisha Yudha, Ivan Tirta