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Halida Halida
PG-PAUD FKIP Universitas Tanjungpura Pontianak
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Journal : jurnal pendidikan progresif

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Development of a Multidimensional Psychometric Scale for Assessing Artificial Intelligence Dependency in Higher Education Task Completion Wicha Amalia Putri; Aunurrahman Aunurrahman; Venny Karolina; Halida Halida; Afandi Afandi; Farina Tazijan
Jurnal Pendidikan Progresif Vol 16, No 2 (2026): Jurnal Pendidikan Progresif
Publisher : FKIP Universitas Lampung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23960/jpp.v16i2.pp747-772

Abstract

Recent large-scale surveys indicate that the use of generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) in higher education has become nearly ubiquitous. A survey in the United Kingdom reported that 92% of university students use generative AI tools in their studies. In contrast, a national Indonesian survey involving 1,501 respondents found that 86.21% use AI to assist with academic tasks at least once a month. Preliminary institutional data further revealed that 68.6% of students reported using AI in nearly every assignment. Such high prevalence suggests that AI use has shifted from occasional assistance to habitual reliance, raising concerns about potential dependency and reduced independent cognitive engagement. Although existing instruments, such as the Cognitive AI Dependence and Interaction Scale (CAIDS), assess attitudes and general interaction patterns toward AI, they do not specifically measure functional and cognitive dependency in academic task completion. Therefore, this study aimed to develop and validate an AI task completion dependency scale for university students. A psychometric scale development design was employed involving 500 students from several universities in Indonesia who reported using AI to complete academic assignments. Data were analyzed using exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), Rasch modeling, and differential item functioning (DIF) analysis based on gender. The findings revealed a stable three-factor structure comprising functional dependency on AI, reflective attitude, and independent use, and regulation and critical evaluation of AI, yielding a final 10-item scale. The results indicated preliminary structural support for the three-factor model, acceptable reliability, strong item functioning based on Rasch analysis, and acceptable gender invariance. Overall, the developed instrument provides a valid and reliable measure of students’ dependency on AI in academic task completion and offers a practical tool for evaluating and managing responsible AI use in higher education contexts. Keywords: academic task completion , AI dependency , indonesian students , rasch model , scale development.
Co-Authors . Yunani Adinda Nur Fadilla Afandi Afandi Afandi Afandi Ahmad Yani Amallia Putri Amallia Putri Ana Fergina Andini Linarsih Annisa Amalia Aprianda Febiola ARIYANI RAMADHANI Asmaul Lutfauziah Aunnurahman Aunnurahman Aunnurrahman Aunnurrahman Aunurrahman Aunurrahman Aunurrahman Aunurrahman Aunurrahman Aunurrahman Aunurrahman Ayu Aprilia Pangestu Putri Bambang Trisno Berda Asmara Bistari Chandra Fauzi Darwin Darwin Dea Aristia Dendodi Dendodi Desni Yuniarni Dewi Fajaryati Dewi Novita Dian Miranda Dian Miranda Eka Fajar Rahmani Elli Yanti Eni Rosnija Eni Veronika Eni Veronika Eny Enawaty Erika Susana Eviana Eviana Evita Mullya Fadilla Syahriani Farhana Nabila Fakaruddin Farina Tazijan Fazarudin Fazarudin Fazarudn Fazarudin Ferdianus Jelahu Fifi Khoirul Fitriyah Fitri Pratiwi Fitriani Fitriani S Hadi Mulya Hafif Assulamy Henny Sanulita Herry Sujainni Hesti Dahlan Hidayati, Nur Fajrina Hishamudin Bin Salleh Husni Syahrudin Indri Astuti Iwan Kurniawan Lainah Lainah Luh Putu Sri Lestari Luhur Wicaksono Lukmanulhakim Lukmanulhakim ., Lukmanulhakim Marinu Waruwu Marmawi R Martono Marwah Rusydiana Mellisa Jupitasari Mindariati Mindariati Muhamad Asrori Muhammad Asrori Muhammad Saffuan Abdullah Muhammad Syaikhon Muhhamad Asrori Ndaru Wigati Nia Daniawati Noviah Dwi Putranti Putranti Nurfarida Deliani Nuriaini Asriati Pareng Nuraini Pratista Arya Satwika Putu Ari Dharmayanti Renny Trianita Ishiwara Rody Putra Sartika Sabila, Dias Khairina Sariani Sariani Semoyati Semoyati Sendayu, Fendahapsari Singgih Sesilia Seli Siska Perdina Siti Aisyah Siti Natijatul Pu’at Solichah, Novia Syawaluddin Syawaluddin Syawaluddin Syawaluddin Taufan Untung Wibowo Silitonga Tomo Tomo Djudin Tulus Tulus urai salam Venny Karolina Venny Karolina Wayan Eka Paramartha Wicha Amalia Putri Windaniati Windaniati Yoanna Afrimonika Yogi Damai Syaputra Yogi Damai Syaputra Yohanes Bahari Yuline Yuline Yuline Yuline Yuline Zaky Ibrahim Zayn Borneo