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Simultaneous Solubility Analysis of Paracetamol, Propyphenazone, and Caffeine Using Principal Component and Absorbance Ratio Regression Methods Rosaldi, Hikmah; Pulungan, Ainil Fithri; Ridwanto, Ridwanto; Daulay, Anny Sartika
Indonesian Journal of Science and Pharmacy Vol. 1 No. 2 (2023): Indonesian Journal of Science and Pharmacy
Publisher : Pustaka Media Publishing

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.63763/ijsp.v1i2.39

Abstract

Medicines can cause changes in the physiology or psychology of an organism when consumed. In general, medicines consist of several mixtures of active ingredients such as paracetamol (PCT), propifenazone (PRO), and caffeine (KAF), which are often found in several types of branded medicines that are claimed to be able to cure or treat. This research aims to obtain a type of solvent that has the smallest photometric error value and can completely dissolve the active ingredient mixture of PCT, PRO, and KAF. In general, organic solvents such as ethanol and methanol are very often used to dissolve compounds that mix with each other, but these solvents cannot always dissolve other active substances. Therefore, researchers carried out an analysis of several types of solvents that could dissolve the three active ingredients. Solvents that can dissolve perfectly without any specification stage must go through a solvent optimization process. The types of solvents that will be tested are methanol, HCl 0.1N, phosphate buffer pH 7.2, and the ratio of phosphate buffer: methanol (DM) (DM 9:1 pH 7.4), (DM 7:3 pH 7.8), (DM 5:5 pH 8.3), (DM 3:7 pH 8.9), and (DM 1:9 pH 9.6). The results of this research show that the solvent that has the smallest photometric error value and can completely dissolve the three active substances is the DM 7:3 pH 7.8 solvent with a total percentage of 0.0846%, which is the smallest value compared to other solvents that have been optimized.
Characterization and Phytochemical Screening Of Tampala Bajakah Wood (Spatholobus littoralis Hassk) Extract With Methanol and Ethyl Acetate Solvents Alviana, Liya; Ridwanto, Ridwanto; Daulay, Anny Sartika; Rani, Zulmai
Indonesian Journal of Science and Pharmacy Vol. 1 No. 3 (2024): Indonesian Journal of Science and Pharmacy
Publisher : Pustaka Media Publishing

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.63763/ijsp.v1i3.40

Abstract

One of the plants that contains secondary metabolite compounds is Bajakah Tampala wood (Spatholobus littoralis Hassk). The aim of this research is to determine the chemical compounds contained in methanol and ethyl acetate extracts. The stages of this research include processing plant materials, making methanol and ethyl acetate extracts, characterization examinations, and phytochemical screening. Bajakah Tampala wood extract was made using the maceration method using methanol and ethyl acetate. The extract obtained was concentrated using a rotary evaporator. The characterization of Bajakah Tampala sawdust showed that the water content test was 2%, the water soluble juice content test was 7.1%, the ethanol soluble juice content test was 12.05%, the total ash content test was 3.65%. , and testing the ash content that is insoluble in acid was 0.1%. Meanwhile, the results of the phytochemical screening of Bajakah Tampala wood showed that it contained chemical compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and steroids and triterpenoids.
Isolation of Chitosan from Lake Toba Freshwater Lobster Shells (Cherax quadricarinatus) Sinaga, Novita Yulianti; Ridwanto, Ridwanto; Daulay, Anny Sartika; Nasution, Haris Munandar
Indonesian Journal of Science and Pharmacy Vol. 1 No. 3 (2024): Indonesian Journal of Science and Pharmacy
Publisher : Pustaka Media Publishing

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.63763/ijsp.v1i3.41

Abstract

Chitosan is an amine polysaccharide that is formed after chitin undergoes a deacetylation process. This compound has a significant role as a natural biopolymer which is polycationic. This research aims to make chitosan from freshwater lobster shells obtained from Lake Toba. The research method is experimental. Includes making chitosan from freshwater lobster shells. The process of making chitosan includes demineralization, deproteination and deacetylation stages. Chitosan was characterized by measuring water content, ash content, yield, solubility, and analysis using an FTIR spectrophotometer. Based on the results of research that has been carried out, it was found that the characteristics of chitosan have a yield value of 50.88%, water content 5.9%, ash content 0.67% and chitosan dissolves in glacial acetic acid. The results of the research show that chitosan has similar functional groups to standard chitosan and the degree of deacetylation is 80.25%. This research has met the chitosan standard (SNI 7949:2013) with a percentage of the degree of deacetylation of chitosan that meets the standard (>60%).
Antibacterial Activity Of Freshwater Lobster Shells (Cherax quadricarinatus) Against Escherichia coli Hafizha, Putri; Ridwanto, Ridwanto; Daulay, Anny Sartika; Nasution, Haris Munandar
Indonesian Journal of Science and Pharmacy Vol. 1 No. 3 (2024): Indonesian Journal of Science and Pharmacy
Publisher : Pustaka Media Publishing

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.63763/ijsp.v1i3.42

Abstract

People still do not utilize freshwater lobster (Cherax quadricarinatus) shells optimally, even though the chitin compound contained in this waste can be modified into chitosan through chemical reactions. Chitosan obtained from freshwater lobster shells can be used as an antibacterial. This study aims to test the antibacterial activity of chitosan from freshwater lobster shell waste against Escherichia coli bacteria. Making chitosan is carried out through three processes, namely, demineralization, deproteination, and deacetylation stages. Then, characterization of the chitosan is carried out, which includes water content, ash content, yield, and solubility. The research results showed that the chitosan obtained in this study was 43.96%, and the degree of deacetylation value of freshwater lobster shell chitosan was 75.11%. Chitosan with a concentration of 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9% provides an inhibition zone of 13.5, 15.9, 16.8, and 17.2 mm, respectively, against Escherichia coli. Thus, a concentration of 0.9% chitosan from freshwater lobster shells has better antibacterial activity and is categorized as having strong inhibitory power.
Isolation and Characterization of Chitosan from Kepah Shell Waste (Polymesoda erosa) Percut Sei Tuan, North Sumatera Sitorus, Dara Indah; Ridwanto, Ridwanto
Indonesian Journal of Science and Pharmacy Vol. 1 No. 3 (2024): Indonesian Journal of Science and Pharmacy
Publisher : Pustaka Media Publishing

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.63763/ijsp.v1i3.43

Abstract

Kepah clams (Polymesoda erosa) are one of the few aquatic animals that have a body and are protected by two cupped shells. Many people consume this shellfish meat, but many of the shells are thrown away by local people so that they only become waste. It is this shell waste that needs to be processed properly because it is known that shells are one of the fishery ingredients that contain chitin. One way to make kepah clams have a higher economic value is by isolating kepah clams into chitosan. The purpose of this study was to isolate and characterize chitosan from mussel shells and to determine functional groups using Fourier infrared (FTIR). The isolation methods used were deproteination, demineralization, depigmentation, deacetylation, and chitosan characterization. The results showed that the yield of the transformation of chitin into chitosan in cockles was 85.77% and had a brownish-white powder texture and no odor. The water content in the chitosan of the clam shells obtained was 1.53%, the ash content was 0.50%, and the degree of deacetylation obtained was 75%.
Antibacterial Activity Test of Ethanol, N-Hexane, and Ethyl Acetate Extracts of Lemon Peel (Citrus x limon (L.) Burm. f.) Nisa, Uswatun; Mambang, D Elysa Putri; Yuniarti, Rafita; Ridwanto, Ridwanto
Indonesian Journal of Science and Pharmacy Vol. 2 No. 3 (2025): Indonesian Journal of Science and Pharmacy
Publisher : Pustaka Media Publishing

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.63763/ijsp.v2i3.88

Abstract

Staphylococcus hominis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria are normal flora bacteria found on the surface of human skin, and in certain circumstances can cause infections in the body of a person with a weak immune system. Infection of both bacteria can cause body odor that can affect a person's social relationships. The use of natural antibacterials has minimal side effects, namely lemon peel which is waste from lemons. Lemon juice is commonly used by the public, but not many people know that lemon peel has great benefits like lemon juice. The objective of the research was to determine the chemical compounds contained in the n-hexane fraction, ethyl acetate of lemon peel and antibacterial activity in ethanol extract, n-hexane fraction, ethyl acetate of lemon peel (Citrus x limon (L.) Burm. f.) This research method was an experimental method that includes sample collection and processing, characterization of simple drugs, preparation of 96% ethanol extract, n-hexane fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, phytochemical screening, and antibacterial activity test using the agar diffusion method at concentrations of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%. The results of phytochemical screening in the ethyl acetate fraction contain alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, triterpenoids, and in the n-hexane fraction shows the presence of triterpenoid chemical compounds. Ethanol extract, n-hexane fraction and ethyl acetate fraction of lemon peel have antibacterial activity on Staphylococcus hominis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria. The results of the three samples tested for the greatest inhibitory power in the ethyl acetate fraction showed intermediate results, almost comparable to the inhibitory power of the positive control ciprofloxacin.
Antibacterial Activity Test of Ethanol Extract, n-Hexane and Ethyl Acetate Fractions of Cardamom Fruit (Amomum cardamomum Soland. Ex Maton Benth) Nada, Dina Qatrun; Mambang, D Elysa Putri; Nasution, M. Amin; Ridwanto, Ridwanto
Indonesian Journal of Science and Pharmacy Vol. 2 No. 3 (2025): Indonesian Journal of Science and Pharmacy
Publisher : Pustaka Media Publishing

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.63763/ijsp.v2i3.96

Abstract

Bacterial infection is a global health problem that requires special attention, especially due to increasing resistance to antibiotics. This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract, n-hexane fraction and ethyl acetate fraction of cardamom fruit (Amomum cardamomum Soland. Ex Maton Benth) against Streptococcus pyogenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria. The extraction was done by percolation using 96% ethanol, followed by fractionation using n-hexane and ethyl acetate solvents. Phytochemical screening tests showed the presence of alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin, and saponin compounds known to have antibacterial activity. Antibacterial activity test was conducted using disc diffusion method with five concentrations (10%-50%). The results showed that the ethyl acetate fraction had the greatest inhibition, with the highest inhibition zone against Streptococcus pyogenes of 14.1 mm and Pseudomonas aeruginosa of 16.8 mm at 50% concentration. Inhibition increased with increasing concentration. The ethyl acetate fraction proved to be the most effective because it contains semipolar compounds that are able to penetrate the bacterial cell wall. This study supports the potential of cardamom fruit as an alternative natural antibacterial agent.
Penyuluhan Pembuatan Sabun Cuci Tangan dari Daun Jambu Biji Puteri, Cut Intan Annisa; Ningtias, Anggitha; Rani, Zulmai; Dalimunthe, Gabena Indrayani; Nasution, Haris Munandar; Ridwanto, Ridwanto
Jurnal Bakti Nusantara Vol. 1 No. 3 (2024): Jurnal Bakti Nusantara
Publisher : Pustaka Media Publishing

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.63763/jbn.v1i3.45

Abstract

Sabun cuci tangan merupakan sabun khusus yang dapat membersihkan tangan dari kuman dan debu serta menjaga kulit agar tetap halus dan lembut. Pasca pandemik Covid-19 membuat penggunaan sabun cuci tangan semakin meningkat. Peningkatan ini terjadi karena adaptasi kebiasaan baru untuk selalu mencuci tangan sebelum dan setelah beraktivitas. Tujuan penyuluhan ini adalah agar masyarakat memahami bahwa mencuci tangan sangat penting untuk mencegah masuknya kuman, virus dan bakteri melalui mulut, hidung dan mata. Seiring berjalannya waktu, inovasi tentang tanaman herbal semakin berkembang dan telah banyak penelitian antibakteri yang diteliti. Salah satu tanaman yang terbukti dapat menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri adalah daun jambu biji. Metode yang digunakan dalam kegiatan ini adalah dengan memberikan penyuluhan berupa ceramah interaktif terkait bagaimana cara pembuatan sediaan sabun cuci tangan dari daun jambu biji. Kegiatan pengabdian dilaksanakan di Apotek Farmasi UMN Al-Washliyah. Hasil pengabdian ini diperoleh masyarakat merespon dengan cukup antusias dan merasa penuh syukur memperoleh tambahan pengetahuan terkait pembuatan sabun cuci tangan cair dari daun jambu biji.
Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Fraksinasi Alkaloid Ekstrak Kulit Kayu Raru (Cotylelobium melanoxylon Pierre) Terhadap Bakteri Escherichia coli dan Staphylococcus aureus Salwa, Shakhila; Daulay , Anny Sartika; Rahayu , Yayuk Putri; Ridwanto, Ridwanto
Journal of Pharmaceutical and Sciences JPS Volume 8 Nomor 3 (2025)
Publisher : Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Tjut Nyak Dhien

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36490/journal-jps.com.v8i3.951

Abstract

Background: Indonesia is rich in medicinal plants, including Cotylelobium melanoxylon Pierre (raru bark), traditionally used to treat diarrhea, malaria, and diabetes. However, scientific validation of its alkaloid compounds and antibacterial potential is still limited. Objective: This study aimed to (1) fractionate alkaloids from raru bark extract using chloroform liquid-liquid extraction, (2) identify alkaloid functional groups via FT-IR spectroscopy, (3) quantify alkaloid levels in ethanol and methanol extracts using UV spectrophotometry, and (4) evaluate their antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Methods: The research stages included plant material processing, ethanol/methanol extraction, phytochemical screening, alkaloid fractionation with chloroform, FT-IR analysis, UV spectrophotometry for alkaloid quantification, and antibacterial testing via disc diffusion at 40%, 50%, and 60% concentrations. Results: Alkaloid fractions were successfully isolated, containing functional groups N-H, C-N, C=O, aromatic C=C, and sharp C=O. The methanol extract yielded higher alkaloid levels (21.03 ± 0.10%) than ethanol (18.95 ± 0.09%). The 50% alkaloid fraction showed the strongest antibacterial activity, with inhibition zones of 21.1 mm (E. coli) and 23.1 mm (S. aureus). Conclusion: Raru bark alkaloids exhibit significant antibacterial effects, with methanol extract demonstrating superior alkaloid content and efficacy.
Aktivitas Antijamur Kitosan Dari Cangkang Kerang Bambu (Solen corneus) Pada Pembuatan Hidrogel Terhadap Trichophyton mentagrophytes Hasibuan , Nabila Hasim; Ridwanto, Ridwanto; Nasution , Haris Munandar; Rani , Zulmai
Journal of Pharmaceutical and Sciences JPS Volume 8 Nomor 3 (2025)
Publisher : Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Tjut Nyak Dhien

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36490/journal-jps.com.v8i3.906

Abstract

Background: Hydrogels are topical preparations applied to the skin surface. Chitosan, a compound derived from the deacetylation of chitin, has various benefits, including antifungal activity. Utilizing waste from bamboo clam shells (Solen courneus) collected in Belawan waters as a source of chitosan could provide a sustainable solution for developing antifungal hydrogel formulations. Objective: This study aimed to produce chitosan from bamboo clam shells, formulate it into a stable hydrogel, and evaluate its antifungal activity against Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Methods: This experimental study involved isolating chitosan through deproteinization, demineralization, depigmentation, and deacetylation steps. The resulting chitosan was characterized by moisture content, ash content, yield, solubility, and functional group identification using FTIR spectroscopy. Subsequently, chitosan was formulated into four hydrogel variations (0%, 2%, 4%, and 6%). The hydrogel formulations were evaluated for organoleptic properties, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, spreadability, adhesiveness, and antifungal activity. Results: The produced chitosan exhibited functional groups similar to standard chitosan and a degree of deacetylation of 77.5%. Hydrogel evaluation over three weeks showed good stability, with pH values of 4–6.5, spreadability of 5–7 cm, adhesiveness greater than 1 second, and viscosity ranging from 3,000–50,000 cps, all meeting the required standards. The antifungal test demonstrated that the 6% chitosan hydrogel had the highest inhibition zone (11.5 mm) against Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Conclusion: Chitosan derived from bamboo clam shells was successfully formulated into a stable hydrogel with effective antifungal activity. The 6% concentration exhibited the strongest antifungal effect, indicating its potential as a topical preparation for treating skin fungal infections.
Co-Authors Abdullah, Husaini Adawiyah, Marissa Tasya Adyani Maulinda Afrizani, Afrizani Agus Priyadi Akbar, Windi Hari Al Hudawi, Muhammad Al Qodri, Muhammad Alviana, Liya Amin Nasution, Muhammad Amir, Annisa Fadilah Andi Syahputra, Ricky Ani Sutiani Anny Sartika Daulay Anny Sartika Daulay Anny Sartika Daulay Anny Sartika Daulay Anny Sartika Daulay Anny Sartika Daulay Aprilia, Hijjatun Aprilia, Medhy Ardhita Arifin, Khairil Fikri Arjuniadi, Arjuniadi Audry Pratiwi Audry Pratiwi Azhar, Gustika Azri, Atika Azzahra, Fadya Bangun Lubis Cici Andriani Claudy Friesta Melanie Dahlia Hasibuan Dalimunthe, Gabena Indriyani Damanik, Sumayyah Daniel Happy Putra Daulay , Anny Sartika Daulay, Ani Sartika Daulay, Anny S. Denni Bahari Dikki Miswanda Dina Suciati Saragih Dison Silalahi, Alistraja Elma Natasya Endang D. Hamid Fadhilah M, Ihsan Fadhlah Al-Uyun Nasution Fajri, Fajrilda Aqilah Fathur Rahman Fathur Rahman Fathur Rahman Harun Fatur Rahman Fithri Pulungan, Ainil FRANSISKA, EVA Gabena Indrayani Dalimunthe Hafizha, Putri Hakimi Hakimi Harahap, Ade Try Atwinda Harahap, Siti Salimah Harahap, Sumiyarni Haris Munandar Nasution Harun , Fatur Rahman Harun, Fathur Rahman Hasanah, Qori Hasibuan , Nabila Hasim Hasibuan, Sarinah Hasibuan, Supia Indah Hazizah, Mautia Hermawan, Fiqri Humairah, Dwina Angelina Imelda Natasia Br S Meliala Indra B. Hutagalung Irvan Andreansyah Irwan Misbach Isnaria, Vita Khairunnisa Khairunnisa Lastri Afni Lince Bulutoding Lubis, Minda Sari M. Naufal Rifqi Maghfirah , Dini Makhfirah Malahayati Malahayati Mambang, D Elysa Putri Manik, Umi Chairani Manurung, Aisyah Baddriah Maryanti Yuza Maya Syafira Melinda, Reni Meliyana Meliyana Merani Phaustina Lumban Gaol Mirna Mirna Muchlis, Syaiful Muhammad Alfariz Baihaqi Siregar Muhammad Amin Nasution Muhammad Wahyuddin Abdullah Muhammad Wahyudi Munthe, Ariska Munthe, Herlina Nada, Dina Qatrun Nadila Indra Sepvina Nasri Nasri, Nasri Nasution , Muhammad Amin Nasution, Kartika Zsaskia Nasution, M. Amin Nasution, Shamila Sufi Aulia Nazirah, Nazirah Ningtias, Anggitha Nst, Haris Munandar Nur Ainun Nuraida Nuraida Nurhayati Nurhayati Nurliansyah, Nurliansyah Nurmazela, Virda Parapat , Anjarlit Romiyuliana Br Pasaribu, Fatin Fairuz Pitaloka, Syifa Amilia Pulungan, Ainil Fitri Puteri, Cut Intan Annisa Putri Intan Sari Putri Khairani Putri Theresia Harianja Putri Yupa Hasibuan Putriyana Putriyana Qisti Pristiwani Rahayu , Yayuk Putri Rahayu Rahayu Rahma Dona, Rahma Rahmadani , Adevika Rahmadani Rahmadani Rahmah, Ruhiya Rahmasari, Siti Rahmayanti, Putri Rambe, Robiatun Reza Irma Ricky Andi Syahputra Rika Yuliana, Rika Riski Mulyani, Riski Risma Fauziah Pasaribu Rizki, Dewi Rizki, Rahmad Rosaldi, Hikmah Rossa, Aliffa S Sumarlin Sagala , Vipi Zetiara Salwa, Shakhila Saragih, Alkausar Sari, Farida Sartika Daulay, Anny Sasnita, Merida Selfia Lestary Shilvia, Fatin Sinaga, Novita Yulianti Siradjuddin Siregar , Anisah Sitompul, M. Saleh Sitorus, Dara Indah Sri Wahyuni Syahfitri , Adelya Syahputra, Ricky Andi Syalsabila Putri Syarifah, Aulia Tamara Army Tambupolon, Sanya Tanika Trizaldi, Asep Utama, Fazrul Amin Vera Estefania Kaban Wijiyaningsih, Dinda Yanti, Rahma Yayuk Putri Rahayu Yulia Nanda Putri Yuniarti , Rafita Yuniarti, Rafita Ziza Putri Aisyia Fauzi Zulmai Rani