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All Journal Masalah-Masalah Hukum LAW REFORM Jurnal Hukum Progresif Yustisia JURNAL LITIGASI (e-Journal) FIAT JUSTISIA: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Jurnal Dinamika Hukum Jurnal Hukum Novelty PADJADJARAN Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law) Journal of SouthEast Asian Human Rights INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF CRIMINAL LAW STUDIES Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies Jurnal Penelitian Hukum De Jure Al-'Adl Jurnal HAM Substantive Justice International Journal of Law Lex Scientia Law Review Jambe Law Journal Bina Hukum Lingkungan Jambura Law Review Jurnal Yudisial Negara Hukum: Membangun Hukum untuk Keadilan dan Kesejahteraan Kosmik Hukum Community Development Journal Supremasi Hukum: Jurnal Penelitian Hukum AL IMARAH : JURNAL PEMERINTAHAN DAN POLITIK ISLAM University Of Bengkulu Law Journal Indonesian Comparative Law Review JURNAL PEMBANGUNAN HUKUM INDONESIA Lampung Journal of International Law (LaJIL) Journal of Judicial Review Jurnal Rechts Vinding : Media Pembinaan Hukum Nasional Majalah Keadilan NEGREI: Academic Journal of Law and Governance Yuridika Volksgeist: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum dan Konstitusi Jurnal Lemhannas RI JUSTICIA SAINS: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Bina Hukum Lingkungan Jurnal Hukum dan Peradilan Trunojoyo Law Review Supremasi Hukum: Jurnal Kajian Ilmu Hukum Jurnal Hukum Pidana dan Kriminologi Al-Istinbath: Jurnal Hukum Islam Journal of Law, Environmental and Justice Jurnal Hukum Islam Journal of Law and Legal Reform The Indonesian Journal of International Clinical Legal Education Strategi Memperkuat Integritas Lembaga Peradilan Indonesia Milthree Law Journal Judex Laguens Jurnal Dinamika Hukum Jurnal Legislasi Indonesia "Indonesian Journal of Environmental Law and Sustainable Development " International Law Discourse in Southeast Asia Indonesian Journal of Criminal Law Studies INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIETY REVIEWS (INJOSER)
Fernando, Zico Junius
Fakultas Hukum Universitas Bengkulu
Religion Arts Humanities Decision Sciences, Operations Research & Management Economics, Econometrics & Finance Education Environmental Science Immunology & microbiology Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Library & Information Science Social Sciences Other

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Critical Analysis of Living Law Formulation in Law No. 1 of 2023 Concerning the Criminal Code: Towards Law Reform to Realize Justice with the Spirit of Pancasila Hardinanto, Aris; Arief, Barda Nawawi; Setiyono, Joko; Fernando, Zico Junius; Sabrina, Nahdiya
Journal of Law and Legal Reform Vol. 5 No. 3 (2024): Various Issues on Law Reform in Indonesia and Beyond
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jllr.v5i3.13923

Abstract

The government is trying to reform national law in the field of criminal law by drafting a Criminal Code Bill (RUU KUHP) to replace Wetboek van Strafrecht. The culmination of this preparation was the promulgation of the Criminal Code Bill on January 2, 2023, through Law No. 1 of 2023 concerning the Criminal Code (KUHP). However, there are not many articles that discuss the process and critical analysis of living law formulation as stated in the provisions of Article 2 of the Criminal Code and their explanations. The research method used was legal research with statute, historical, comparative legal, and conceptual approaches. The results of this research conclude that the living laws are formulated inconsistently in terms of scientific substance. In order to make this formulation can realize justice based on Pancasila, it can be achieved in several ways. First, there is a need to reinterpret living legal concepts by involving experts in customary law, legal anthropology, legal sociology, and interdisciplinary legal researchers. Second, redefining the meaning of law that lives within the body of the Criminal Code is not limited to customary law, especially the principle of legality, but also includes customary law and traditional laws in traditional societies. Third, formulating formal law/criminal procedural law as the enforcer of material criminal law/National Criminal Code by re-establishing and recognizing customary courts in the Indonesian criminal justice system whose application in society is to realize the fifth principle of social justice for all Indonesian people from Pancasila.
Transnational Environmental Crime in the Context of International Criminal Law and Victim-Centered Environmental Justice Fernando, Zico Junius; Arifin, Firdaus; Sunggara, Muhamad Adystia; Kusumah, Fardana
Lampung Journal of International Law Vol. 7 No. 1 (2025)
Publisher : Faculty of Law Universitas Lampung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25041/lajil.v7i1.4338

Abstract

Transnational environmental crimes are among the most complex and destructive forms of cross-border criminality, including wildlife trafficking, illegal trade of endangered species, transboundary pollution, and unlawful exploitation of natural resources by state and non-state actors. These offenses have yet to gain explicit recognition as core international crimes, despite their severe impacts on ecosystems, geopolitical stability, and local communities. This article examines the urgent need to incorporate transnational environmental crimes into international criminal law and emphasizes a victim-centered environmental justice approach to restore the rights and sustainability of affected communities. Using normative and comparative legal analysis, it advocates recognizing ecocide and cross-border environmental offenses as serious violations of ecological justice and human rights. The study further explores how victim protection frameworks can extend to Indigenous communities, future generations, and non-human entities, offering guidance for Indonesia in building a more responsive, transnational, and victim-oriented environmental criminal justice system.
The Effectiveness of Non-Custodial Sanctions in Juvenile Justice: An Empirical Study on the Implementation of Restorative Justice in Bengkulu Sitepu, Sudirman; Fernando, Zico Junius; Sary, Wevy Efticha; Taniady, Vicko
Journal of Judicial Review Vol. 27 No. 2 (2025): December 2025
Publisher : Universitas Internasional Batam

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37253/jjr.v27i2.11057

Abstract

This study examines the effectiveness of non-custodial sanctions within Indonesia’s juvenile justice system, with a particular focus on the implementation of restorative justice in Bengkulu Province. Grounded in Law No. 11 of 2012 on the Juvenile Criminal Justice System (UU SPPA) and international instruments such as the CRC and Tokyo Rules, the research explores the normative, institutional, and empirical dimensions of diversion and community-based sanctions for children in conflict with the law. Adopting a socio-legal methodology, the study combines doctrinal analysis with qualitative fieldwork involving 25 semi-structured interviews with judges, prosecutors, police investigators, correctional officers, and community leaders, complemented by direct observations of diversion sessions and the analysis of court and institutional documents. The findings reveal a strong normative commitment to restorative principles but highlight significant gaps in practice due to limited institutional capacity, inconsistent inter-agency coordination, and persistent cultural stigmas. Diversion programs in Bengkulu have demonstrated positive impacts on rehabilitation and social reintegration, particularly when supported by families and local communities. However, the absence of standardized procedures, integrated data systems, and adequate professional training undermines long-term sustainability. The study concludes that meaningful juvenile justice reform requires not only legal and procedural refinement but also transformative engagement with societal attitudes and sustained investment in supportive infrastructure. It further offers concrete policy recommendations to strengthen the restorative justice ecosystem and promote a more humane, rights-based approach to juvenile justice in Indonesia.
Criminal Penalties in Cyberspace: Between the Development of Digital Democracy and Authoritarianism Emi Puasa Handayani; Zainal Arifin; Zico Junius Fernando
Indonesian Journal of Criminal Law Studies Vol. 10 No. 1 (2025): Indonesia J. Crim. L. Studies (May, 2025)
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/ijcls.v10i1.19652

Abstract

This study examines the implementation of Articles 27, 28, and 45 of the Information and Electronic Transactions Law (UU ITE) in the context of freedom of expression and digital democracy in Indonesia, both before and after the 2016 and 2024 amendments. Utilizing a normative approach that integrates conceptual, comparative, and futuristic methods, the research aims to analyze how these regulatory changes affect political participation in cyberspace and foster a climate of surveillance that may hinder digital democracy. This study also employs positivist legal theory, justice theory, and human rights principles to understand the socio-political and legal implications of these provisions. The findings reveal that Article 27 on defamation, Article 28 on the dissemination of false information and hate speech, and Article 45 on criminal sanctions significantly impact freedom of expression. The implementation of these provisions is often ambiguous and subjective, leading to potential misuse for suppressing criticism of the government and public officials. Although the 2024 amendments introduced changes, such as the removal of Article 27 paragraph (3) and the addition of Articles 27A and 27B, challenges persist due to vague legal language and severe penalties. This ambiguity creates a "chilling effect," deterring individuals from expressing criticism or engaging in open political discourse in the digital sphere. Furthermore, the study explores the implications of these regulations for the future of digital democracy in Indonesia, particularly in the context of information control. The findings highlight that the UU ITE facilitates non-transparent surveillance, which restricts freedom of expression and political participation. To foster a healthier digital ecosystem, the study recommends more inclusive reforms of the UU ITE, involving various stakeholders, enhancing digital literacy, and promoting collaboration between the government, digital platforms, and society. This research contributes novel insights into the interaction between cyber regulations, freedom of expression, and digital democracy in Indonesia by offering policy perspectives that support fairer and more democratic cyber governance.
Unleashing Justice’s Future: The Dawn of Neuro-Cognitive Risk Assessments (NCRA) in Transforming Rehabilitation Mahmud Mulyadi; Zico Junius Fernando; Panca Sarjana Putra; Ariesta Wibisono Anditya
Indonesian Journal of Criminal Law Studies Vol. 9 No. 1 (2024): Indonesia J. Crim. L. Studies (May, 2024)
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/ijcls.v9i1.36418

Abstract

Neuro-Cognitive Risk Assessments (NCRA) represent a groundbreaking innovation in the criminal justice system, concentrating on evaluating cognitive and decision-making factors to assess inmate recidivism risk. Introduced initially in Houston, Texas, in 2017, NCRA have shown substantial efficacy, evidenced by a 2020 study reporting an Area Under the Curve (AUC) value of 0.70, signifying a significant advancement in recidivism prediction. This research employs normative legal methods, utilizing a conceptual, comparative, and forward-looking approach, characterized as descriptive-prescriptive with data analyzed through content analysis. Key advantages of NCRA include their emphasis on cognitive factors and their capability to operate independently via digital platforms, reducing bias and enhancing objectivity. The global adoption of NCRA, including in countries like Canada, the Netherlands, and Australia, underscores its recognition as a promising tool in criminal justice practices. However, ethical considerations and responsible usage are paramount, ensuring the protection of individual rights and involving diverse stakeholders. The integration of NCRA into rehabilitation programs and public policies presents opportunities to enhance efforts against recidivism. By identifying individual needs more accurately and improving predictions of rehabilitation success, NCRA can motivate inmate engagement in rehabilitation initiatives. Moreover, NCRA support the development of effective crime prevention policies, contributing to broader societal well-being. In conclusion, NCRA represent a transformative approach in criminal justice, leveraging cognitive assessments to refine recidivism risk evaluations and enhance rehabilitation outcomes. Ethical deployment and collaborative engagement are critical to maximizing NCRA's potential in promoting justice and reducing reoffending globally.
Utilization of Neuroimaging in Criminal Justice: Unveiling Truth Through Brain Technology Achmad Cholidin; Zico Junius Fernando; Mikhael Feka
Indonesian Journal of Criminal Law Studies Vol. 9 No. 2 (2024): Indonesia J. Crim. L. Studies (November, 2024)
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/ijcls.v9i2.36632

Abstract

The integration of neuroimaging technology in criminal justice worldwide has opened new avenues for understanding the neural underpinnings of criminal behavior and improving the accuracy of legal processes. This paper explores the application of neuroimaging techniques, such as functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) and Positron Emission Tomography (PET), in the context of criminal investigations and trials. Neuroimaging provides insight into brain function related to intent, deception, memory, and cognitive control, which is critical in determining culpability and assessing mental states. By reviewing case studies and current research, this study evaluates the potential benefits and ethical challenges of using neuroimaging as evidence in court. The findings suggest that although neuroimaging holds the promise of improving the objectivity and reliability of criminal justice, its use should be conducted with caution due to legal, ethical, and technical limitations. The paper concludes with recommendations for the responsible integration of neuroimaging into legal practice to ensure fairness and protect the rights of individuals. The implications of these findings for criminal law enforcement in Indonesia are also discussed, highlighting the potential of applying neuroimaging techniques to improve the fairness and effectiveness of the legal system.
The Protection of Freedom of Religion and Belief under Indonesia’s Criminal Code: A Normative Review of Articles 300–305 of Law No. 1 of 2023 Syamsudin, Syamsudin; Fernando, Zico Junius
Jurnal Negara Hukum: Membangun Hukum Untuk Keadilan Vol 16, No 1 (2025): JNH VOL NO 1 JUNI 2025
Publisher : Pusat Analisis Keparlemenan Badan Keahlian Setjen DPR RI

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22212/jnh.v16i1.4618

Abstract

The enactment of Indonesia’s new Criminal Code (Law No. 1 of 2023) has raised critical questions regarding its impact on the protection of freedom of religion and belief (FoRB). This study seeks to answer the central question: to what extent does the new Criminal Code enhancethe legal protection of FoRB in Indonesia? Using a doctrinal  normative) legal research method, the study applies statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches by examining the provisions of Chapter VII (Articles 300–305) in relation to international human rights standards and the previous Criminal Code. The findings indicate that the new Criminal Code refines the regulation of religious offenses by explicitly criminalizing acts of hostility, incitement to violence, and discrimination against religious groups, while offering explicit protection for minority groups, particularly adherents of indigenous beliefs. However, challenges remain regarding the interpretation and consistent enforcement of these provisions. This research contri- butes to the academic discourse on human rights and legal reform by highlighting the progressive aspects of the new legislation while critically assessing its potential limitations in practice. Abstrak Pengesahan Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP) Baru melalui Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 menimbulkan pertanyaan kritis mengenai dampaknya terhadap perlindungan kebebasan beragama dan berkeyakinan (KBB) di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjawab pertanyaan utama, sejauh mana KUHP baru meningkatkan perlindungan hukum terhadap KBB di Indonesia?Menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif (doktrinal), studi ini menerapkan pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual, dan komparatif dengan mengkaji ketentuan Bab VII (Pasal 300–305) dan membandingkan dengan standar hak asasi manusia internasional serta KUHP sebelumnya. Temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa KUHP baru merumuskan tindak pidana terkait agama secara lebih terperinci dengan mengkriminalisasi tindakan permusuhan, hasutan kekerasan, dan diskriminasi terhadap kelompok agama, serta memberikan perlindungan eksplisit bagi kelompok minoritas, khususnya penganut kepercayaan lokal. Namun, tantangan masih tetap ada dalam hal interpretasi dan konsistensi penegakan hukum. Penelitian ini memberikan kontribusi terhadap diskursus akademik tentang hak asasi manusia dan pembaruan hukum, dengan menyoroti aspek-aspek progresif dalam KUHP baru sekaligus mengkritisi potensi keterbatasannya dalam implementasi.
The Responsibility of Heirs in Settling Replacement Money Claims for State Losses: A Comparative Study of Indonesia and Malaysia Kontesa, Emelia; Zico Junius Fernando
Milthree Law Journal Vol. 2 No. 3 (2025): November
Publisher : PT. Adikara Cipta Aksa

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.70565/mlj.v2i3.106

Abstract

This article conducts a comparative analysis of the liability of heirs in Indonesia and Malaysia with respect to the settlement of replacement money (uang pengganti) arising from corruption cases. Both legal systems emphasize the principles of justice, individual rights protection, and the separation of responsibilities, thereby affirming that heirs are not personally liable for the corruptor’s actions. The liability of heirs is generally limited to the value of the estate actually inherited, and both jurisdictions recognize the right of heirs to renounce inheritance in order to avoid obligations linked to illicit assets. In Indonesia, the Anti-Corruption Law provides mechanisms for the confiscation of inherited property to recover state losses, although the legal framework remains general and lacks detailed regulation on the scope of heirs’ liability. Malaysia, under the Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission Act 2009 and related statutes, similarly authorizes the seizure of inherited assets connected to corruption, while safeguarding heirs who neither control nor benefit from such assets. The findings highlight that, despite differences in regulatory clarity, both Indonesia and Malaysia adopt a balanced approach that allows the state to pursue restitution while protecting heirs’ rights through the option of inheritance rejection.
Criminal Liability of the Press in Election Reporting: A Normative Analysis of Press Offences and Electoral Offences Dwiyanto, Hendri; Zainal Arifin; Agus Manfaluthi; Zico Junius Fernando
The Indonesian Journal of International Clinical Legal Education Vol. 7 No. 4 (2025): December
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/ijicle.v7i4.38187

Abstract

This study aims to normatively analyze the criminal liability of the press in reporting on general elections in Indonesia, focusing on the application of the lex specialis principle, legal certainty, and the protection of press freedom. The main issues examined are the normative conditions under which criminal provisions in Law Number 7 of 2017 on General Elections can be applied to the press, and how the limits of media criminal liability are determined within the context of press freedom guaranteed by Law Number 40 of 1999 on the Press. The research employs a normative juridical method, drawing on statutory, conceptual, and case approaches. The findings indicate that criminal sanctions may be imposed on the media only if there is evidence of deliberate political intent and direct involvement in covert campaign activities or in the dissemination of misleading information intended to influence election outcomes. Within this framework, the lex specialis derogat legi generali principle establishes the Press Law as the specific regulation that must take precedence in resolving news disputes before criminal prosecution. The principle of legal certainty demands a clear distinction between ethical and criminal violations, while the principle of press freedom protection ensures that law enforcement is not used as a repressive tool against the media’s social control function. This study recommends strong coordination among the Election Supervisory Agency (Bawaslu), the Press Council, and law enforcement authorities to delineate the boundaries of press criminal liability, enabling electoral law enforcement without undermining press freedom, a cornerstone of democracy.
LEGAL POLITICS FORMATION OF LEGISLATION IN THE INDONESIA NATIONAL LEGAL SYSTEM Fernando, Zico Junius
Jurnal Hukum Progresif Vol 10, No 1 (2022): April 2022
Publisher : Doctoral of Law Program, Faculty of Law, Universitas Diponegoro

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jhp.10.1.25-36

Abstract

Indonesia is a state of law (rechtstaat) where the main joint of the national legal system is legislation. The conception of a state of law desired by the founding fathers since the beginning of the struggle for independence contains the basic ideas in the preamble to the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. Legislation is an instrument needed in national legal efforts. Discussing statutory regulations in essence, cannot be separated from discussing statutory politics based on the principle that laws and or statutory regulations are part of a political product. The form of statutory regulations in government can differ from laws and regulations in other governments. This depends on the authority of each government. Fundamental questions are related to the legal politics of forming laws and regulations in the national legal system and formulating regulations in the future. The discussion results show that the development of law and the updating of materials to be by the needs and implementation of existing provisions, as well as the preparation of laws and regulations, has a dimension of benefit that is large enough to realize the ideals of the formation of law.
Co-Authors Achmad Cholidin Agus Manfaluthi Agus Salim Agus Salim Agusalim Agusalim Agusalim Agusalim Agusalim, Agusalim Akhmad Akhmad Albariansyah, Hamonangan Ali Masyhar Ana Silvia Ana Silviana Anditya, Ariesta Wibisono Anis Widyawati Annisa Salsabila Anwar, M. Ian Hidayat Arifin , Firdaus Aris Hardinanto Barda Nawawi Arief Baskara, Agri Beniharmoni Harefa Bhanu Prakash Nunna Candra, Septa Chairul Huda, Chairul Dahwal, Sirman David Aprizon Putra David Aprizon Putra, David Aprizon Dini Dewi Heniarti Dwi Budi Santoso Dwiyanto, Hendri Efren Nova Emi Puasa Handayani Emi Puasa Handayani Fadhil, Moh. Feka, Mikhael Firdaus Arifin, Firdaus Ganefi Ganefi Hamdani Maakir Hartati, Sawitri Yuli Herlambang Herlina Manullang Humana, Sri Ilham Kurniawan Ardi Imanuddin, Muhammad Iskandar Iskandar Jaco Barkhuizen Jaco Barkhuizen Joko Setiyono Joko Susetyanto Kasmanto Rinaldi, Kasmanto Kiki Amaliah Kontesa, Emelia Kristanto, Kiki Kurnia Dewi Anggraeny Kusumah, Fardana Laily Ratna Lestari Victoria Sinaga, Lestari Victoria M Abdi Maharani, Asari Suci Mahmud Mulyadi Mahmutarom, Mahmutarom Mahrus Ali Maskur , Muhammad Azil Mikhael Feka Mikhael Feka Muchlas Rastra Samara Muksin Muhamad Adystia Sunggara Muhammad Yusuf Akbar Muthia, Arini Azka Nahdiya Sabrina Naidah, Siti Nur Rochaeti Nur Rochaeti, Nur Nur, Asrul Ibrahim Nurhayati Mardin Panca Sarjana Putra Papontee Teeraphan Pase, Ana Tasia Pujiyono Pujiyono Pujiyono Pujiyono Pujiyono Putra Perdana Ahmad Saifulloh Putra, Panca Sarjana Putra, Yagie Sagita R.B Sularto Ramadhani, Susi Rangga Jayanuarto Ria Anggraeni Utami Ria Anggraeni Utami Ria Anggraeni Utami Ridwan Arifin Rosmanila Sacipto, Rian SALSABILA, ANNISA Sary, Wevy Efticha SAUNI, HERAWAN Sauni, Herawan Septa Candra Sherly Nelsa Fitri Sidauruk, Jupenris Silvia, Ana Sinaga, Lestari Sinaga, Pidari Solehuddin Solehuddin Sri Wulandari Sudirman SItepu Sueni, Annisa Sabilla Syamsudin Syamsudin Taniady, Vicko Teeraphan, Papontee Tobing, David M. L. Try Mulya Naposo Siregar Utami, Ria Anggraeni Virdaus, Saivol Wali, Ahmad Wiwit Pratiwi Yagie Sagita Putra Yagie Sagita Putra Yagie Sagita Putra Yusriyadi Yusriyadi Yusriyadi Yusriyadi Zainal Arifin Zainal Arifin Zainal Arifin Zentoni Zulaika, Almira Novia