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GRAMMATICAL ERROR ANALYSIS OF BUSINESS CORRESPONDENCE BY THE EMPLOYEES OF SABU ART SHOP I Wayan Bagus Satria Antara; I Gede Budasi; Made Suardana
Jurnal JOEPALLT (Journal of English Pedagogy, Linguistics, Literature, and Teaching) Vol. 14 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Suryakancana

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35194/jj.v14i2.6615

Abstract

ABSTRACT This study aims to analyse the types of grammatical errors and their sources in English business correspondence sent via WhatsApp by employees of Sabu Art Shop. This study followed a five-stage error analysis: collecting samples, identifying errors, describing errors, explaining errors, and evaluating errors. The subjects of this study were five Sabu Art Shop employees selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected from English-language WhatsApp conversations conducted by the five research subjects with foreign customers. The collected data were analysed using an interactive analysis model consisting of three stages: data condensation, data display, and conclusion drawing/verification. The results showed that 7 types of grammatical errors were found, with omission as the most dominant, followed by prepositional errors, misformation, addition, misordering, tense errors, and article errors. In addition, the analysis of error sources showed that grammatical errors were mainly influenced by interlingual and intralingual factors. Interlingual errors reflect the direct influence of Indonesian language structure and lexical choices on English, while intralingual errors stem from an inability to apply English grammar rules correctly, such as inappropriate vocabulary selection, incomplete sentence formation, and incorrect grammatical structures. Based on these findings, this study recommends improving employees' business English skills through grammar training and increasing awareness of the use of formal English in business correspondence to support more effective communication with international clients.
Phasa Thai Swear Words Used By Thai People Ayu Nyoman Sutrini; I Gede Budasi; Dewa Putu Ramendra
IJLHE: International Journal of Language, Humanities, and Education Vol. 8 No. 1 (2025): IJLHE: International Journal of Language, Humanities, and Education
Publisher : Master Program in Indonesian Language Education and The Institute for Research and Community Service STKIP PGRI Bandar Lampung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52217/ijlhe.v8i1.1766

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the Phasa Thai swear words used by Thai people, which focus on their forms, references, and functions. A descriptive qualitative method was employed, along with the data collection method, which included document analysis, a questionnaire, and an interview. The researcher serves as the primary instrument. Data were collected through document analysis, questionnaires, and interviews, and then evaluated using Miles and Huberman's theory. The study's subjects included three informants chosen along with the specific criteria. The results revealed that there are twenty-seven (27) Phasa Thai swear words, in the form of words categorized into monomorphemic (11) and polymorphemic words (15), as well as phrases (6). The study identified nine (9) primary references where there are two (2) new references emerged from this study. The functions of these swear words include expressing emotion, insulting someone, joking, and provoking. This research contributes to understanding the role of offensive language in Phasa Thai and its social functions. Which is appropriate for cross-cultural understanding.
Swear Words Used by Japanese: A Descriptive Qualitative Study Pande Kadek Dea Ariantari; I Gede Budasi; Dewa Putu Ramendra
IJLHE: International Journal of Language, Humanities, and Education Vol. 8 No. 1 (2025): IJLHE: International Journal of Language, Humanities, and Education
Publisher : Master Program in Indonesian Language Education and The Institute for Research and Community Service STKIP PGRI Bandar Lampung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52217/ijlhe.v8i1.1815

Abstract

This study explores the use of swear words in the Japanese language, focusing on their forms, references, and communicative functions. The aim is to identify the types of swear words used by native speakers, analyze their morphological structures, and understand the meanings and roles they play in social interaction. A descriptive qualitative approach was used, employing interviews and document analysis as primary data collection methods. Instruments included the researcher as the key instrument, supported by document analysis sheets and interview guides. Data were collected from three native Japanese speakers, supplemented with related texts and online sources. The study identified 41 Japanese swear words categorized into 14 monomorphemic words, 17 polymorphemic words, 13 phrases, and 6 clauses. The references of these words varied, including sex (4), excrement (4), animals (4), mental illness (2), and death (3). Functionally, the swear words were used to express emotions (15), show aggression (12), deliver insults (20), emphasize a point (1), and establish group identity or solidarity (3). The findings reveal the complexity of swearing in Japanese, showing that such expressions play an important role in emotional release, group belonging, and social confrontation. This study enhances the understanding of Japanese sociolinguistics and pragmatics.
The Hindi Swear Words Used by Indians: A Descriptive Qualitative Study Ni Made Utari Dharmasanti; I Gede Budasi; Dewa Putu Ramendra
IJLHE: International Journal of Language, Humanities, and Education Vol. 8 No. 1 (2025): IJLHE: International Journal of Language, Humanities, and Education
Publisher : Master Program in Indonesian Language Education and The Institute for Research and Community Service STKIP PGRI Bandar Lampung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52217/ijlhe.v8i1.1816

Abstract

This research aims to (1) identify swear words used by Indians, (2) analyze their forms, (3) examine their functions, and (4) explore their references. It employs a qualitative descriptive method and was conducted in Nusa Penida, Klungkung Regency, Bali. Data were collected through document analysis and interviews with three informants selected based on specific criteria. The researcher acted as the main instrument, supported by an analysis sheet and interview guides. The findings reveal a total of 33 Hindi swear words. In terms of form, 15 are monomorphemic, 12 polymorphemic, 3 noun phrases, and 3 independent clauses. Regarding function, 18 swear words are used to discredit others, 7 to provoke, and 8 to provide emotional catharsis. As for references, the words relate to sex activity (8), excrement (2), animals (4), personal background (4), bodily functions (8), and death (1). These results show that Hindi swear words are varied in structure, purpose, and reference, reflecting both the emotional intensity and cultural context in which they are used. This study enhances the understanding of Indian sociolinguistics by demonstrating how swearing serves not only as verbal aggression or expression, but also as a reflection of societal values, interpersonal dynamics, and cultural identity.
Mandarin Swear Words Used by Chinese: A Descriptive Qualitative Study Nyoman Tri Hayuni; I Gede Budasi; Dewa Putu Ramendra
IJLHE: International Journal of Language, Humanities, and Education Vol. 8 No. 1 (2025): IJLHE: International Journal of Language, Humanities, and Education
Publisher : Master Program in Indonesian Language Education and The Institute for Research and Community Service STKIP PGRI Bandar Lampung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52217/ijlhe.v8i1.1817

Abstract

Swear words, while often considered taboo, have played a significant role in human communication. This study aimed to identify the Mandarin swear words used by Chinese speakers, analyze their forms, references, and functions. The research was conducted using a descriptive qualitative design. Primary data were collected through document analysis and interviews. The researcher acted as the main instrument, supported by document analysis sheets and interview guides. Three informants were selected based on predetermined criteria. The data were analyzed descriptively using the theory of Miles and Huberman (1984). The results of the study showed that there were 34 Mandarin swear words used by Chinese speakers. In terms of form, 13 were classified as words, consisting of 1 monomorphemic word and 12 polymorphemic words; 12 were phrases, and 9 were clauses. With regard to their references, five categories were identified: sex (5), excrement (2), animal names (2), mental illness (3), and personal background (5). Furthermore, five functions of Mandarin swear words were found: expressing emotion (8), drawing attention (5), social group identity (2), aggression (18), and regressive (1). These findings highlight the various ways in which swear words are employed in Mandarin, revealing their communicative purposes and sociolinguistic relevance.
The Cultural Meaning of Lexicons in “Ngusaba Bukakak” Ritual in Giri Emas Village Ni Made Intan Widya Surya Kartika; I Gede Budasi; I Wayan Swandana
IJLHE: International Journal of Language, Humanities, and Education Vol. 8 No. 2 (2025): IJLHE: International Journal of Language, Humanities, and Education
Publisher : Master Program in Indonesian Language Education and The Institute for Research and Community Service STKIP PGRI Bandar Lampung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52217/kgftxd04

Abstract

One of the endangered traditions in Indonesia is the Ngusaba Bukakak ritual in Giri Emas Village, North Bali, which is a biennial agricultural ceremony dedicated to Dewi Sri, the goddess of fertility. Therefore, this study focuses on the identification, description, and interpretation of the lexicon used in the ritual to reveal its cultural meaning and contribution to Balinese identity. Data were collected through participant observation, in-depth interviews with ritual experts, and document analysis using a qualitative design framed by linguistic ethnography. Informants were selected using snowball sampling, which included the Traditional Village Head, Village Stakeholders, and Banten Serati, who had in-depth knowledge of ritual language. With triangulation ensuring data validity, the analysis followed Miles and Huberman's interactive model. The results of this study revealed that there are seventy lexicons spread across twelve stages of the ritual, including offerings, sacred objects, ritual actions, dances, and spiritual processions. These lexicons embody philosophical principles such as Tri Hita Karana which expresses harmony with God, society, and nature. This study concludes that the ritual lexicon functions as a linguistic element and as a cultural carrier that maintains Balinese identity, where its preservation is important for cultural sustainability, intergenerational transmission, and the protection of intangible heritage.
Co-Authors ., Anak Agung Inten Sakanti ., Anak Agung Inten Sakanti ., Anak Agung Istri Yurika Kanya Paramita D ., Anak Agung Istri Yurika Kanya Paramita D ., Desak Made Mira Diahningsih ., Desak Made Mira Diahningsih ., DIAH CYNTHIA PUTRI ., Gede Agus Lesmana Putra ., Gede Agus Lesmana Putra ., Gede Ari Suyasna Putra ., Gede Ari Suyasna Putra ., Gede Dharma Arya Wicaksana ., Gede Dharma Arya Wicaksana ., I DEWA MADE BAGUS KASUMAJAYA ., I G A N Alitia k ., I G A N Alitia k ., I GEDE ARIS PRATAMA PUTRA ., I Gede Shasy Bagus ., I Gede Shasy Bagus ., I Gede Soni Restiadi ., I Gede Soni Restiadi ., I Gede Wahyu W.p ., I Gede Wahyu W.p ., I GUSTI AYU AGUNG MIRAH MEYLIANA ., I Gusti Bagus Widi Darmadi ., I Gusti Bagus Widi Darmadi ., I Kadek Gunarsa ., I Kadek Gunarsa ., I Kadek Sudarma ., I Ketut Satria Adiguna ., I Ketut Seken ., I Komang Bramawan ., I Komang Bramawan ., I Made Dedi Kurniawan ., I Nym Dedy Rahland Krisna Hari ., I Nyoman Surya Manggala ., I Putu Adhi Wirayasa ., I PUTU AGUS ENDRA SUSANTA ., I Putu Hendra Adi Sutika ., I Putu Hendra Adi Sutika ., I Putu Rika Adi Putra ., I Putu Rika Adi Putra ., I Putu Suamba Wijaya ., I Wayan Bagastana ., Iga Putu Ardaba Kory ., Iga Putu Ardaba Kory ., Intania Harismayanti ., Intania Harismayanti ., Kadek Puspa Ariantini ., Kadek Puspa Ariantini ., Kadek Toni Sumartawan ., Kadek Vera Mia Asitari ., Kadek Vera Mia Asitari ., Km Triyunita Yani ., Km Triyunita Yani ., Komang Evayanti ., Komang Evayanti ., Komang Tia Dwi Pradipta ., KOMANG TRY WAHYUNI DEWI ., LUH GEDE TRISNAWATI ., Luh Putu Dewi Ariani ., Luh Putu Dewi Ariani ., Luh Widiyaswary ., Made Ady Pradana Wiyasa ., Made Intan Kusuma Dewi ., Made Intan Kusuma Dewi ., Made Wikrama ., Made Wikrama ., MADE WINNY PARAMITHA ., Md Arini Purnamasari ., Md Arini Purnamasari ., Ngurah Putra Bayu Krisna ., Ngurah Putra Bayu Krisna ., Ni Kadek Meina Andriani ., Ni Kadek Meina Andriani ., Ni Kadek Sudiartini ., Ni Kadek Sudiartini ., NI LUH MIA ADNYANI ., Ni Luh Putu Wida a ., Ni Luh Putu Wida a ., Ni Made Eni Parwati ., Ni Made Sariningsih ., Ni Made Sariningsih ., NI MADE SRI ARTINI ., Ni Nym. Ayu Padmitri ., Ni Putu Anggie Orchidiani ., Ni Putu Anggie Orchidiani ., Ni Putu Sri Erawati ., Ni Putu Sri Erawati ., Ni Putu Sri Merta Utami ., Ni Putu Sri Merta Utami ., Ni Putu Stefi Anjani Darmarini ., Ni Putu Stefi Anjani Darmarini ., Ni Putu Wahyuni Sri Rahayu Cahyani ., Ni Putu Wahyuni Sri Rahayu Cahyani ., Nyoman Erlina ., Nyoman Erlina ., Pande Nyoman Ita Wulandari ., Pande Nyoman Ita Wulandari ., PROF. DR. I NYM. ADI JAYA PUTRA, M.A. ., Putu Eka Dambayana S., S.Pd., M.Pd. ., Putu Eka Dambayana S., S.Pd., M.Pd. ., Putu Eka Jaya Famugi ., Putu Eka Jaya Famugi ., Putu Mas Juliatmadi ., Putu Mas Juliatmadi ., Putu Pipin Septiari ., Putu Rika Pramayani ., Putu Rika Pramayani ., Putu Sri Ayu Padmi ., Putu Sutarma ., Putu Sutarma ., RISMA DIYAN SAPUTRI ., Servasius. Tawurutubun ., Servasius. Tawurutubun A.A. Putu Putra Adnyani, Ni Luh Putu Sri Adnyayanti, Ni Luh Putu Era Agus Yogi Pranata ., Agus Yogi Pranata Anak Agung Istri Mas Diah Utari Dewi Ananda Putri Andi Nursyafeizah Andreyana, I Komang Anita Sofia Veronia Ariantari, Pande Kadek Dea Aridana, I Komang Japar Aron Meko Mbete Aron Meko Mbete Aryasuari, Putu Tanniya Pradnyan Ayu Nyoman Sutrini Batan, I Gede Budiantari Putu Yuli Cantika, Kadek Meisani Dinda Devi Trijayanti Dewa Ayu Eka Agustini Dewa Komang Tantra Dewa Putu Ramendra Dewi, Feby Febriyanti Dewi, Ketut Puspa Dewi, Ketut Sintya Dewi, Ni Putu Desy Krisna Dharmasanti, Ni Made Utari Drs. Asril Marjohan,MA . Drs.Gede Batan,MA . Eka Grana Aristyana Dewi Fitriani Lestari G.A.P. Suprianti GD Hoki Artha Tama Wijaya Gede Bagus Kresnantara Gede Krisna Widiantara Gede Mahendrayana Gusanto, Athanasia Gusti Ayu Putu Linda Riani Gusti Made, Jyotika Gusti Ngurah Rai Dwijantara . Hayuni, Nyoman Tri I Dewa Gede Budi Utama I Gde Putu Agus Pramerta I Gede Bagus Wisnu Bayu Temaja I Gede Batan I Gede Erlan Cahaya Unggawan . I Gede Putu Adhitya Prayoga . I Gede Sumerjaya ., I Gede Sumerjaya I Gusti Bagus Wiksuana I Ketut Mantra I Ketut Mantra . I Ketut Trika Adi Ana I Ketut Trika Adi Ana I Ketut Trika Adi Ana I Ketut Trika Adi Ana I Komang Japar Aridana I Made Adi Widarta Kusuma I Made Pasek Suwarbawa ., I Made Pasek Suwarbawa I Nyoman Adi Jaya Putra I NYOMAN SUPARWA I Putu Abdi Bhuwana I Putu Anjas Widya k ., I Putu Anjas Widya k I PUTU BAYOE MAHA PUTRA . I Putu Edi Sutrisna . I Putu Gede Satriya Wibawa I Putu Indra Kusuma I PUTU MARIANA . I Putu Ngurah Wage Myartawan I PUTU SUYOGA DHARMA . I Putu Yoga Laksana I Putu Yoga Purandina I Wayan Adi Wiweka . I Wayan Agus Anggayana I Wayan Bagus Satria Antara I Wayan Eri Kurnia ., I Wayan Eri Kurnia I WAYAN PUTRAWAN . I Wayan Sandiyasa . I Wayan Suarnajaya I Wayan Swandana I Wayan Swandana I Wayan Wikajaya ., I Wayan Wikajaya I Wayan Wira Praditya I Wayan Wiranata . Ida Ayu Iran Adhiti IDA AYU MADE ISTRI UTAMI . IGA Pt Novita Sari Paragae Kadek Adyatna Wedananta Kadek Dwi Candra Oktariana Kadek Dwi Maharani ., Kadek Dwi Maharani Kadek Nila Hendra Yani Kadek Sari Wahyuni ., Kadek Sari Wahyuni Kadek Sintya Dewi Kadek Sonia Piscayanti Kadek Suardika Kd Astri Nirwitta Wijayanti Ketut Ayu Swati Pramitha Yuliandari Komang Dede Arianata Komang Gede Samudra Artajaya. W KOMANG MELIAWATI . Luh Diah Surya Adnyani Luh Eka Susanti Luh Parmawati Luh Putu Artini Luh Putu Artini Luh Siantari M.A. ., PROF. DR. I KETUT SEKEN, M.A. Made Arniati ., Made Arniati Made Aryawan Adijaya Made Hery Santosa Made Jane Purnama ., Made Jane Purnama Made Sri Satyawati Made Sri Satyawati Made Suardana MADE SUCI SUANDARI . Made Wahyu Mahendra . Mahayoni, Ni Putu Sukma Mahendrayana, I Gede Manik Puspita, Ni Nyoman Mantra, I Ketut Maria Yuliana Geofany Mella Resita Widhiastari Nafiis, Nahla Annisa Ainun Natih, Made Sarasvati Wirapuspa Ngurah Agung Riski Restuaji ., Ngurah Agung Riski Restuaji Ni Kadek Githa Valentina Ni Kadek Suartini . Ni Komang Arie Suwastini Ni Komang Cantika Hyang Sari Ni Komang Nandia Bramesti Ni Luh Aristyawati Ni Luh Putu Era Adnyayanti Ni Made Ayu Sulatri Okta Pratiwi Ni Made Ayuni Wulandari ., Ni Made Ayuni Wulandari Ni Made Dhanawaty Ni Made Dhanawaty Ni Made Gita Pratiwi Ni Made Intan Widya Surya Kartika Ni Made Manda Risva Pebbyanti Ni Made Rai Wisudariani Ni Made Ratmingsih Ni Made Ratminingsih Ni Made Suniyasih Ni Made Utari Dharmasanti NI MADE YUNIARI . Ni Nyoman Manik Puspita Ni Putu Astiti Pratiwi Ni Putu Deanitha Rizki Awalia . Ni Putu Desi Wulandari Ni Putu Dianita Safitri Ni Putu Pradnya Suari Ni Putu Puriasih Ni Putu Sintia Dewi Kusuma Wardani Ni Wayan Monik Rismadewi Nyoman Karina Wedhanti Nyoman Tri Hayuni Okta Pratiwi, Ni Made Ayu Sulatri Padmadewi . Pande Agus Putu Dharma Putra Pande Kadek Dea Ariantari Panensia, Feraliensis Mangifera Paragae, IGA Pt Novita Sari Paramarta, I Made Suta Petrus I Wayan Brahmadyantara . Pradnyani, Pande Eka Putri Pratama, I Gede Febry Wira Pratama, Putu Reynald Ridana Prayoga, Gusti Km Arysuta Pridayani, Kadek Prof. Dr. A. A. I. Ngurah Marhaeni,MA . Prof. Dr.I Ketut Seken,MA . Puput Virginia Putri, Ni Putu Aprilananda Suganda Putu Adi Krisna Juniarta Putu Aditya Maesa Putra Putu Bagus Mahardika . Putu Diandra Dama Suri Putu Dinia Suryandani Putu Edi Kusuma ., Putu Edi Kusuma Putu Eka Dambayana Putu Eka Dambayana Putu Eka Dambayana S Putu Eka Dambayana Suputra Putu Hendra Kusuma . Putu Kerti Nitiasih Putu Niken Praweda Yanti Putu Pande Novita Sari Putu Sidhi Mahayasa PUTU TIKA VIRGINIYA ., PUTU TIKA VIRGINIYA Putu Wulandari Tristananda . Rahayu, Made Sri Ratmingsih, Ni Made Rima Andriani Sari S.Pd. I Putu Ngurah Wage M . Safrina Hulu Salsabila, Unik Hanifah Sang Ayu Made Diah Utami Putri Sang Ayu Putu Sriasih Sari, Nyoman Arina Putri Seken I Ketut Seniasih, Ni Kadek Mira Sri Pithamahayoni . Suardika, Kadek Sugiani, Ni Nyoman Sugiantari, Putu Ayu Dinda Suka, Eva Suniyasih, Ni Made Sutrini, Ayu Nyoman Tristiani, Ni Kadek Ita UNDIKSHA . Utamayana, I Wayan Yoga Utari Dewi, Anak Agung Istri Mas Diah Veranita Helmawan Wawan Marhanjono Mustamar Wawan Marhanjono Mustamar Wedanthi, Nyoman Karina Wibawa, I Gusti Putu Satria Wicaksana, GDA Widarta Kusuma, I Made Adi Widya Suputra I Gede Wiguna, Ida Bagus Andika Wikajaya, I Wayan Wulandari, Putu Ratih Yogiantari, Ni Putu Egik Yuliantari, I Gusti Ayu Winda