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DOMINASI FAKTOR SOSIAL ATAS FAKTOR EKONOMI DALAM USAHATANI CABAI DI PESISIR BONEPANTAI Uloli, Fristawati; Suparwata, Dewa Oka; Mokoginta, Meity Melani; Indrianti, Merita Ayu
ZIRAA'AH MAJALAH ILMIAH PERTANIAN Vol 51, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Pusat Publikasi Jurnal Universitas Islam Kalimantan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31602/zmip.v51i1.22434

Abstract

Usahatani cabai di Indonesia kerap dihadapkan pada volatilitas harga dan risiko produksi yang tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis pengaruh simultan faktor ekonomi (biaya produksi dan harga jual) dan faktor sosial (pendidikan dan pengalaman) terhadap pendapatan petani cabai di wilayah pesisir Kecamatan Bonepantai, Kabupaten Bone Bolango. Menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif, data dari 56 petani sampel dianalisis dengan model fungsi produksi Cobb-Douglas. Hasil penelitian mengungkap bahwa faktor ekonomi secara statistik tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap pendapatan (Sig. 0,392), mengindikasikan posisi petani sebagai price taker yang rentan distorsi pasar. Sebaliknya, faktor sosial berpengaruh positif dan sangat signifikan (Sig. 0,001) dengan koefisien elastisitas dominan sebesar 1,167. Usahatani berada pada kondisi Increasing Returns to Scale (1,400). Temuan ini menyimpulkan bahwa kapasitas manajerial dan pengalaman lebih menentukan keberhasilan ekonomi dibandingkan modal finansial. Rekomendasi kebijakan harus bergeser dari fokus subsidi fisik menuju investasi penguatan kapasitas sumber daya manusia melalui penyuluhan intensif. Kata Kunci : Cabai, Cobb-Douglas, Faktor Ekonomi, Faktor Sosial, Pendapatan Petani
ANALISIS KELAYAKAN DAN PENGEMBANGAN AGRIBISNIS JAGUNG (ZEA MAYS) DI DESA KOPI KECAMATAN BULANGO UTARA KABUPATEN BONE BOLANGO Laiko, Rizal Susanto; Suparwata, Dewa Oka; Djibran, Moh Muchlis; Mokoginta, Meity M.
ZIRAA'AH MAJALAH ILMIAH PERTANIAN Vol 51, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Pusat Publikasi Jurnal Universitas Islam Kalimantan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31602/zmip.v51i1.21346

Abstract

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi kelayakan finansial dan kontribusi ekonomi dari agribisnis jagung di Desa Kopi, Kecamatan Bulango Utara, Kabupaten Bone Bolango. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah pendekatan kuantitatif dengan analisis rasio penerimaan terhadap biaya (R/C ratio) dan Location Quotient (LQ). Data diperoleh melalui survei terhadap 41 petani jagung dengan menggunakan kuesioner terstruktur dan observasi lapangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa R/C ratio sebesar 2,56 mengindikasikan bahwa usaha tani jagung di Desa Kopi layak secara finansial, dengan total pendapatan yang lebih besar daripada biaya produksi. Nilai LQ sebesar 1,25 menunjukkan bahwa jagung merupakan komoditas unggulan di daerah tersebut, dengan kontribusi signifikan terhadap perekonomian lokal. Penelitian ini juga menemukan bahwa faktor-faktor seperti akses terhadap input, teknologi budidaya, dan informasi pasar mempengaruhi profitabilitas petani. Kebijakan pemerintah yang mendukung penyuluhan dan akses pembiayaan diperlukan untuk memperkuat kelayakan dan daya saing agribisnis jagung di tingkat pedesaan.  
Bibliometric Mapping of Climate-Smart Agriculture Research Judijanto, Loso; Suparwata, Dewa Oka
West Science Agro Vol. 4 No. 01 (2026): West Science Agro
Publisher : Westscience Press

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58812/wsa.v4i01.2682

Abstract

Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) has emerged as a strategic framework for addressing the intertwined challenges of climate change, food security, and sustainable agricultural development. This study aims to map the global research landscape of Climate-Smart Agriculture using a bibliometric approach. Data were retrieved from the Scopus database and analyzed using VOSviewer to examine publication trends, co-authorship networks, institutional collaboration, country partnerships, keyword co-occurrence, overlay visualization, and density mapping. The results indicate that CSA research is strongly anchored in the broader discourse of climate change, with dominant themes including food security, adaptation, mitigation, sustainability, and smallholder resilience. The keyword clustering reveals three major intellectual streams: socio-economic resilience, environmental sustainability, and technological innovation. Overlay analysis shows a temporal shift from early vulnerability and adaptation-focused studies toward more recent research emphasizing smart agriculture, precision farming, and digital climate solutions. Collaboration networks demonstrate strong North–South and South–South partnerships, with India, the United States, Kenya, and Ethiopia emerging as key contributors. Institutional mapping highlights the central role of international agricultural research centers and universities in shaping the field. CSA research reflects a mature and interdisciplinary domain that increasingly integrates technological innovation with sustainability objectives. Future research should prioritize inclusive digital solutions, policy implementation analysis, and stronger collaboration among climate-vulnerable regions to enhance the transformative impact of CSA practices.
Pengaruh Diversifikasi Pola Tanam dan Integrasi Tanaman-Ternak dalam Meningkatkan Resiliensi Produksi pada Sistem Usahatani Lahan Kering di Maluku Supriandi, Supriandi; Suparwata, Dewa Oka
Jurnal Multidisiplin West Science Vol 5 No 04 (2026): Jurnal Multidisiplin West Science
Publisher : Westscience Press

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58812/jmws.v5i04.3355

Abstract

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh diversifikasi pola tanam dan integrasi tanaman-ternak terhadap peningkatan ketahanan produksi pada sistem pertanian lahan kering di Maluku. Pertanian lahan kering di wilayah ini sangat rentan terhadap variabilitas iklim, keterbatasan sumber daya air, dan rendahnya kesuburan tanah, yang seringkali mengakibatkan produksi yang tidak stabil. Pendekatan penelitian kuantitatif digunakan dengan menggunakan data primer yang dikumpulkan dari 65 petani melalui kuesioner terstruktur berdasarkan skala Likert. Analisis data dilakukan menggunakan SPSS versi 25, termasuk statistik deskriptif, uji validitas dan reliabilitas, uji asumsi klasik, dan analisis regresi linier berganda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa diversifikasi pola tanam memiliki pengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap ketahanan produksi, menunjukkan bahwa sistem tanam yang beragam membantu mengurangi risiko produksi dan meningkatkan stabilitas hasil panen. Demikian pula, integrasi tanaman-ternak juga memiliki pengaruh positif dan signifikan, mencerminkan pentingnya efisiensi sumber daya dan diversifikasi pendapatan melalui praktik pertanian terpadu. Secara bersamaan, kedua variabel tersebut secara signifikan mempengaruhi ketahanan produksi dengan koefisien determinasi (R²) sebesar 0,555, artinya 55,5% dari ketahanan produksi dijelaskan oleh kedua variabel tersebut. Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa kombinasi diversifikasi tanaman dan integrasi tanaman-ternak dapat meningkatkan kapasitas adaptasi petani dan meningkatkan keberlanjutan sistem pertanian lahan kering. Studi ini memberikan implikasi penting bagi para pembuat kebijakan dan pemangku kepentingan pertanian untuk mempromosikan praktik pertanian terpadu dan terdiversifikasi sebagai strategi untuk memperkuat ketahanan pertanian di Maluku.
Escalating the Recovery of Post-Mining Agricultural Land Degradation Impacts through the Social Functioning of Farming Communities (A Case Study in Dengilo District) Madawi, Chandra Bahar; Suparwata, Dewa Oka; Gobel, Yusriyah Atikah; Djibran, Moh Muchlis
Economics and Digital Business Review Vol. 7 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : STIE Amkop Makassar

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37531/ecotal.v7i2.3752

Abstract

This study aims to determine the form of agricultural land damage due to mining activities in Dengilo District, Pohuwato Regency. The research approach used a survey method with a descriptive approach, involving 74 affected farmer respondents. This research was conducted for two months, namely August to September 2025 in Dengilo District, Pohuwato Regency, which is an ex-mining land location with a significant level of agricultural land damage. The results of the study show that mining activities in Dengilo District have caused severe and widespread damage to agricultural land, characterized by decreased soil fertility, degradation of land structure, pollution of irrigation water, and decreased agricultural productivity. These impacts not only disrupt the balance of the ecosystem, but also cause socio-economic losses for the community, especially farmers. Thus, more integrated environmental restoration and management efforts are needed to maintain the sustainability of agriculture and the welfare of local communities
Comparative Analysis of Rice Farming Using Tabela and Transplantation Patterns in Harapan Village Bokingo, Zulkarnain; Mokoginta, Meity Melani; Gobel, Yusriyah Atikah; Suparwata, Dewa Oka
Economics and Digital Business Review Vol. 7 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : STIE Amkop Makassar

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37531/ecotal.v7i2.3776

Abstract

This study aims to determine the production costs and income of lowland rice farming using the Tabela planting pattern and the shifting planting pattern in Harapan Village, Wonosari District. This study involved 41 rice farmers. The research method is a survey, using a farming analysis that provides an explanation of the large production costs and income of lowland rice farming in the table planting pattern and the shifting planting pattern in Harapan Village. The results of the study show Based on the results of the analysis that has been carried out, it can be seen that the average farming costs incurred by rice farmers with a shifting planting pattern are Rp. 10,600,959 (Per Kg / Farmer / MT) and the average farming costs incurred by rice farmers with a Tabela planting pattern are Rp. 2,676,347 (Per Kg / Farmer / MT) in Harapan Village, Wonosari District, and the average income of rice farmers with a shifting planting pattern is Rp. 22,289,950 (Per Kg / Farmer / MT) and the average income of rice farmers with a Tabela planting pattern is Rp. 32,313,126 (Per Kg / Farmer / MT) in Harapan Village, Wonosari District
Dukungan Kebijakan Pemerintah Dalam Pengembangan Usaha Penangkaran Benih Kelapa Di Kabupaten Gorontalo Dien, Wawan Moh. R.; Indrianti, Merita Ayu; Djibran, Moh Muchlis; Suparwata, Dewa Oka
Agri Wiralodra Vol. 18 No. 01 (2026): usaha agribisnis
Publisher : Universitas Wiralodra

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31943/agriwiralodra.v18i01.155

Abstract

Pengembangan usaha penangkaran benih kelapa di Kabupaten Gorontalo memiliki peran penting dalam mendukung sektor pertanian, khususnya dalam penyediaan benih berkualitas untuk meningkatkan produktivitas kelapa. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dukungan kebijakan pemerintah terhadap pengembangan usaha penangkaran benih kelapa di daerah tersebut serta mengidentifikasi tantangan dalam implementasinya. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah kualitatif dengan pendekatan deskriptif-eksplanatori, yang menggabungkan data deskriptif dan analisis hubungan antar variabel. Data dikumpulkan melalui wawancara mendalam dengan pengusaha penangkar benih kelapa dan pejabat pemerintah, serta studi dokumentasi terkait kebijakan dan regulasi yang ada. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kebijakan pemerintah Kabupaten Gorontalo telah memberikan dukungan signifikan melalui regulasi yang jelas dan program-program strategis. Namun, implementasi kebijakan ini terkendala oleh keterbatasan anggaran, rendahnya minat generasi muda dalam usaha penangkaran, serta kurangnya pemahaman tentang pentingnya benih unggul di kalangan petani. Penelitian ini menyarankan perlunya peningkatan alokasi anggaran, perbaikan dalam sistem pelatihan, serta insentif yang lebih menarik untuk mendorong partisipasi petani muda dalam usaha penangkaran benih kelapa. Kata Kunci: Kebijakan Pemerintah, Penangkaran Benih Kelapa, Gorontalo, Tantangan, Kebijakan Pertanian, Benih Unggul
Paradoks Efisiensi Input: Dominansi Biaya Tenaga Kerja dan Profitabilitas Usahatani Jagung di Kabupaten Gorontalo Bakari, Dwinanda; Djibran, Moh Muchlis; Gobel, Yusriyah Atikah; Suparwata, Dewa Oka
Agri Wiralodra Vol. 18 No. 01 (2026): usaha agribisnis
Publisher : Universitas Wiralodra

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31943/agriwiralodra.v18i01.183

Abstract

ABSTRACT Maize (Zea mays L.) is a globally strategic commodity and a critical source of income for millions of smallholder farmers in Indonesia, yet persistent income gaps reflect inefficiencies in production factor utilization. This study aims to: (1) analyze the factors partially and simultaneously affecting net corn farm income in Bukit Aren Village, Pulubala District, Gorontalo Regency; and (2) assess the income level and financial feasibility of corn farming in the study area. A quantitative approach with Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) multiple linear regression was applied to 42 respondents selected proportionally from 35 farmer groups using the Slovin formula (margin of error = 15%). Complete classical assumption tests normality (Kolmogorov-Smirnov), heteroscedasticity (Scatterplot), autocorrelation (Durbin-Watson), and multicollinearity (VIF) were conducted to validate the OLS estimators. Financial feasibility was assessed using the Revenue-to-Cost (R/C) ratio. Results show that simultaneously, production volume, labor costs, fertilizer costs, and pesticide costs significantly affect net income (F = 14.828; p = 0.000). Partially, only labor costs exhibit a significant positive effect (β = 0.472; p = 0.000), while production volume (p = 0.717), fertilizer costs (p = 0.339), and pesticide costs (p = 0.477) were not significant. The coefficient of determination (R² = 0.616) indicates that 61.6% of income variation is explained by the model. The R/C ratio of 6.7 confirms highly profitable farming, with average productivity of 9.57 tons/ha far exceeding the national average of 5.5–5.7 tons/ha. These findings underscore labor force optimization through mechanization and site-specific balanced fertilization as priority interventions for improving smallholder welfare in Pulubala District Keywords: Corn Farming Income; Financial Feasibility; Labor Costs; Multiple Linear Regression; Production Factors; R/C Ratio ABSTRAK Jagung (Zea mays L.) merupakan komoditas strategis di tingkat global dan nasional serta sumber pendapatan bagi jutaan petani skala kecil di Indonesia, namun kesenjangan pendapatan yang persisten mencerminkan inefisiensi dalam penggunaan faktor produksi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: (1) menganalisis faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh secara parsial dan simultan terhadap pendapatan bersih usahatani jagung di Desa Bukit Aren, Kecamatan Pulubala, Kabupaten Gorontalo; dan (2) menilai tingkat pendapatan serta kelayakan finansial usahatani jagung di wilayah tersebut. Pendekatan kuantitatif dengan analisis regresi linear berganda Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) diterapkan pada 42 responden yang dipilih secara proporsional dari 35 kelompok tani menggunakan rumus Slovin (margin of error = 15%). Uji asumsi klasik lengkap normalitas (Kolmogorov-Smirnov), heteroskedastisitas (Scatterplot), autokorelasi (Durbin-Watson), dan multikolinearitas (VIF) dilakukan untuk memvalidasi estimator OLS. Kelayakan finansial dinilai menggunakan rasio Revenue-to-Cost (R/C). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa secara simultan, jumlah produksi, biaya tenaga kerja, biaya pupuk, dan biaya pestisida berpengaruh signifikan terhadap pendapatan bersih (F = 14,828; p = 0,000). Secara parsial, hanya biaya tenaga kerja yang menunjukkan pengaruh signifikan positif (β = 0,472; p = 0,000), sedangkan jumlah produksi (p = 0,717), biaya pupuk (p = 0,339), dan biaya pestisida (p = 0,477) tidak signifikan. Koefisien determinasi (R² = 0,616) mengindikasikan bahwa 61,6% variasi pendapatan dapat dijelaskan oleh model. Nilai R/C ratio sebesar 6,7 mengonfirmasi usahatani yang sangat menguntungkan, dengan produktivitas rata-rata 9,57 ton/ha yang jauh melampaui rata-rata nasional 5,5–5,7 ton/ha. Temuan ini menegaskan bahwa optimalisasi tenaga kerja melalui mekanisasi dan pemupukan berimbang berbasis lokasi spesifik merupakan intervensi prioritas untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan petani skala kecil di Kecamatan Pulubala. Kata Kunci: Biaya Tenaga Kerja; Faktor Produksi; Kelayakan Finansial; Pendapatan Usahatani Jagung; R/C Ratio; Regresi Linear Berganda
Strengthening MSME Adaptation Strategies through the Integration of Digital Marketing, Creative Innovation, and Technological Capabilities in Facing Business Environment Uncertainty Sutrisno; Wisnujati, Nugrahini Susantinah; Suparwata, Dewa Oka
ADMAN: Journal of Contemporary Administration and Management Vol 4 No 1 (2026): April 2026
Publisher : PT. LITERASI SAINS NUSANTARA

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61100/adman.v4i1.337

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the strengthening of adaptation strategies for Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) through the integration of digital marketing, creative innovation, and technological capabilities in responding to business environment uncertainty. The study employs a qualitative approach using a literature review method, where data were obtained from various scientific publications and credible sources through searches on Google Scholar and official websites of relevant institutions within the period of 1991–2026. From an initial pool of 50 articles, a rigorous selection process was conducted based on relevance, quality, and contribution to the research topic, resulting in 27 articles for further analysis using descriptive analysis techniques. The findings indicate that the integration of digital marketing enables expanded market access and improved customer interaction, while creative innovation plays a role in generating product differentiation and business flexibility. Technological capabilities are also proven to enhance operational efficiency and MSME readiness in facing change. However, the implementation of these three aspects still encounters various challenges, such as low digital literacy, limited access to technology, and suboptimal policy support. Therefore, integrated efforts are required through strengthening human resource capacity, providing access to technology and financing, and fostering collaboration among stakeholders to sustainably enhance MSME resilience and competitiveness.
Community Service in the Perspective of Social Innovation: Efforts to Enhance Value Added and Competitiveness of MSMEs Sudirjo, Frans; Muhamad, Lili Fadli; Suparwata, Dewa Oka
Tirakat: Jurnal Terobosan Peduli Masyarakat Vol 3 No 2 (2026): May 2026
Publisher : PT. LITERASI SAINS NUSANTARA

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61100/j.tirakat.v3i2.338

Abstract

This study aims to enrich the literature on community service by examining the role of social innovation in enhancing value added and the competitiveness of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs). The study employs a qualitative approach using a literature review method and descriptive analysis. Data were collected from various sources, including Google Scholar and credible websites, covering the period from 1994 to 2026. From an initial pool of 50 articles, a rigorous selection process based on relevance and quality resulted in 31 articles for further analysis. The findings indicate that community service based on social innovation can enhance MSME capacity through participatory approaches, cross-sector collaboration, and the utilization of digital technology. The integration of theories such as Social Innovation Theory, Participatory Development Theory, and the Resource-Based View reinforces that program success is determined by active community involvement and the strengthening of innovation ecosystems. Furthermore, the analyzed case studies show that social innovation can increase product value added, expand market access, and sustainably strengthen MSME competitiveness. This study is expected to contribute to the development of more innovative, inclusive, and adaptive community service models in response to economic dynamics.
Co-Authors A. Hasan, Zuarni Abdul Rahman Gani Abu Muna Almaududi Ausat Aditya Djaini Adnani Adnani Agustinus Moonti Ahmad Junaidi Ahmad Syamsu Rijal S Ahmad Yani Amaludin, Moh. Baitullah Amruddin Amruddin, Amruddin Andriya Risdwiyanto Arafah, Muhammad Nur ARIEF SUDRAJAT Arief Sudrajat Arjang Arjang Arsyad, Silviana Azzaakiyyah, Hizbul Khootimah Bagu, Fitria S. Bakari, Dwinanda Bokingo, Zulkarnain Budi Sunarso Cakranegara, Pandu Adi Chatun, Sri Darmawan Listya Cahya Denny Bernardus Dewi Shinta Achmad Diawati, Prety Dien, Wawan Moh. R. Djaini, Aditya Djibran, Moh Muchlis Djibran, Moh. Muchlis Dude, Suyono Echan Adam Eko Sutrisno Eko Sutrisno, Eko Emmy Hamidah Ervandi, Mohamad Fahrullah Fahrullah Fatma Sarie Fatmawati Fatmawati Fauzan Zakaria Firmansyah Firmansyah Fitriah S. Jamin Frans Sudirjo Gifari S Pratama Gomes, Lucio Marcel Gusti Rusmayadi Hakiman, Mansor Hamka Hazmi, Muhammad Hendra Haipi Hertini, Etty Sri Ika Okhtora Angelia Imam Jayanto Imam Widodo Imam Widodo Indri Afriani Yasin Indri Afriyani Yasin Indrianti, Ayu Intes, Amina Irhamni Abdullah Irjanto, Bambang Ishak Korompot Ishak Korompot Iwan Harsono Judijanto, Loso Jumriaty Maleba Kadek Yadnyano Karma Karma Koto, Arthur Gani Laiko, Rizal Susanto Liz Yanti Andriyani Loso Judijanto Ma'rifani Fitri Arisa Madawi, Chandra Bahar Marjan, M Merita Ayu Indrianti Miskam Miskam Mislan Sihite, Mislan Mitra Musika Lubis Moh Muchlis Djibran Moh. Muchlis Djibran Mohamad Ilyas Abas Mohamad, Asna Kasim Mohammad Ervandi Mokoginta, Meity M Muchlis Djibran Muh. Saleh Nurdin Muhamad, Lili Fadli Muhammad Ade Kurnia Harahap Muhammad Arief Azis Muhammad Hazmi Mustafa, Fahrina Nasaru, Yurni Ninik Sri Rahayu, Ninik Sri Novaria, Rachmawati Nurdin . Nurhayati Nurhayati Nurhikmah Paddiyatu Nurwijayanti Ohara, Muammar Revnu Paddiyatu, Nurhikmah Putu Doddy Heka Ardana Rachmawati Novaria Rajib, Md. Mijanur Rahman Ramlan Pomolango Ramlan Pomolango Ratnawati Yuni Suryandari Riantin Hikmah Widi Riko Mersandro Permana Rival Rahman, Rival Robby D.J. Rempas, Robby D.J. Sabalius Uhai Safruddin Safruddin Sari, Ade Risna Sarie, Fatma Satria Wati Pade Silvana Apriliani Soelistianto, Farida Arinie Sri Chatun Sufa, Siska Armawati Suherlan Sulandjari, Kuswarini Supriandi Supriandi, Supriandi Supriyanto Bahuwa Susan Mokoolang SUTRISNO Sutrisno SYAHRIAL SYAHRIAL Syamsu Rijal Tahrayani Purnama Sari A.N Haming Talha Dangkua Talha Dangkua Terri Repi Trimulyono Trimulyono Tusaban Tusaban Uloli, Fristawati Umi Salawati Utami, Cahyaning Rini Wahyu Sulistyo Wardani, Dini Tri Wawan Pembengo Widiastuti Ardiansyah Widiyanto, Sigit Wily Mohammad Winarto Ramlan Wisnujatia, Nugrahini Susantinah Wiwid Widianto Yanto Yanto Yohan Yohan Yusriyah Atikah Gobel Yuyan Mahmud Zainal Arifin