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The Boundaries of the Force Majeure Defense in Civil Disputes: A Study of Decision Number 162/PDT/2021/PT DPS Mutiara, I Made Cinta; Akbar, Ferdi Raditya; Aini, Hanifah Qurrotu; Andriyanto, Fransisca Dealova; Gladys, Juniartha; Azhar, Muhamad Davindra; Alfarel, Muhammad Arkan; Azmina, Fayza; Rizkianti, Wardani
Rechtsvinding Vol. 3 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Civiliza Publishing

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59525/rechtsvinding.v3i2.1165

Abstract

A contract forms the legal relationship between parties that creates binding rights and obligations as regulated in Article 1338 of the Indonesian Civil Code (KUHPer). However, the performance of a contract may be hindered by events beyond human can control, known as force majeure. Under Articles 1244 and 1245 of the Civil Code, a party who fails to fulfill its obligations due to force majeure may be released from liability for damages. This study aims to analyze the limits of force majeure as a legal defense in civil disputes through a case study of Decision Number 162/PDT/2021/PT DPS between PT Royal Pacific Nusantara and PT Lorenz Marble. The research employs a normative legal method with statutory, case, and conceptual approaches, using primary legal materials such as the Civil Code and court decisions, as well as secondary materials including legal books and scholarly journals related to force majeure. The results indicate that the court recognized the Covid-19 pandemic as a relative force majeure, which temporarily hinders the performance of contractual obligations but does not permanently extinguish them. The judges found that the defendant was not negligent, as they demonstrated good faith and efforts to fulfill obligations despite global disruptions. Thus, the boundaries of force majeure as a defense are determined by the causal relationship between extraordinary events and the inability to perform, along with the good faith of the party invoking the defense.
Construction of Sea Barriers in Tangerang Based on Agrarian Law Perspectives and Implementation Issues Muhammad Arasy Al Haq; Wardani Rizkianti
KRTHA BHAYANGKARA Vol. 19 No. 3 (2025): KRTHA BHAYANGKARA: DECEMBER 2025
Publisher : Fakultas Hukum Universitas Bhayangkara Jakarta Raya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31599/krtha.v19i3.4581

Abstract

The issuance of hundreds of Building Use Rights certificates in the Tangerang sea area raises fundamental questions about the application of agrarian law in coastal areas, which should be public domain. This study analyze agrarian law aspects implementing problems sea wall construction in Tangerang, particularly regarding the legality of issuing HGB certificates in the sea area and their impact on the rights of coastal communities. The research method used is normative juridical. The results show that the issuance of 263 SHGB and 17 SHM in the sea area is contrary to UUPA Number 5 of 1960 because the sea area is not an object of land rights, thus containing juridical defects in terms of authority, procedure, and substance. The construction of the sea fence has violated the constitutional rights of coastal communities to work, a healthy environment, and fair legal certainty, causing significant economic losses in the form of increased operational costs for fishermen and the loss of traditional access to the sea. The problems in implementation reflect a failure of coordination between government agencies, a lack of synchronization of authority between the Ministry of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning/National Land Agency (ATR/BPN), the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (KKP), and the Investment Coordinating Board (BKPM) after the Job Creation Law, as well as construction without the mandatory Marine Spatial Utilization Conformity, which can be categorized as an unlawful act that violates the principle of state control for the prosperity of the people
THE LEGAL STANDING OF A LEASING AGREEMENT INVOLVING AN OBJECT ORIGINATING FROM A LEASE AGREEMENT Vernandito Sudharta Raftua Tampubolon; Wardani Rizkianti
Multidiciplinary Output Research For Actual and International Issue (MORFAI) Vol. 5 No. 5 (2025): Multidiciplinary Output Research For Actual and International Issue
Publisher : RADJA PUBLIKA

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.54443/morfai.v5i5.3298

Abstract

The legal standing of leasing agreements involving objects derived from lease agreements continues to pose challenges in Indonesian legal practice, particularly when the party initiating the leasing agreement in Indonesian legal practice, particularly when the party initiating the leasing agreement is not the lawful owner of the object. This situation creates ambiguity regrading the legal status of the agreement and has the potential to harm good faith parties. This study adressees the issue of the legal position of leasing agreements involving objects not lawfully owned an lessor, moreover, the legal protection available to the lessee in such circumstances. The study is normative juridical study utilizing a qualitative analysis approach. Results of research indicate that leasing agreements involving objects not legally owned by the lessor are at conflict also principle ownership in civil law an may be subject to annulment. Legal protection for the leese can be granted through recognition as a good faith party, provided that it can be proven the leese was unaware of any defect in the owneship of the leased object. Outcomes of research is revealed needed strengthen regulations and apply the principle of due diligence in the execution of leasing agreements, particularly in verifying ownership of the leased object prior to the agreement being made.
ANALYSIS OF DAMAGES IN UNLAWFUL ACTS LAWSUITS: STUDY OF DECISION NO. 23/Pdt.G. S/2022/PN Mnd Sri Stevani Arumi; Wardani Rizkianti
Multidiciplinary Output Research For Actual and International Issue (MORFAI) Vol. 5 No. 5 (2025): Multidiciplinary Output Research For Actual and International Issue
Publisher : RADJA PUBLIKA

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.54443/morfai.v5i5.3299

Abstract

This study analyzes the legal implications of business actors' administrative negligence in delivering vehicle registration documents (STNK), based on Decision No. 23/Pdt.GS/2022/PN Mnd. The delay caused both material and immaterial losses to the consumer, including financial burden and reputational damage. Using a normative juridical method with case and statute approaches, the study examines the applicability of Article 1365 of the Indonesian Civil Code and the Consumer Protection Law. The findings reveal a normative gap in determining immaterial compensation within small claim court mechanisms, where the judge partially granted the claim (IDR 20 million from the IDR 50 million demanded) without clear legal reasoning or proportional assessment. This suggests an absence of standardized legal parameters to measure non-material harm in consumer disputes. The study advocates for the establishment of normative guidelines and jurisprudence to assess immaterial damages fairly in simplified civil procedures. The research contributes to legal scholarship by offering a structured critique of compensation reasoning in civil litigation, highlighting the need for clearer standards in the enforcement of consumer protection.
IMPLEMENTASI PENYELESAIAN KREDIT JAMINAN FIDUSIA MELALUI PENJUALAN DIBAWAH TANGAN Ghefira Nur Fatimah; Wardani Rizkianti
Kertha Semaya: Journal Ilmu Hukum Vol. 13 No. 11 (2025)
Publisher : Fakultas Hukum Universitas Udayana

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24843/KS.2025.v13.i11.p07

Abstract

Penelitian ini mengkaji implementasi penyelesaian kredit jaminan fidusia melalui mekanisme penjualan dibawah tangan sebagai upaya penanganan kredit bermasalah di PT Pegadaian Syariah Cabang Kramat Raya. Jaminan fidusia sebagai lembaga yang fleksibel meskipun eksekusinya sering menghadapi kendala saat debitur wanprestasi. Permasalahan utama berfokus pada implementasi prosedur penjualan dibawah tangan dan juga hambatan yang dihadapi Pegadaian dalam pelaksanaannya. Adapun metode yang diadopsi berupa Hukum Normatif (Yuridis Normatif) dengan pendekatan perundangan maupun kasus, yang mana dibuktikan dengan data kualitatif dari wawancara dengan salah satu staff Pegadaian Syariah Cabang Kramat Raya. berdasarkan wawancara tersebut menunjukkan bahwasanya Pegadaian memprioritaskan penjualan dibawah tangan karena efisiensi dan potensi memaksimalkan harga jual, dengan syarat mutlak adanya persetujuan tertulis dari debitur. Namun proses ini terhambat oleh sikap non-kooperatif debitur. Apabila gagal, Pegadaian beralih ke jalur eksekusi lelang yang dijamin oleh Sertifikat Jaminan Fidusia yang berkekuatan hukum. Saran yang dapat diberikan yakni diperlukan penguatan sistem komunikasi dan administrasi pemberitahuan (somasi) untuk meminimalisir risiko gugatan hukum dari debitur atas dasar cacat prosedur. This study examines the implementation of fiduciary collateral credit settlement through an underhand sale mechanism as an effort to handle problem loans at PT Pegadaian Syariah, Kramat Raya Branch. Fiduciary collateral is a flexible institution, although its execution often faces obstacles when the debtor defaults. The main problem focuses on the implementation of the underhand sale procedure and also the obstacles faced by Pegadaian in its implementation. The research method used is Normative Law (Normative Jurisprudence) with a Legislative approach and a case approach, supported by qualitative data from interviews with one of the staff of Pegadaian Syariah, Kramat Raya Branch. Based on the interview, it shows that Pegadaian prioritizes underhand sales due to efficiency and the potential to maximize the selling price, with the absolute requirement of written approval from the debtor. However, this process is hampered by the debtor's non-cooperative attitude. If it fails, Pegadaian switches to an auction execution route guaranteed by a legally binding Fiduciary Guarantee Certificate. Suggestions that can be given are the need to strengthen the communication system and notification administration (summons) to minimize the risk of lawsuits from debtors based on procedural defects.
Implementation of Electronic Stamp Duty (E-Stamp) in Online Business Transactions: Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in the Blok M Area Rachma, Aqila Aulia; Rizkianti, Wardani
International Journal of Science and Society Vol 7 No 4 (2025): International Journal of Science and Society (IJSOC)
Publisher : GoAcademica Research & Publishing

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.54783/ijsoc.v7i4.1584

Abstract

The digitalization of online business transactions has prompted the government to introduce e-stamps as an instrument for legalizing electronic documents. However, its implementation still faces challenges, such as technical constraints, system instability, a lack of user guidelines, and low digital literacy among MSMEs and the public. This study aims to analyze the validity and effectiveness of e-stamps in online business transactions, particularly for MSMEs in the Blok M area, and to identify barriers to their implementation from a civil law and cyber law perspective. The method used is empirical juridical research with a sociological approach to law, legislation, and case studies. Primary data was obtained through interviews with MSMEs, notaries, DJP/Peruri officials, judges, and users; while secondary data came from laws and regulations and legal literature. The results show that, normatively, e-stamps are valid and have equal legal standing to physical stamps. However, their effectiveness is suboptimal due to technical constraints, limited infrastructure, and the unequal adoption of digital legal culture. Furthermore, there is no jurisprudence that specifically defines the position of e-stamps in civil cases. This study concludes that there is a need to strengthen outreach, improve infrastructure, develop uniform technical guidelines, and integrate e-stamps with digital platforms to support legal certainty and efficiency in online transactions.
PROSEDUR DAN SKEMA RESTRUKTURISASI KREDIT PERBANKAN DIMASA PANDEMI COVID-19 BERDASARKAN POJK NOMOR 11/POJK.03/2020 Novia Shinta Bella; Wardani Rizkianti
JUSTITIA : Jurnal Ilmu Hukum dan Humaniora Vol 9, No 2 (2022): JUSTITIA : Jurnal Ilmu Hukum dan Humaniora
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Tapanuli Selatan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31604/justitia.v9i2.639-650

Abstract

COVID-19 yang melanda Indonesia menimbulkan dampak diberbagai sektor seperti sektor ekonomi dan keuangan. OJK mengeluarkan kebijakan stimulus sebagai langkah penyelamatan ekonomi melalui POJK Nomor 11/POJK.03/2020. Kebijakan stimulus diberikan melalui restrukturisasi kredit. OJK menyerahkan pedoman restrukturisasi kredit kepada pihak bank, nantinya bank akan melakukan penilaian dengan pedoman paling sedikit memuat kriteria debitur dan sektor yang terdampak COVID-19. Pada umumnya disetiap perbankan untuk prosedur pengajuan restrukturisasi kredit dan skema yang diberikan memiliki cara maupun kriteria debitur yang berbeda-beda. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui mekanisme pengajuan restrukturisasi kredit dimasa pandemi COVID-19 berdasarkan POJK Nomor 11/POJK.03/2020 dan untuk mengetahui skema restrukturisasi kredit yang diberikan oleh bank kepada debitur termasuk debitur UMKM yang terdampak penyebaran COVID-19. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan. Hasil penelitian ini adalah mekanisme pengajuan restrukturisasi kredit dengan melengkapi persyaratan data yang telah ditetapkan oleh bank dan dapat disampaikan secara online melalui email atau website bank. BRI dalam melaksanakan upaya restrukturisasi kredit dimasa pandemi COVID-19 tetap mengacu pada POJK Nomor 11/POJK.03/2020. BRI mempunyai pedoman yang memuat kriteria debitur beserta sektor yang terdampak dari penyebaran COVID-19. Skema restrukturisasi kredit yang diberikan BRI berdasarkan hasil analisa terhadap debitur dengan menilai penurunan omset secara persentase.
STATUS HUKUM KEPEMILIKAN HAK ATAS TANAH BERDASARKAN SURAT KETERANGAN JUAL BELI TANAH Rani Bilkis; Wardani Rizkianti
JUSTITIA : Jurnal Ilmu Hukum dan Humaniora Vol 8, No 5 (2021): JUSTITIA : Jurnal Ilmu Hukum dan Humaniora
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Tapanuli Selatan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31604/justitia.v8i5.1314-1323

Abstract

Jurnal ini membahas mengenai Status Hukum Kepemilikan Atas Tanah Bedasarkan Status Hukum Surat Keterangan Jual Beli Atas Tanah yang dalam status hukumnya memiliki kekuatan hukum yang kuat selama tidak ada ketentuan yang lebih kuat dari padanya, dikarenakan Surat Keterangan Jual Beli Tanah merupakan surat yang dibuat oleh camat/atau lurah yang setelah dilekuarkannya ketentuan Undang-Undang Pokok Agraria Status hukum dari Surat Keterangan Jual Beli menjadi tidak memiliki kekuatan hukum serta Upaya hukum yang dapan dilakukan Jika pemegang Surat Keterangan Jual Beli Atas Tanah merasa dirugikan dengan diterbitkannya Sertifikat atas tanah, Di Indonesia menganut sistem pendaftaran tanah yaitu sistem pendaftaran negatif yang mengandung unsur positif. Oleh karenanya, Negara tidak begitu menjamin penerbitan sertifikat yang disajikan dapat dibenarkan Apabila terdapat tuntutan/ataupun gugatan di kemudian hari yang melampirkan bukti hak atas tanah yang lebih kuat/atau alas hak, maka penerbitan sertifikat yang sudah ada dapat dibatalkan karena salahnya dasar penerbitan sertifikat dimaksud dan para pihak yang dirugikan dapat melakukan gugatan. Tujuan dari penelitaian ini guna memperoleh informai atau data untuk mengetahui Status Hukum dan Upaya Hukum Terhadap Surat Keterangan Jual Beli Tanah. Penelitian tersebut menggunakan metode penelitian Yuridis Empiris dengan melakukan penelitian lapangan dengan kesimpulan bahwa Status hukum Surat Keterangan jual beli tanah yang dibuat oleh lurah/atau camat memiliki kekuatan hukum tetap selama tidak ada ketentuan yang lebih kuat dari padanya.
Analisis Kasus Overmacht dan Pemutusan Kontrak Sepihak: Studi Putusan Nomor 672k/Pdt/2020 antara CV. Berlian Mas dan Pemerintah Daerah Kabupaten Trenggalek Rachel Amanda Salwa; Restia Delya Ayu Chandra; Safa Aqila Ilzan; Sultan Athareza; Ummu Hani Sentosa; Wardani Rizkianti
Madani: Jurnal Ilmiah Multidisiplin Vol 3, No 11 (2025): December 2025
Publisher : Penerbit Yayasan Daarul Huda Kruengmane

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17905865

Abstract

The dispute between CV. Berlian Mas and the Regional Government of Trenggalek Regency, as reflected in Supreme Court Decision No. 672 K/Pdt/2020, stemmed from delays in the Plapar Bridge construction project, which the contractor attributed to flooding as a form of force majeure (overmacht). Although the contractor requested an extension of time, the regional government unilaterally terminated the contract without complying with the notification procedures required under the contract and procurement regulations. An assessment of Articles 12441245 of the Indonesian Civil Code shows that the flood did not objectively qualify as force majeure due to insufficient formal evidence and inadequate mitigation. The Supreme Court ruled that the termination constituted a breach of contract (wanprestasi), not a tort. This decision highlights the importance of strict proof of force majeure, adherence to the principle of pacta sunt servanda, and procedural compliance within government procurement contracts.
INSOLVENCY TEST SEBAGAI SOLUSI PREVENTIF DALAM KONSTRUKSI HUKUM KEPAILITAN DI INDONESIA Putri Rahmawati; Wardani Rizkianti
Jurnal Yuridis Vol 10 No 2 (2023): Jurnal Yuridis
Publisher : Fakultas Hukum Universitas Pembangunan Nasional "Veteran" Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35586/jyur.v10i2.6381

Abstract

Mudahnya syarat permohonan pailit di Indonesia membuat kreditur maupun debitur beritikad tidak baik mudah mengajukan permohonan pailit. Selain itu, definisi pailit dan batas minimum jumlah utang belumlah jelas. Sampai saat ini, belum ada mekanisme untuk membuktikan ketidaksanggupan debitur dalam melunasi utangnya. Masalah ini berimplikasi pada mudahnya bangkrut secara hukum bagi debitur bahkan jika debitur tersebut masih solven dan beritikad baik. Hal inilah yang menjadikan kesehatan keuangan, jumlah aset, dan itikad baik debitur perlu dipertimbangkan melalui mekanisme Insolvency Test agar tidak merugikan debitur yang masih solven serta beritikad baik. Problematika yang dianalisis yaitu perlindungan hukum bagi debitur yang masih solven dan beritikad baik yang belum terakomodir secara maksimal. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan yakni hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan konseptual. Sumber data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder dengan bahan hukum primer, sekunder, dan tersier. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa perlu dilakukan revisi atau pembaharuan pada Undang-Undang No. 37 Tahun 2004 tentang Kepailitan dan PKPU (UU KPKPU) dengan memasukkan metode Insolvency Test sebagai upaya pembuktian atas kesehatan keuangan dan itikad baik debitur. Hal tersebut memiliki urgensi untuk mewujudkan progresivitas, keadilan, serta kepastian hukum bagi para pihak khususnya bagi debitur, agar debitur solven dan beritikad baik dapat terselamatkan dari penjatuhan pailit.
Co-Authors Agnes Debora Aini, Hanifah Qurrotu Akbar, Ferdi Raditya Akmal Zaki Alfarel, Muhammad Arkan Alma, Hanifah Alya Rahmawati Andira, Ilham Andriyanto, Fransisca Dealova Angelina, Ranti Anisah Aprilia Anjani , Indira Emilia Annisa Bella Saffanah Anshari, Muhammad Faqih Al Ardiansyah, Aldizar Fikri Arifia, Cikal Ariq Fazari Arvrian, Addyne Aulyfah Azhar, Muhamad Davindra Azmina, Fayza Azz Zahra, Devyta Ardiyaning Azzahra, Natasya Fhadyah Baehaqi Calista Azarine Larissa Callista Anastasia Shallom Poerba Chairunnisa Salsabila Putri Chatrine, Chatrine Chris Matthew Tobing Christian Immanuel Situmorang Cut Aldila Dalimunthe, Siti Nurul Intan Sari Damareka, Muhammad Darrell Daniel Darmawan, Abqary Faraz Darsono, Leandra Aurelrio Putra Deswert, Daniel Justin Jeconia Desy Natalia Erina Nur Afifa Fadillah, Rendra Hanam Fahrozi, Muhammad Helmi Fakhri Asshidiqy Firdaus, Muhammad Bintang Fitriyani, Auliya Nur Frans Samuel Junero Butarbutar Ghefira Nur Fatimah Gladys, Juniartha Gregorius Aryo Bimo Parerung Hadi, Rival Mahesa Fauzan Haryadi, Raina Ardelia Heru Sugiyono Hutabarat, Sylvana Deborah Murni Hutabarat, Sylvana Murni Deborah Hutabarat, Sylvana Murni Murni Debora Hutahayan, Samuel Alberto Ilham Raihan Permana Imagrace Triamorita Tampubolon Indah Kusuma Wardani Intan, Siti Nurul Irzaqie, Rafli Achmad Kaban, Divany Harbina Emzilena Kadafi, Alifio Khadafi Alibya Hamka Koesnaedy, Shabiya Zahra Alifa Lagut, Veronica Sekar Wela Latri, Akhdan Adityo Laurentina Manalu Lutfi, Khoirur Rizal Malinda, Maltha Mauladiana Qibtiya Melisa Nurjaya Muhammad Abdul Aziz Hasibuan Muhammad Afif Muhammad Arasy Al Haq Muthia Sakti Mutiara, I Made Cinta Nabil Luthfi Abyan Nabila, Shira Bier Nasution, Najwa Haniyah Novia Shinta Bella Nugroho Dewo Dharmawan Nugroho, Andriyanti Adhi Palureng, Dio Ramadhan Pattiasina, Rizky Johan Pitaloka, Putri Galuh Prabangkara, Ghani PramestiPramesti, Febrina Dwi Putri Kinanti Putri Rahmawati Putri, Keisha Rafilah Putri, Keshia Annisa Putro, Alberto Muhammad Gusti Rachel Amanda Salwa Rachma, Aqila Aulia Rafhael Roberto Silitonga Rafi Rangga Saputra Rafirio Putra Ramadhan, Farhan Daffa Ramadhani, Sinta Ramdhani, Nadia Marsya Rani Bilkis Raniah Safira Azzahra Raudhan Nayyaka Syukrillah Restia Delya Ayu Chandra Rizkian, Masagus Hexal Rotty, Marchelino Rafael Bintang Rusdiananto, Gavra Fiko Safa Aqila Ilzan Sambarana, Ilyasa Laits Santika, Syahirah Rafah Sapitri, Irena Sede, Alfa Immanuel Shalsabilla, Dhillika Shary, Mutya Lubna Silaban, Christian Joseph Sinaga, Irene Cahyani Sitanggang, Daniella Siti Nurul Intan Sari Dalimunthe Siti Nurul Intan Sari Dalimunthe Sri Stevani Arumi Suharno, Rayhan Algiffari Sulaeman, Muhammad Dzikri Sultan Athareza Sumadibrata, Moira Shafeeya Suprima Syaihputra, Brian Maulana Muhammad Syakirah, Davina Syakuran, Khaidar Abdan Sylvana Murni Deborah Hutabarat Sylvana Murni Deborah Hutabarat Tamara Dwi Rizki Amanda Thalia Salma Putri Kamilah Tiara Ananda Rahman Ulfatun, Aiska Nur Ummu Hani Sentosa Vernandito Sudharta Raftua Tampubolon Yuliandra, Stefie Zein, Muhammad Alif Raihan