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Bagus Sartono
Departmen Statistika Institut Pertanian Bogor Gedung IPB Dramaga, Jl. Meranti Wing 22 Lantai 2 Kampus IPB Darmaga Bogor (16680) Indonesia Phone: +62-811-118-508
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Journal : knowledge engineering and data science

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From Data to Insight: A Machine Learning Approach in Classifying Dairy Cow Productivity Level and Identifying Important Influencing Variables Fauzi, Fatkhurokhman; Fauzan, Achmad; Widiyanto, Rhendy K P; Notodiputro, Khairil Anwar; Sartono, Bagus
Knowledge Engineering and Data Science
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Abstract

Identifying influential predictor variables is crucial for enhancing model interpretability in supervised classification. This study applies Permutation Variable Importance (PVI), a model-agnostic approach, to evaluate variable relevance after model fitting. Using data from the 2024 Indonesia Dairy Cow Productivity Survey, this research investigates five classification techniques: (1) Support Vector Machine (SVM), (2) Neural Network (NN), (3) k-Nearest Neighbors (kNN), (4) Naïve Bayes Classifier (NB), and (5) Logistic Regression (LR), to identify which method(s) yield the best performance based on evaluation metrics such as accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity. PVI is employed to identify the most influential predictor variables within the best-performing classification method. The novelty of this study lies in integrating model-agnostic interpretability with multiple supervised classifiers to generate transparent, data-driven insights into dairy productivity determinants. Results indicate that the top-performing methods, SVM and NN, achieved predictive accuracies ranging from 70% to 89%. Specifically, the SVM model achieved an accuracy of 0.799, a precision of 0.845, and an F1-score of 0.795, while the NN model obtained an accuracy of 0.786, a precision of 0.806, and an F1-score of 0.791. A permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) on evaluation metrics revealed no statistically significant difference between the two methods. By applying PVI, nine key variables were consistently highlighted by both models as significant predictors for classifying dairy cow productivity levels (e.g., high vs. low yield) in Indonesia. These variables include farm altitude, the numbers of dairy heifers, lactating cows, and dry cows, the average duration of lactation and dry periods per cow annually, the daily amounts of forage, concentrate, and agricultural by-product feed provided per cow. These findings not only enhance model interpretability but also offer practical guidance for farm-level decision-making, the development of data-driven decision support systems, and the design of targeted policy interventions to improve dairy productivity in Indonesia, demonstrating the real-world applicability of machine-learning-based insights to strengthen dairy farm performance.
Co-Authors -, Salsabila Aam Alamudi Abdul Aziz Nurussadad Achmad Fauzan Achmad Fauzan, Achmad Achsani, Noer Azham Ade Agusti Alwinie Adi Hadianto Adinna Astrianti Afendi, Farit M Agus M Soleh Agus M Soleh Agus M. Sholeh Agus Mohamad Soleh Agusta, Madania Tetiani Agwil, Winalia Ain Fitri Basri Aji Hamim Wigena Akbar Rizki Alfa Nugraha Pradana Alfian Futuhul Hadi Alifviansyah, Kevin Alona Dwinata Alwinie, Ade Agusti Amanda, Nabila Tri Amatullah, Fida Fariha Amin, Toufiq Al Amir Abduljabbar Dalimunthe Anang Kurnia Andi Susanto Andrie Agustino Anggraini Sukmawati Anggraini Sukmawati Ani Safitri Anik Djuraidah Anisa Nurizki Annisa Permata Sari Annissa Nur Fitria Fathina Anton Ferdiansyah Ardhani, Rizky Ardiansyah, Muhlis Arie Wahyu Wijayanto Arief Daryanto Arief Daryanto Arief Gusnanto Aris Yaman Aris Yaman Aristawidya, Rafika Aruddy Aruddy Asep Rusyana ASEP SAEFUDDIN Asfar Asrirawan, Asrirawan Aulia Rizki Firdawanti Aulia Rizki Firdawanti Aunuddin Aunuddin Auzi Asfarian Ayu Sofia Azlam Nas Bagus Randhyartha Gumilar Bariq, Muhammad Shidqi Abdul Barokaturrizkia Ameliani Bayu Indrayana Bayu Pranata Bayu Pranata, Bayu Bayu Suseno Beny Mulyana Sukandar Billy Bimandra Adiputra Djaafara Bonar Marulitua Sinaga Budi Susetyo Bukhari, Ari Shobri Cahya, Septa Dwi Carlya Agmis Aimandiga Cici Suhaeni Cici Suhaeni Cici Suhaeni Cintari, Nanda Putri Claudian Tikulimbong Tangdilomban Dani Al Mahkya Dede Dirgahayu Dede Dirgahayu Defri Ramadhan Ismana Deiby T Salaki Dela Gustiara Denanda Aufadlan Tsaqif Deni Achmad Soeboer Deri Siswara Desi Prabandari Kusuma Ningtyas Desi Prabandari Kusuma Ningtyas Dessy Rotua Natalina Siahaan Desy Endriani Dewi Margareth Lumbantoruan Dhanu Dhanu Saptowulan Dian Ayuningtyas Dian Handayani Dian Kusumaningrum Dito, Gerry Alfa Dwi Agustin Nuriani Sirodj Dwi Agustin Nuriani Sirodj Dwi Erzalianti Dwi Wahyu Triscowati Dyah Setyo Rini Eko Ruddy Cahyadi Embay Rohaeti Erfiani Erfiani Erliza Noor Erwan Setiawan, Erwan Etis Sunandi EVI RAMADHANI Evita Purnaningrum Fachry Abda El Rahman Fadhila Hijryani FAHREZAL ZUBEDI Farit M. Afendi Farit Mochamad Afendi Fatiya Hanifah Fauzi, Fatkhurokhman Fauziah, Nadira Aribah Ferdiansyah, Anton Ferdiansyah, Anton Fitri Mudia Sari Fitrianto, Anwar Frisca Rizki Ananda Galih Hedy Saputra Gerry Alfa Dito Ghiffary, Ghardapaty Ghaly Ginting, Victor Gumilar, Bagus Randhyartha Gusti Arviana Rahman Hanum Rachmawati Nur Hari Wijayanto Harianto Harianto Hartoyo Hartoyo Hartoyo Hazan Azhari Zainuddin Hazelita Dwi Rahmasari Hendri Wijaya Hendria, Muhammad Herlin Fransiska Herlina Herlina Hidayat, Agus Sofian Eka Hidayat, Muhammad Hilman Dwi Anggana I Gusti Ngurah Sentana Putra I Made Sumertajaya I Wayan Mangku Idqan Fahmi Ilma, Hafizah Ilma, Meisyatul Ilmani, Erdanisa Aghnia Iman, Mutiara Nurul INA YATUL ULYA Indahwati Indonesian Journal of Statistics and Its Applications IJSA Ines Riantika Irene Muflikh Nadhiroh Irfan Syauqi Beik Ismah, Ismah Itasia Dina Sulvianti Iwan Kurniawan Jaelani, Raditya Joice Junansi Tandirerung Kamila, Sabrina Adnin Khairil Anwar Notodiputro Khairunnajah Khairunnajah Khairunnisa, Adlina Kharismatul Zaenab Akhilla Khikmah, Khusnia Nurul Kinanti Rizky Pangestutik Kudang Boro Seminar Kusman Sadik Kusnaeni Kusnaeni, Kusnaeni La Surimi La Surimi, La Laode Ahmad Sabil Leni Anggraini Susanti Lilik Noor Yuliati Linda Karlina Sari Lisa Amelia Luh Putu Widya Adnyani Luky Adrianto Lukytawati Anggraeni M. Yunus Magfirrah, Indah Mardatunnisa Isnaini Matualage, Dariani Mega Maulina Mega Ramatika Putri Megawati - Megawati Simanjuntak Meri Hari Yanni Meylisah, Eni Mohamad Agus Setiawan Muh. Sunan Muhammad Hendria Muhammad Ilham Abidin Muhammad Irfan Hanifiandi Kurnia Muhammad Nur Aidi Muhammad Rizal Muhammad Subianto Muhammad Syafiq Muhammad Yusran Mukhamad Najib Murpraptomo, Saka Haditya MY, Hadyanti Utami Nimmi Zulbainarni Nisa Nur Aisyah Nofrida Elly Zendrato Novian Tamara Nugraha, Adhiyatma Nur Aulia NUR HASANAH NURADILLA, SITI Nurfadilah, Khalilah Oktaviani, Rina Pardomuan Robinson Sihombing Pika Silvianti Popong Nurhayati Pratiwi, Windy Ayu Purwanto, Arie Puspita, Novi Qalbi, Asyifah Rachma Fitriati Rahardi, Naufal Rahardiantoro, Septian Rahma Anisa Rahma Anisa Rahma Dany Asyifa Rahman, Gusti Arviana Rahmatulloh, Febriandi Rais Rere Kautsar Rhendy K P Widiyanto Rina Oktaviani Riska Yulianti, Riska Riza Indriani Rakhmalia Rizal Bakri Rizka Rahmaida Rizqi Annafi Muhadi Rizqi, Tasya Anisah ROCHYATI ROCHYATI Roy Sembel Rupmana Br Butar Sachnaz Desta Oktarina Saka Haditya Murpraptomo salsa bila Saptowulan Sarah Putri Sari, Jefita Resti Sentana Putra, I Gusti Ngurah Seta Baehera Setiadi Djohar Setyowati, Silfiana Lis Shalshabilla Shafa Sholeh, Agus M. Siregar, Indra Rivaldi Siskarossa Ika Oktora Siti Aisyah Suantari, Ni Gusti Ayu Putu Puteri Suhaeni, Cici Sukarna Sukarna Suprayogi, Muhammad Azis Susanto, Andi Suseno Bayu Syaifullah Yusuf Ramdhan Syam, Ummul Auliyah Syarip, Dodi Irawan Syella Zignora Limba Totong Martono Toufiq Al Amin Toufiq Al Amin Triscowati, Dwi Wahyu Tsabitah, Dhiya Ulayya Ujang Sumarwan Ulfia, Ratu Risha Unique Desyrre A. Resiloy Utami Dyah Syafitri Valentika, Nina Vera Maya Santi Wahida Ainun Mumtaza Wahyudi Setyo Wahyuni, Silvia Tri Waliulu, Megawati Zein Wawan Saputra Widiyanto, Rhendy K P Windi Pangesti Yani Prihantini Hiola Yanuari, Eka Dicky Darmawan Yenni Angraini Yoga Primanda Yopi Ariesia Ulfa Yudhianto, Rachmat Bintang Zahra, Latifah Zaima Nurrusydah Zulhijrah Zulmi, Muhammad Indra