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Utilization of Neuroimaging in Criminal Justice: Unveiling Truth Through Brain Technology Achmad Cholidin; Zico Junius Fernando; Mikhael Feka
Indonesian Journal of Criminal Law Studies Vol. 9 No. 2 (2024): Indonesia J. Crim. L. Studies (November, 2024)
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/ijcls.v9i2.36632

Abstract

The integration of neuroimaging technology in criminal justice worldwide has opened new avenues for understanding the neural underpinnings of criminal behavior and improving the accuracy of legal processes. This paper explores the application of neuroimaging techniques, such as functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) and Positron Emission Tomography (PET), in the context of criminal investigations and trials. Neuroimaging provides insight into brain function related to intent, deception, memory, and cognitive control, which is critical in determining culpability and assessing mental states. By reviewing case studies and current research, this study evaluates the potential benefits and ethical challenges of using neuroimaging as evidence in court. The findings suggest that although neuroimaging holds the promise of improving the objectivity and reliability of criminal justice, its use should be conducted with caution due to legal, ethical, and technical limitations. The paper concludes with recommendations for the responsible integration of neuroimaging into legal practice to ensure fairness and protect the rights of individuals. The implications of these findings for criminal law enforcement in Indonesia are also discussed, highlighting the potential of applying neuroimaging techniques to improve the fairness and effectiveness of the legal system.
The Protection of Freedom of Religion and Belief under Indonesia’s Criminal Code: A Normative Review of Articles 300–305 of Law No. 1 of 2023 Syamsudin, Syamsudin; Fernando, Zico Junius
Jurnal Negara Hukum: Membangun Hukum Untuk Keadilan Vol 16, No 1 (2025): JNH VOL NO 1 JUNI 2025
Publisher : Pusat Analisis Keparlemenan Badan Keahlian Setjen DPR RI

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22212/jnh.v16i1.4618

Abstract

The enactment of Indonesia’s new Criminal Code (Law No. 1 of 2023) has raised critical questions regarding its impact on the protection of freedom of religion and belief (FoRB). This study seeks to answer the central question: to what extent does the new Criminal Code enhancethe legal protection of FoRB in Indonesia? Using a doctrinal  normative) legal research method, the study applies statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches by examining the provisions of Chapter VII (Articles 300–305) in relation to international human rights standards and the previous Criminal Code. The findings indicate that the new Criminal Code refines the regulation of religious offenses by explicitly criminalizing acts of hostility, incitement to violence, and discrimination against religious groups, while offering explicit protection for minority groups, particularly adherents of indigenous beliefs. However, challenges remain regarding the interpretation and consistent enforcement of these provisions. This research contri- butes to the academic discourse on human rights and legal reform by highlighting the progressive aspects of the new legislation while critically assessing its potential limitations in practice. Abstrak Pengesahan Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP) Baru melalui Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 menimbulkan pertanyaan kritis mengenai dampaknya terhadap perlindungan kebebasan beragama dan berkeyakinan (KBB) di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjawab pertanyaan utama, sejauh mana KUHP baru meningkatkan perlindungan hukum terhadap KBB di Indonesia?Menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif (doktrinal), studi ini menerapkan pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual, dan komparatif dengan mengkaji ketentuan Bab VII (Pasal 300–305) dan membandingkan dengan standar hak asasi manusia internasional serta KUHP sebelumnya. Temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa KUHP baru merumuskan tindak pidana terkait agama secara lebih terperinci dengan mengkriminalisasi tindakan permusuhan, hasutan kekerasan, dan diskriminasi terhadap kelompok agama, serta memberikan perlindungan eksplisit bagi kelompok minoritas, khususnya penganut kepercayaan lokal. Namun, tantangan masih tetap ada dalam hal interpretasi dan konsistensi penegakan hukum. Penelitian ini memberikan kontribusi terhadap diskursus akademik tentang hak asasi manusia dan pembaruan hukum, dengan menyoroti aspek-aspek progresif dalam KUHP baru sekaligus mengkritisi potensi keterbatasannya dalam implementasi.
The Responsibility of Heirs in Settling Replacement Money Claims for State Losses: A Comparative Study of Indonesia and Malaysia Kontesa, Emelia; Zico Junius Fernando
Milthree Law Journal Vol. 2 No. 3 (2025): November
Publisher : PT. Adikara Cipta Aksa

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.70565/mlj.v2i3.106

Abstract

This article conducts a comparative analysis of the liability of heirs in Indonesia and Malaysia with respect to the settlement of replacement money (uang pengganti) arising from corruption cases. Both legal systems emphasize the principles of justice, individual rights protection, and the separation of responsibilities, thereby affirming that heirs are not personally liable for the corruptor’s actions. The liability of heirs is generally limited to the value of the estate actually inherited, and both jurisdictions recognize the right of heirs to renounce inheritance in order to avoid obligations linked to illicit assets. In Indonesia, the Anti-Corruption Law provides mechanisms for the confiscation of inherited property to recover state losses, although the legal framework remains general and lacks detailed regulation on the scope of heirs’ liability. Malaysia, under the Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission Act 2009 and related statutes, similarly authorizes the seizure of inherited assets connected to corruption, while safeguarding heirs who neither control nor benefit from such assets. The findings highlight that, despite differences in regulatory clarity, both Indonesia and Malaysia adopt a balanced approach that allows the state to pursue restitution while protecting heirs’ rights through the option of inheritance rejection.
Criminal Liability of the Press in Election Reporting: A Normative Analysis of Press Offences and Electoral Offences Dwiyanto, Hendri; Zainal Arifin; Agus Manfaluthi; Zico Junius Fernando
The Indonesian Journal of International Clinical Legal Education Vol. 7 No. 4 (2025): December
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/ijicle.v7i4.38187

Abstract

This study aims to normatively analyze the criminal liability of the press in reporting on general elections in Indonesia, focusing on the application of the lex specialis principle, legal certainty, and the protection of press freedom. The main issues examined are the normative conditions under which criminal provisions in Law Number 7 of 2017 on General Elections can be applied to the press, and how the limits of media criminal liability are determined within the context of press freedom guaranteed by Law Number 40 of 1999 on the Press. The research employs a normative juridical method, drawing on statutory, conceptual, and case approaches. The findings indicate that criminal sanctions may be imposed on the media only if there is evidence of deliberate political intent and direct involvement in covert campaign activities or in the dissemination of misleading information intended to influence election outcomes. Within this framework, the lex specialis derogat legi generali principle establishes the Press Law as the specific regulation that must take precedence in resolving news disputes before criminal prosecution. The principle of legal certainty demands a clear distinction between ethical and criminal violations, while the principle of press freedom protection ensures that law enforcement is not used as a repressive tool against the media’s social control function. This study recommends strong coordination among the Election Supervisory Agency (Bawaslu), the Press Council, and law enforcement authorities to delineate the boundaries of press criminal liability, enabling electoral law enforcement without undermining press freedom, a cornerstone of democracy.
LEGAL POLITICS FORMATION OF LEGISLATION IN THE INDONESIA NATIONAL LEGAL SYSTEM Fernando, Zico Junius
Jurnal Hukum Progresif Vol 10, No 1 (2022): April 2022
Publisher : Doctoral of Law Program, Faculty of Law, Universitas Diponegoro

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jhp.10.1.25-36

Abstract

Indonesia is a state of law (rechtstaat) where the main joint of the national legal system is legislation. The conception of a state of law desired by the founding fathers since the beginning of the struggle for independence contains the basic ideas in the preamble to the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. Legislation is an instrument needed in national legal efforts. Discussing statutory regulations in essence, cannot be separated from discussing statutory politics based on the principle that laws and or statutory regulations are part of a political product. The form of statutory regulations in government can differ from laws and regulations in other governments. This depends on the authority of each government. Fundamental questions are related to the legal politics of forming laws and regulations in the national legal system and formulating regulations in the future. The discussion results show that the development of law and the updating of materials to be by the needs and implementation of existing provisions, as well as the preparation of laws and regulations, has a dimension of benefit that is large enough to realize the ideals of the formation of law.
Reconstructing Environmental Criminal Law in Indonesia Through a Comparative Zemiological Legal Study Fernando, Zico Junius; Sueni, Annisa Sabilla; Arifin, Firdaus; Ramadhani, Susi; Zulaika, Almira Novia
TRUNOJOYO LAW REVIEW Vol 8, No 1 (2026): February
Publisher : Faculty of Law Universitas Trunojoyo Madura

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21107/tlr.v8i1.31912

Abstract

Environmental crimes in Indonesia are increasingly recognized not only as violations of legal norms but also as social and ecological harms affecting communities and ecosystems. However, the existing framework of environmental criminal law remains largely formalistic, emphasizing administrative violations and statutory illegality while insufficiently addressing the broader dimension of socio-ecological harm. This research examines how a zemiological perspective can contribute to the reconstruction of environmental criminal law in Indonesia through a comparative legal study. Using a normative juridical method with statute, conceptual, and comparative approaches, this study analyzes Indonesian environmental criminal law alongside developments in Belgium, the European Union, Argentina, Scotland, and the Philippines. The findings demonstrate that Indonesian law continues to rely on formal legality and weak corporate accountability, whereas comparative jurisdictions increasingly recognize severe environmental harm, ecocide, and collective victimization as bases for criminal responsibility. The contribution of this research lies in three main aspects. First, it develops a zemiological framework as a new theoretical basis for evaluating environmental criminal law beyond formal statutory violations, emphasizing social and ecological harm as the central criterion for criminalization. Second, it provides a systematic comparative legal analysis that identifies normative gaps between Indonesian law and emerging global models of harm-based environmental criminal law. Third, it proposes a conceptual model for reconstructing environmental criminal law in Indonesia by integrating the principles of social harm, the recognition of ecocide, and strengthened corporate liability.
Co-Authors Achmad Cholidin Agus Manfaluthi Agus Salim Agus Salim Agusalim Agusalim Agusalim Agusalim, Agusalim Akhmad Akhmad Albariansyah, Hamonangan Ana Silvia Ana Silviana Anditya, Ariesta Wibisono Anis Widyawati Annisa Salsabila Anwar, M. Ian Hidayat Ariesta Wibisono Anditya Arifin , Firdaus Aris Hardinanto Barda Nawawi Arief Baskara, Agri Beniharmoni Harefa Bhanu Prakash Nunna Candra, Septa Chairul Huda, Chairul Cholidin, Achmad Dahwal, Sirman David Aprizon Putra David Aprizon Putra, David Aprizon Dini Dewi Heniarti Dwi Budi Santoso Dwiyanto, Hendri Efren Nova Emi Puasa Handayani Emi Puasa Handayani Fadhil, Moh. Feka, Mikhael Firdaus Arifin, Firdaus Ganefi Hamdani Maakir Hartati, Sawitri Yuli Herlambang Herlina Manullang Humana, Sri Ilham Kurniawan Ardi Imanuddin, Muhammad Iskandar Iskandar Jaco Barkhuizen Jaco Barkhuizen Joko Setiyono Joko Susetyanto Kasmanto Rinaldi, Kasmanto Kiki Amaliah Kontesa, Emelia Kristanto, Kiki Kurnia Dewi Anggraeny Kusumah, Fardana Laily Ratna Lestari Victoria Sinaga, Lestari Victoria M Abdi Maharani, Asari Suci Mahmud Mulyadi Mahmutarom, Mahmutarom Mahrus Ali Maskur , Muhammad Azil Mikhael Feka Mikhael Feka Muchlas Rastra Samara Muksin Muhamad Adystia Sunggara Muhammad Yusuf Akbar Muna, Kholifatul Muthia, Arini Azka Nahdiya Sabrina Naidah, Siti Nur Rochaeti Nur Rochaeti, Nur Nur, Asrul Ibrahim Nurhayati Mardin Panca Sarjana Putra Papontee Teeraphan Pase, Ana Tasia Pratama, Aditya Andela Pujiyono Pujiyono Pujiyono Pujiyono Pujiyono Putra Perdana Ahmad Saifulloh, Putra Perdana Ahmad Putra, Panca Sarjana Putra, Yagie Sagita R.B Sularto Ramadhani, Susi Rangga Jayanuarto Ria Anggraeni Utami Ria Anggraeni Utami Ria Anggraeni Utami Rosmanila Sacipto, Rian SALSABILA, ANNISA Sary, Wevy Efticha SAUNI, HERAWAN Sauni, Herawan Septa Candra Sherly Nelsa Fitri Sidauruk, Jupenris Silvia, Ana Sinaga, Lestari Sinaga, Pidari Solehuddin Solehuddin Sri Wulandari Sudirman SItepu Sueni, Annisa Sabilla Syamsudin Syamsudin Taniady, Vicko Teeraphan, Papontee Tobing, David M. L. Try Mulya Naposo Siregar Utami, Ria Anggraeni Virdaus, Saivol Wali, Ahmad Wiwit Pratiwi Yagie Sagita Putra Yagie Sagita Putra Yagie Sagita Putra Yusriyadi Yusriyadi Yusriyadi Yusriyadi Zainal Arifin Zainal Arifin Zainal Arifin Zentoni Zulaika, Almira Novia