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Journal : Pharmascience

Total Flavonoid Content, Antibacterial Activity and In Silico Toxicity Prediction of Ethanolic Extract from Murraya koenigii Leaves against Streptococcus mutans Haris Munandar Nasution; Nasri Nasri; Ziza Putri Aisyia Fauzi; Zulmai Rani; Ainil Fithri Pulungan; Vera Estefania Kaban
Journal of Pharmascience Vol 13, No 1 (2026): Jurnal Pharmascience
Publisher : Universitas Lambung Mangkurat

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20527/jps.v13i1.22436

Abstract

Dental caries is a chronic disease exclusive to humans and remains one of the most prevalent oral health problems worldwide. The increasing emergence of antibiotic resistance and the adverse effects associated with conventional antimicrobials have encouraged the exploration of natural plant-derived compounds for caries prevention. Murraya koenigii leaves are widely used as a culinary ingredient and are known to possess various therapeutic properties, including antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective activities. This study aimed to evaluate the total flavonoid content, antibacterial activity, and in silico toxicity profile of the ethanolic extract of M. koenigii leaves against Streptococcus mutans, a primary cariogenic pathogen. Total flavonoid content was determined using the aluminum chloride colorimetric method, while antibacterial activity was assessed using the agar disk diffusion assay. The toxicity profile of major flavonoid constituents was further analyzed using in silico ADMET prediction tools. The results showed that the ethanolic extract of M. koenigii leaves contained a high total flavonoid content (281.83 ± 10.23 mg QE/g extract) and exhibited strong antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans, producing inhibition zones ranging from 14.4 to 19.4 mm in a concentration-dependent manner. In silico analysis indicated that the major flavonoid constituents possessed favorable pharmacokinetic characteristics with low predicted toxicity risks. These findings suggest that the ethanolic extract of M. koenigii leaves is rich in flavonoids and demonstrates significant antibacterial potential, supporting its promise as a natural antibacterial agent for oral health applications. Further studies focusing on compound isolation, formulation development, and in vivo validation are recommended.
Co-Authors A'dilah, Nur Abadi, Hafizhatul Adjelie, Tiara Adli Nuzula Rahmah Adyani Maulinda Afriati, Nelsi Afridah, Nurul Ilmi Ahmad Rasyid Ridho Ainil Fithri Pulungan Alviana, Liya Amelia Kudadiri Andi Syahputra, Ricky Andjelie, Tiara Ani Sutiani Ani Sutiani Anny Sartika Daulay Anny Sartika Daulay Anny Sartika Daulay Aprilia, Hijjatun Arifin, Khairil Fikri Arrosty, Muflizah Athaillah, Athaillah Audry Pratiwi Aulia Fitri Aulia Fitri, Aulia Auza , Maharani Azhar, Gustika Bambang Hermanto Bambang Hermanto Beby Noplya Wulandari BJ Sutrisna Chandra, Putra Dama Yanti, Fradilla Daulay, Anny S. Dea Anggreini Denny Satria Dewi, Sri Harti Dikki Miswanda Dikki Miswanda Dinda Sari Utami Dwi Jati, Fatma Erma Susanti Evi Depiana Gultom Evi Depiana Gultom Fadhlah Al-Uyun Nasution Fahmi Fahmi Fajri, Fajrilda Aqilah Fanny Anggreany Santosa Fauziah Erna Witular Panggabean Ferendina, Imelda Fithri Pulungan, Ainil Fitri, Nurul Fitri, Raissa Gabena Indrayani Dalimunthe Gabena Indrayani Dalimunthe Ginting, Grace Anastasia br Ginting, Ovalina Sylvia Br Ginting, Ovalina Sylvia Br. Gultom, Evi Depiana Hanafis Sastra Winata Harahap, Sumiyarni Haris Munandar Nasution Hariyadi Dharmawan Syahputra Hariyadi Dharmawan Syahputra Hariyadi Dharmawan Syahputra Hasibuan , Fika Miah Sasmitha Hasibuan , Nabila Hasim Hasibuan, Zulfiana Ramadhani Hindri Syahputri Humaira, Annisa Husna, Miftahul Hutagalung, Victor H Indrayani, Gabena Inna Myesha Julia Reveny Karo Sekali, Elva Swandi Kasta Gurning Khairunnisa , Ardina Khan, Sahrani Nazwa Kiki Rawitri Kiki Rawitri Lestari, Amanda Putri Lestari, Kurnia Dwi Lilik Septiana Lilik Septiana Linda, Rosa Lubis, Asira Lubis, Minda Sari lubis, muhammad fauzan Lubis, Nurazizah M. Alfaruqi Maghfirah, Dini Mainal Furqan Malahayati Malahayati Maryanti Yuza Matondang , Fikriyah Hafni Maulana Putri, Yasinta Maysaro Sitompul Mira Febrina, Mira Monica Suryani Moondra Zubir Muhammad Agus Muljanto Muhammad Amin Nasution Muhammad Fauzan Lubis Muhammad Yunus Muhammad Yunus Mukti, Ridho Munandar, Verissa Nadila Indra Sepvina Nasri Nasri Nasri Nasri Nasri Nasri Nasri Nasri, Nasri Nasution, Wardah Nazuhra, Oca Nia Novranda Pertiwi Nindya Indah Damayanti Ningtias, Anggita Ningtias, Anggitha Nomi Noviani Nur Ain Thomas Nur, Hijrotun Nurdalilah, Nurdalilah Nurhayati Nurhayati Nurmazela, Virda Nursyafira, Arini Ovalina Sylvia Br. Ginting Ovalina Sylvia Br. Ginting Ovalina Sylvia Br. Ginting Paramitha, Ratih Parapat , Anjarlit Romiyuliana Br Pasar Maulim Silitonga Pertiwi, Rahma Pitaloka, Syifa Amilia Puspita, Dinda Dila Puteri, Cut Intan Annisa Putra, Andhika Dharma Putri Khairani Rafita Yuniarti Rahma Dona, Rahma Raissa Fitri Rambe, Robiatun Rawitri, Kiki Reza Irma Ricky Andi Syahputra Ridho, Ahmad Rasyid Ridwanto Ridwanto Ridwanto Rinda Sari, Syilvi Rinda Sari, Sylvi Ritonga , Nur Sakina Rizki, Dewi Rizki, Vitri Dea Robiatun Rambe Robiatun, Robiatun Rambe Ronapadua Musyirna Rahmah Nasution Sahara dan Emma Susanti Rukmana, Siti Sagala, Hasel Untung Bersinar Samran, Samran Sari Lubis, Winda Sari, Farida Sari, Syilvi Rinda Sari, Sylvi Rinda Sartika Daulay, Anny Savitri, Novia Herma Septiana, Lilik silalahi, zahra salsabila Sindi, Sindi Sipahutar, Rizki Anjani Siregar , Misbah Siti Anisa Siti Rahmah Siti Rahmi Ningrum Sony , Suyefri Sri Wahyuni Sri Wahyuni Suci, Nurul Sulwiyatul K Sani Supiyani, Supiyani SURBAKTI, CHRISTICA ILSANNA Syafa Nadira Ashiilah Syahputra, Ricky Andi Syarifah Nadia Syilfia Hasti Tania, Chyntia Glori Tarigan, Eni Surabini Trizaldi, Asep Urip Harahap Uswatun Nisa, Uswatun Vera Estefania Kaban Vera Estefania Kaban Widya, Rizka Yayuk Putri Rahayu Yayuk Putri Rahayu Yuli Haryani Yuliatil Adawiyah Harahap Yuniarti , Rafita Yuniarti, Rafita Zahira Ahmad, Madani Ziza Putri Aisyia Fauzi Zulfikri Zulfikri Zulhij, Fizrya