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Marine Pollution Prevention Policy and Port State Control Enforcement in Indonesia: Implementation Gaps and Regulatory Recommendations Larsen Barasa; Tri Cahyadi; Marihot Simanjuntak; Irfan Faozun; Chanra Purnama
International Journal of Marine Engineering Innovation and Research Vol. 11 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Department of Marine Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.12962/j25481479.v11i2

Abstract

Indonesia, as a signatory to MARPOL 73/78, holds binding international obligations for vessel-source pollution prevention across all six annexes. Port State Control (PSC) is the primary enforcement mechanism for realizing these obligations operationally, yet evidence consistently indicates a wide and persistent gap between regulatory obligation and enforcement practice. This study provides a systematic assessment of marine pollution prevention policy and PSC enforcement in Indonesia through a mixed-methods methodology combining quantitative benchmarking of 4,218 IOMOU PSC inspection records (2019–2024), 44 semi-structured stakeholder interviews, and comparative regulatory framework analysis. Results reveal that Indonesia's PSC performance falls significantly below both IOMOU regional and Paris MoU benchmarks across all key indicators: the detention rate of 4.8% is double the Paris MoU average, mean deficiencies per inspection exceed the Paris MoU figure by 1.97, and a repeat deficiency rate of 38.4% — 23.6 percentage points above the Paris MoU — confirms that enforcement is not generating the corrective response it should. MARPOL Annex IV (sewage) and Annex I (oil) deficiency gaps against Paris MoU benchmarks reach 13.2 and 10.8 percentage points respectively, both classified as critical. Six primary implementation gaps are identified: PSC officer capacity deficit, absence of digital inspection systems, inter-agency coordination failure, inadequate penalties, domestic fleet MARPOL exemptions, and port reception facility insufficiency. An Integrated Marine Pollution Prevention Reform Framework addressing all six gaps through a phased four-pillar architecture is proposed, offering a structured pathway for Indonesia to close its enforcement deficit and fulfill its international maritime environmental obligations.
Eco-Friendly Antifouling Coating Technologies for Marine Vessels: Material Science Advances and Environmental Compliance Under IMO Regulations Tri Cahyadi; Marihot Simanjuntak; Natanael Suranta; Larsen Barasa; Marudut Bernadtua Simanjuntak
International Journal of Marine Engineering Innovation and Research Vol. 11 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Department of Marine Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.12962/j25481479.v11i2

Abstract

Marine biofouling — the progressive accumulation of microorganisms, algae, barnacles, and other aquatic organisms on submerged vessel hull surfaces — imposes a 25–40% fuel consumption penalty at the macrofouling stage and simultaneously facilitates the transport of non-indigenous invasive species across biogeographic barriers, constituting both a significant GHG emission driver and a global ecological threat. This study examines antifouling coating technology adoption and compliance in the Indonesian domestic fleet, evaluates alternative antifouling technologies against environmental performance, fuel saving benefit, and IMO regulatory compliance dimensions under Indonesian tropical operating conditions, and develops prioritized technology adoption and regulatory implementation recommendations. A mixed-methods design was employed, combining hull inspection and documentary review of 84 domestic vessels across four vessel type categories at three Indonesian port areas, stakeholder interviews with 46 participants across operator, shipyard, regulatory, industry, and NGO groups, and comparative technology performance assessment of four antifouling system categories. Results reveal that while 86% of vessels achieve AFS Convention (TBT prohibition) compliance, only 6.5% fully comply with IMO Biofouling Management Guidelines. A full fleet eco-upgrade across the 84-vessel sample would deliver annual fuel savings of 12,980 tonnes HFO and 40,500 tonnes CO₂ at a positive 15-year fleet NPV of USD 16.6 million. Cost barriers — with eco-friendly coatings carrying a 2–4× unit price premium — are identified as the primary adoption constraint. Three priority policy recommendations are proposed: mandatory Biofouling Management Plan documentation for all vessels exceeding 400 GT; a green maritime financing facility for eco-coating upgrades during drydocking; and mandatory hull fouling performance reporting within the CII monitoring framework.
Co-Authors Abdul Rachman Adi Susanto Aditya Rinaldi Agus Dina Mirianto Agus Dina Mirianto Agus Tjahjono Ahmad Ahmad Ahmad Wahid Ahmadi, Pesta Veri Aji Permana Amrin Amrin Andriyan Hendry Ole Anggraini, Laila Puspitasari Anita, Kristin Antoni Arif Priadi Antoni Arif Priadi, Antoni April Gunawan April Gunawan Malau April Gunawan Malau Arifin, Moh. Zaenal Arizky, Aden Akhmad Bambang Kurniadi, Bambang Bambang Sumali Benny Hidayat Chanra Purnama Chanra Purnama Christine Widilestari Cris Kuntadi Damar Isti Pratiwi Damoyanto Purba Darul Prayogo Derma Watty Sihombing Diah Zakiah Dina Mirianto, Agus Dwikora Simanjuntak, Pargaulan Edi Abdurachman Erwin Ferry Manurung Fadiansyah, M Rizki Faisal Aswin Faozun, Irfan Fazri Hermanto Geboy Geboy Gemilang, Murina Hendrawan Hendrawan Hesti Ekawati Ida Ayu Putu Sri Widnyani Imam Fahcruddin Indrawan, Rully Irene Evi Krismawati Irfan Faozun Jay Singgih Jayawarsa, A.A. Ketut Juliater Simamarta Larsen Barasa Lumban Batu, Purnama N.F. Luri Krisnawati Mantoro, Budi Marihot Simanjuntak Marudut Bernadtua Simanjuntak Mauritz Sibarani Meilinasari Nurhasanah Hutagaol Miftahul Hadi Mohamad Ridwan Mudakir Natanael Suranta Nathanael Suranta Novita Vindri Harini Panderaja Soritua Sijabat Pasyah, A. Chalid Paulina Mutiara Latuheru Purnama, Chanra Riyanto Riyanto Riyanto Riyanto Riyanto, Firdania Amelia Riyono, Dwi Robbany, Inayatur Rochmansyaha, Rizal Ronald Simanjuntak Rosna Yuherlina Rusmadi Awza Sambega Bintang, Ananta sarbullah sarbullah Sari Kusumaningrum, Sari Selasdini, Vidya Sibarani, Mauritz Sihombing, Derma Watty Silaksanti, Danawiryya Simanjuntak, M. Marihot Simanjuntak, Marihot Simanjuntak, Ronald Sriyanti, Iis Elsya Suhartini Suhartini Sumali, Bambang Susi Herawati Taruga Runadi Titis Ari Wibowo Toko, Gigih Prastyan Tri Kismantoro Tristanti Tristanti Utama, Yusuf Pria Wardoyo Dwi Kurniawan Wibowo, Titis Ari Widyaningrum, Novita WINARNO Winarno Winarno Winarno Winarno Winarno Winarno Winarno Wisnu Handoko Yando, Markus Yayu Nopriani Martha Yovita Mumpuni Hartarini