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Antioxidant Activity and Network Pharmacology of Ruellia tuberosa L. Leaf Extract Targeting TNF-PPARγ in Diabetes Mellitus Muhammad Andry; Shaum Shiyan; Cindy Marseli; Tiara Ramadaini; Indah Indah; Muhammad Amin Nasution; Muhammad Fauzan Lubis
Majalah Obat Tradisional Vol 31, No 2 (2026)
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/mot.111845

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is conditionally defined by chronic high blood sugar, oxidative stress, and inflammation, with tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) acting as critical therapeutic targets. This research investigated the phytochemical profile, antioxidant potential, and molecular pathways of Ruellia tuberosa L. leaf extract in relation to diabetes using a dual experimental and computational framework. The total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were quantified using Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride colorimetry assays, respectively, while antioxidant efficacy was assessed using the DPPH radical scavenging assay. Furthermore, a Network pharmacology approach incorporating target prediction, protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis, and molecular docking was used to uncover multi-target interactions. Results showed a TPC of 34.14 mg GAE/g and a TFC of 4.949 ± 0.089 mg QE/g, with the extract demonstrating strong antioxidant activity (IC₅₀ = 83.96 ppm). Key bioactive compounds identified included β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, betulinic acid, apigenin, and luteolin. Computational docking revealed high binding affinity of β-sitosterol and stigmasterol toward TNF (-8.7 and -8.5 kcal/mol) and PPARγ (-10.2 and -9.8 kcal/mol). Network modeling identified 87 protein targets with TNF (0.79) and PPARγ (0.77) showing the highest centrality, emphasizing their significance in the extract's antidiabetic effects.  This study provides molecular insights into the multi-target therapeutic potential of R. tuberosa L. leaf extract for diabetes treatment, addressing both inflammation and metabolic dysregulation.
Co-Authors Abadi, Hafizhatul Ade Shindy F Br Sembiring Ade Sumiardi Adek Chan Afra, Mauliza Akmal Muhni Anny Sartika Daulay Anny Sartika Daulay Apmarja, Sarah Utami Aqmal Ramadhan Pasaribu Arfiani Arifin Aris Ma'ruf Aryunda, Divia Asparyzha, Rhyzha Asyifa, Cut Nella Asyrun Alkhairi Lubis Aulia Sari Awanis, Safirah Ayu Wulan Putri Selayan Cindy Marseli Cut Nella Asyifa Damayanti S Damayanti S Didi Nurhadi Illian Dwiyarina Margarisa Fahma Shufyani Faisal, Hendri Fajar Fakri Ferina Septiani Damanik Fira Safitri Fithri Pulungan, Ainil Gabena Indrayani Dalimunthe Hanafis Sastra Winata Hari Hariadi Haris Munandar Nasution Hasibuan, Supia Indah Hendra Jaya Hindri Syahputri Hindri Syahputri Humaira, Yara Humaira, Zaura Ika Julianti Tambunan Ika Yeni Siahaan Indah Indah Indah Pertiwi Nasution Indra Ginting Iryana, Mirdha Isti Dwi Pruschia Januri, Muhammad Rizal Jefri Naldi Khairani Fitri Khairani, Tetty Noverita Kiki Rawitri Leni Halimatusyadiah Lestari, Seri Ligo, Azzura Lilik Septiana Lubis, Minda Sari Luthvia, Luthvia M. Fariz Fadillah M. Fariz Fadillah M. Pandapotan Nasution Mambang, D Elysa Putri Manik, Umi Chairani Mayang Sari Meiva Amelia Lubis Melia Sari Melia Sari Melia Sari, Melia Mirdha Iryana Mirna Mirna Muhammad Alifza Muhammad Andry Muhammad Andry Muhammad Andry Muhammad Andry Muhammad Andry Muhammad Fauzan Lubis Muhammad Yunus Muhammad Yunus Mutia Muhardiyanti Nazirah, Nazirah Naziyah, Syifa Nia Novranda Pertiwi Nia Novranda Pertiwi Nia Novranda Pertiwi Nidia Rizka Niswa, Khairun Nurul Aulia Octania, Adelia Dwi Pradita, Diding Pricella Ginting Purba, Juvantri Fablo Puteri, Cut Intan Annisa Putri , Adilla Rasyidah Azzahra Reza Destri Anggi Rida Evalina Tarigan Ridwanto Ridwanto Rinda Sari, Sylvi Rudang, Singgar Ni Rufina Rumanti, Ruth Mayana Sahliah Sahliah, Sahliah Sandrina, Syura Sari, Syilvi Rinda Selfia Lestary Seri Rezeki Shaum Shiyan Shodikin, Marwan Ali Simanjuntak, Monica Nelly Siregar , Runisya Maugin Utami Siregar, Rina Paramitha Siska Dwi Anggraeni Sry Ulina Karo-Karo Suseno Amien Syafira, Nona Tanjung, M. Fadli Tetty Noverita Khairani Tetty Noverita Khairani Tia Nazilla Tiara Ramadaini Tri Damaiyanti Ulfa Melyza Vannissa Andriani Irawan Wan Tisya Muhaira Winata, Hanafis Sastra Yadi, Hervi Yanti, Rahma Yayuk Putri Rahayu Yayuk Putri Rahayu Yulia Nanda Putri Yuniarti , Rafita Yuniarti, Rafita Yusep Ikrawan Zahara, Fitria Siti Zhafirah, Rana Zikra Maqfirah Ziza Putri Aisyia Fauzi Zulmai Rani