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Journal : Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics

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Comparative performance analysis of LSTM, GRU, and bidirectional neural networks for political ideology classification Afuan, Lasmedi; Hidayat, Nurul; Permadi, Ipung; Iqbal, Iqbal; Suprihanto, Didit; Bintang Pradana Yosua, Panky; Alfarez Marchelian, Reyno
Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics Vol 14, No 5: October 2025
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/eei.v14i5.9980

Abstract

Political ideology classification is crucial for understanding social polarization, monitoring democratic processes, and identifying bias on online platforms. This study compares the performance of long short-term memory (LSTM), gated recurrent unit (GRU), and bidirectional GRU (Bi-GRU) neural network models in classifying liberal and conservative political ideologies from social media text data. The Bi-GRU achieved the best results with 88.75% accuracy and 89.16% F1-score, highlighting its strength in contextual analysis. These findings suggest their applicability in areas such as election monitoring and the analysis of political discourse. This study contributes to the field of political text classification by offering a comparative analysis of deep learning architectures. The dataset utilized covers a wide range of issues, including social, political, economic, religious, and racial topics, demonstrating its comprehensive nature. Visualizations using WordCloud and uniform manifold approximation and projection (UMAP) reveal distinct ideological patterns, validating the dataset’s quality for training models. The findings underscore the importance of utilizing advanced bidirectional architectures for nuanced tasks, such as ideology classification, where contextual understanding is crucial. These insights open avenues for future research, such as the application of Bi-GRU in analyzing multilingual political ideologies or real-time sentiment tracking during election campaigns.
Co-Authors A.A. Ketut Agung Cahyawan W Abdul Waris Abdul Waris Afkar, Mufidul Agung M Agus Dwiyanto, Agus Agus Jatmiko Agyl, Muhammad AHMAD MUNIR Al-Qaida, Huzaima Alfarez Marchelian, Reyno Alifuddin, Muh. Amelianda, Amelianda Amri Amin Amrullah, Satrio Andi Paramita Guntur Andi Sukma Indah arifin arif Andi Karim Aryani, Intan Dwi Ashabul Kahpi Asmaul Husna Asrul Saputra Aulia, Muhammad Rafi AULIA, SITI Aziz Aziz Bintang Pradana Yosua, Panky Dagong, Muhammad Ihsan A. Daniel Happy Putra Daniel Useng Darmawati Darwis Dedy Farhamsa Desembardi, Faried Desi Fitasari Devi Devi, Devi Dewi Dewi Dewi Maya Sari Diah Retnowati Dian Dian Diantoro, Karno Dicky Wahyudi Didik Setyo Purwantoro Didit Suprihanto, Didit Djuniadi , Djuniadi Djuniadi Djuniadi Dwi Guntoro Dyah Prihartini Djenal Elsa Elsa Ery Wati Eti Hadiati Ewin Iskandar Fadli, Yossy Aulia Fahrizal Fahrizal Faisyah, Nur Fakhrizal Fakhrizal, Fakhrizal Fatimah, Jannatun Fauzah, Rauzatul Fauzi, Lilianty Febrianti, Ni Luh Riska Feddy Setio Pribadi Fitra, Safiatuddin Gevano, Daiva Paundra Hanif Hanif Haq, Habil Hasbullah Hasbullah Hazmal Herman, Hazmal Herlina Arifin Horas, Erwin Husnul Mubarak Ilahi, Andhika Putra Restu Imam Suelfikhar Ipung Permadi Irawan, Bayu Budi Irawan, Santi iskandar zulkarnaini Jafarudin, Ahmad Januar Juliansyah, Rommi Junaedi Muhidong Karnisih, Karnisih Kartika Pertama Sari Kasman Kasman Kausar, Kausar Khaeril Anwar Junaedi Khaeroni, Rany Khatifah Kitab Amelia Kurnia, Muhammad Lasmedi Afuan Ledjap, Maria Aryanthi Lestary, Ratna Ayu Dewi Liliandriani, Andi Lindawati Lindawati Maharani, Dewi Mahmud Achmad Mahmud Achmad, Mahmud Mahmudin, Lufsyi Mahyuddin Mahyuddin Makhrifah, Diana Marfiyana, Marfiyana Martha, Martha Maulana Putra Maulidin, Aula Mauloeddin Afna, Mauloeddin Mazni, Deni Irda Melati, Reffi Meliyana Meliyana, Meliyana Miftahul Jannah Mil, Gibson Mira, Prilly Virgina Mochammad Imron Awalludin Moerad, Siti Huwayda Mohamad Riva N. Muammar, Rajib Mucthar, Helmi Muh. Fajar, Muh. Muhammad Faisal Muhammad Ihsan Andi Dagong Muhammad Iqbal Muhammad Isya Muhammad Nur Fajar Muhammad Rizal Muhammad Syahrul Ulum Muhammad Tahir Sapsal Muhtadin Muhtadin Mursalim Mursalim Mutawakkil Mutawakkil Muzana, Syarifah Nanang Sadikin Naslawati, Naslawati Nasruddin Nasruddin Nengsi, Sri Ngudiyono Ngudiyono Noor Saptanti Nugroho, Anggi Septia Nurdia, Nurdia Nurhanifa, Nurhanifa Nurjannah Nurjannah Nurlaili Nurlaili Nurrahmi, Sitti Nursusilowati, Indah Nurtania Sudarmi Nurul Hidayat Panduwinata, Fina Prajasa, Syakira Mala Pratiwi, Nita Adilla Putra, Akbar Adrian Putri, Nursinta Rahmawati, Cut RAMLIN AHMAD Rasyifah, Maisyah Nur Rayhannafi, Hilmi Rita Sari Rokhman, Rokhman RR. Ella Evrita Hestiandari Sabaniah, Syahrial Safera, Liza Salmawati Salmawati, Salmawati Sanjaya, Muhammad Fahyu Sapsal, Muhammad Tahir Sari, Adinda Kumala Setianingrum, Diah Ayu Silviana, Mery Sitti Nur Faridah Soderi, Ahmad Sofyan M. Saleh Solly Aryza Sriwinar, Sriwinar Suhardi Suhardi Suhartono Sukmawati, Darmawati Sulistyowati, Indah Dwi Sunarno Sunarno Sundari, Salsabila Sunreni, Sunreni Supratomo, Supratomo Suryana, Nina Suryani Suryani SUTOMO Syafriadi Syafriadi Syahmidarni Al Islamiyah Syahputri, Nazwa Ayu Syahrianursaifi, Syahrianursaifi Syamsuri, KGS M Nurs Syuhada, Rahmat Tamsil Tamsil Taufiq Taufiq Trisno, Eka Prasetya Dwi Udayana, I Made Darma Ukhtiyani, Indah Useng, Daniel Usrah Yulia Murti Vitri, Gusni Wanda Wanda Waty, Eri Wendi Boy Weny Dwi Ningtiyas Wicaksana, M. Arman Adhi Winar, Sri Winar, Sri Wiujianna, Atri Yetri Hasan Yocki Supriadi Yuhinis, Baiq Ilil Yulistia, Yulistia Yumeina, Diyah Yusrizal Yusrizal Zahrah, Zahrah Zainal, Zainal Abidin Zaiturrahmi, Zaiturrahmi Zardi, Muhammad Zayu, Wiwin Putri Zurkarnaini, Zurkarnaini