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UTILIZATION OF PALM OIL MILL LIQUID WASTE (POME) AS AN ALTERNATIVE FUEL BIO COMPAC NATURAL GAS OR BIO-CNG Al Ramzi; T. Rovida Kamal; M. Yusuf
International Journal of Social Science, Educational, Economics, Agriculture Research and Technology (IJSET) Vol. 5 No. 1 (2025): DECEMBER
Publisher : RADJA PUBLIKA

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.54443/ijset.v5i1.1352

Abstract

Indonesia faces crucial challenges in energy security due to the increasingly alarming decline in oil reserves from around 3.6 billion barrels in 2000 to less than 2.5 billion barrels in 2023, while dependence on oil imports continues to burden the national energy balance and economy. Amid unstable global geopolitical conditions, including the Russia-Ukraine war and tensions in the Middle East that have caused fluctuating energy prices, the transition to local and sustainable energy sources has become a strategic priority. The Indonesian government has affirmed its commitment to achieving net-zero emissions by 2060 through various energy transition policies, including the development of renewable gas and the utilization of waste as an energy source. One of the major potentials that has not been optimally utilized is palm oil mill effluent (POME), which annually produces more than 500 million tons throughout Indonesia. POME contains a high concentration of organic matter that can be processed through anaerobic digestion to produce biogas, which is then purified and compressed into Bio-Compact Natural Gas (Bio-CNG). This study analyzes the potential of Bio-CNG technology from POME in three main dimensions: (1) conversion and storage technology, (2) economic analysis and feasibility of scale implementation at the palm oil mill level, and (3) its contribution to reducing GHG emissions and diversifying national energy. The study results show that by utilizing 70% of the total annual POME, the potential for Bio-CNG production reaches over 3.5 billion m³/year, equivalent to over 25% of current domestic natural gas consumption. Furthermore, the application of this technology can reduce CH3 emissions.₄from POME waste up to 80% and contributes significantly to the target of renewable energy (EBT) mix of 23% in 2025 and net zero in 2060. Economically, Bio-CNG shows competitive production costs (Rp25,000–35,000/m³) compared to industrial gas prices, especially with the presence of carbon incentives and carbon pricing mechanisms that are being developed. This study concludes that converting POME into Bio-CNG is not only a green technology solution but also a crucial energy security and climate mitigation strategy amidst uncertain global energy supplies and international decarbonization pressures. Policy recommendations include tax incentives, integration into the national gas grid, and mandatory regulation of waste energy utilization for the palm oil industry.
ACADEMIC REVIEW OF BIO-OIL PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY FROM PLASTIC AND BIOMASS WASTE PYROLYSIS IN RECENT RESEARCH Asfihani; Wahyudi Sahputra; M. Yusuf
International Journal of Social Science, Educational, Economics, Agriculture Research and Technology (IJSET) Vol. 5 No. 1 (2025): DECEMBER
Publisher : RADJA PUBLIKA

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.54443/ijset.v5i1.1353

Abstract

This academic review comprehensively analyzes the development of bio-oil refining technology from the pyrolysis of mixed plastic and biomass waste, focusing on its characteristics, technical challenges, and application prospects in Indonesia. Mixed bio-oil has a complex composition influenced by radical interactions during pyrolysis, resulting in high-value hydrocarbon fractions but still containing oxygenated compounds that reduce fuel stability and quality. This study examines the effectiveness of major refining methods, including hydrodeoxygenation (HDO), catalytic cracking, and integrated co-pyrolysis, and assesses the performance of latest generation catalysts such as NiMo/Al₂O₃ and ZSM-5, which demonstrate significant selectivity and reaction stability. The analysis also identifies obstacles to industrial-scale implementation, such as catalyst deactivation, high hydrogen requirements, feedstock variability, and high operating costs. In the Indonesian context, the potential for application of this technology is significant due to the abundance of biomass and plastic waste, coupled with renewable energy policies that support diversification of energy sources. This review emphasizes the need for research integration, process optimization, infrastructure capacity building, and collaboration between government, industry, and academia to accelerate the development of efficient, economical, and sustainable bio-oil refining technology.
NAVIGATING MANDATORY BIODIESEL POLICY: A QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE DYNAMICS OF CATALYST RESEARCH, FEEDSTOCK DIVERSIFICATION, AND INDUSTRY RESPONSES IN INDONESIA'S ENERGY TRANSITION Cut Rahmah Saputri; Jalaluddin; M. Yusuf
International Journal of Social Science, Educational, Economics, Agriculture Research and Technology (IJSET) Vol. 5 No. 1 (2025): DECEMBER
Publisher : RADJA PUBLIKA

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.54443/ijset.v5i1.1354

Abstract

This study analyzes the implementation of the mandatory biodiesel policy in Indonesia, focusing on the dynamics of catalyst research, feedstock diversification, and industry responses in the context of the national energy transition. The mandatory policy, which began with B10 in 2016 and increased to B35 in 2023, aims to reduce dependence on fossil fuels by utilizing the potential of palm oil as the world's largest producer. Using a qualitative approach with a case study design, the research was conducted in four provinces: West Java, East Java, North Sumatra, and Riau over eight months, involving 35 informants from researchers, policymakers, and industry players. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, field observations, and documentation studies, analyzed using thematic analysis methods. The results show that biodiesel catalyst research has made significant progress in utilizing local materials such as rice husk ash and eggshells, but faces a large gap between laboratory success and industrial implementation due to minimal collaboration and funding for applied research. Feedstock diversification is still hampered by the dominance of palm oil, which reaches 95 percent, while alternatives such as castor oil, animal fats, and microalgae are not yet economically competitive. The industry's response to the mandatory policy is polarized, with large, vertically integrated companies able to adapt through technology investment and capacity expansion, while small and medium-sized producers face structural constraints such as limited capital, access to raw materials, and weak bargaining power. The misalignment between ambitious policy targets, limited technological readiness, and uneven industrial capacity creates an implementation gap that hinders the achievement of a sustainable energy transition. The study recommends establishing a research-industry collaboration platform, strengthening feedstock diversification policies, empowering small and medium-sized producers, conducting public education campaigns, and cross-ministerial coordination through a dedicated energy transition agency to develop a realistic and coordinated long-term roadmap.
Co-Authors - elvira - Irfansyah -, Titi Andriyani . Hasbi Abd. Basyid Abdul Kodir Djaelani Achmad Maulana Aeko Firia Utama FR Aeko Fria Utama F.R Aeko Fria Utama FR Afriyadi , Hery Afrizawati Afrizawati AGUS ahmad farid Ahmad Husairi Ahmad Nafis Ahsanul Kholikin Aisyah, Fara Akbar, Rizaldi Al Hushori Al Ramzi Albet Triadi Alex Darmawan ALI FIKRI, M. Alimuddin Alimuddin Almos, Rona Amiruddin Amry Rakhman Andi Halimah Andrian Andry ALim Lingga Anom Santiana Anshari Nur, Muh. Nadzirin Arif Suryadin Arya Zahran Ziduhu ASASANDI, IGN ARYAWAN Asfihani Aslinda Aslinda AYU LESTARI DEWI Ayyasi Felageti Sofian Azira Novia Rizal Bahren Bahren Bardan Salsabil Budi Harianto Cadra Ayu Cindy Amalia Cahyani Cut Rahmah Saputri Daffa Khari Syafiqi Darmansyah, Dina Febriani Darvianti Darvianti Dede Kurniasih Desti Fitri Alif Fasya Devi Anzani Devrian Ali Putra Dudi Septiadi Dyadra Tsaafiek Pindho Resi Efendy Effendi Eka Meigalia Eko Supriastuti Eriani Rensa Malino Erwin Setiawan Fadilah, Hafizd Nur Fadli Faisal, Amir Fakhri Yacob Fatiha Ni’matul Maula Fatima Felawati Fauzan Misra Ferdinan Tambing Finny Ligery firda laily mufid Fitri Farizah Galih Tawakal Alamin Gatot Setya Budi Gebryla Rito H. Nuraini Halimatus Sa’diyah Hani Tri Handayani Hardi Hardi, Hardi Hasnawati Hendra Ardi Lesmana Hermanto Harun Hijriani Hijriani, Hijriani Hilma Nafsiyati Huda, Muhamad Shokhibul Husnizar I GN ARYAWAN ASASANDI I Gusti Ngurah Aryawan Asasandi I Made Anom Santiana I Nyoman Sutapa Ibrahim IGN Aryawan Asasandi Imam Muhtadin Imilda Imran Irwan Effendi Iswanto, Juni Jaenab Jaenab Jalaluddin Ketut Budastra Khaq, M. Zimamul Kiki Fatmala Dewi Kurnia Saputri L. Cyrilla L. Rahim La Niasa La Ode Bariun La Ode Munawir, La Ode Lalau Hizbullah Luckianto, Marvin M. Agus Mushodiq M. Ikra M. Lukman Toro M. Nursan M. Ridho Muzaki M. Rimawan M. Riska Maulana Effendi Made Anom Santiana Mahnida Zahra Siregar Mardiana Mardiana Marwan Mochammad Recky Royani Mohammad Alwi Shahab Mohammad Lukman Toro Muh. Fitriadi Muh. Tahir Muhamad Fajar Romadhan Muhammad Beni Saputra Muhammad Fitriadi Muhammad Nasir Muhammad Raffdinal Asharullah Muhd Iqbal Hanafi Muji Rahayu Mukhlis Mulyadin Mursyidi N. Aliah Nabilla Fairus Izzati Eka Trisna Nasri, Rifzaldi Ni Made Nike Zeamita Widiyanti Niken Yulian Yusuf Novi Eka Wati Noviandra, Luviana Noviar Amanda NR. Ruyani Nur Ahmad Salman Herbowo Nur Farida Nur Maulana Yuniarto Nuraeni Nurma Tambunan Nursan, Muhammad Nursapia Harahap Nurtaji Wathoni Nurul Iman, Nurul Nurul Rosita Dewi Nuryamin P.K. Suparyana Pande Komang Suparyana Pramono Pramono Putra, Dinda Syufradian Putra, Yerri Satria R. Hannamara F. Nur Rahma Alya Ramadani, Ainunniza Fitri Renata Oktaria Riddo Andini Rijal, Yus Rizka Sari Putri Rizky Amelya Furqan Rohmanulloh, Estu Roma Kyo Kae Saniro Sab’ul Masani Safitri, Nur Saidnil Aksa Santoso, Teguh Haris Sarah Nur Izzati Saripuddin Sela Ulandari Shafira S, Nadya Shelly Sylvia Agustina Siswanto Azis Siti Mariana Sopian Sri Enda Agus Cahyanti Sri Ernawati Sriwiyanti Sriwiyanti St. Fatmawati. L Sulaeman, Suhendar Suparmin Supartiningsih, Sri Supriadi Supriadi Supriadi Suriani Bt. Tolo Syafril syafril Syamsiar, Syamsiar Syarif Husni Syukran Revaldi T. Rovida Kamal T. U. P. Sujarnoko Taharuddin Tri Masni Arta Sihaloho Ulfiani Rahman Utama FR, Aeko Firia Virya Suprayogi Yusuf Vivi Bachtiar Wa Ode Intan Kurniawati Wahyudi Sahputra Wenny Ira Reverawati Widia Julitasari Windi Naldi Safitri Winner A. Siregar Wuryantoro Yeyen Kurnia Sandy Yoke Lestyowati Yuli Dianto, Alfin Zahra Zanzabila Nasution Zainarti Zulnasri Zurmailis Zurmailis  Hijriani