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Aunurrahman Aunurrahman
Magister Teknologi Pembelajaran, FKIP Universitas Tanjungpura Pontianak.
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Journal : Jurnal Pendidikan Progresif

 1 
Development of a Multidimensional Psychometric Scale for Assessing Artificial Intelligence Dependency in Higher Education Task Completion Putri, Wicha Amalia; Aunurrahman, Aunurrahman; Karolina, Venny; Halida, Halida; Afandi, Afandi; Tazijan, Farina
Jurnal Pendidikan Progresif Vol 16, No 2 (2026): Jurnal Pendidikan Progresif
Publisher : FKIP Universitas Lampung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23960/jpp.v16i2.pp747-772

Abstract

Recent large-scale surveys indicate that the use of generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) in higher education has become nearly ubiquitous. A survey in the United Kingdom reported that 92% of university students use generative AI tools in their studies. In contrast, a national Indonesian survey involving 1,501 respondents found that 86.21% use AI to assist with academic tasks at least once a month. Preliminary institutional data further revealed that 68.6% of students reported using AI in nearly every assignment. Such high prevalence suggests that AI use has shifted from occasional assistance to habitual reliance, raising concerns about potential dependency and reduced independent cognitive engagement. Although existing instruments, such as the Cognitive AI Dependence and Interaction Scale (CAIDS), assess attitudes and general interaction patterns toward AI, they do not specifically measure functional and cognitive dependency in academic task completion. Therefore, this study aimed to develop and validate an AI task completion dependency scale for university students. A psychometric scale development design was employed involving 500 students from several universities in Indonesia who reported using AI to complete academic assignments. Data were analyzed using exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), Rasch modeling, and differential item functioning (DIF) analysis based on gender. The findings revealed a stable three-factor structure comprising functional dependency on AI, reflective attitude, and independent use, and regulation and critical evaluation of AI, yielding a final 10-item scale. The results indicated preliminary structural support for the three-factor model, acceptable reliability, strong item functioning based on Rasch analysis, and acceptable gender invariance. Overall, the developed instrument provides a valid and reliable measure of students’ dependency on AI in academic task completion and offers a practical tool for evaluating and managing responsible AI use in higher education contexts. Keywords: academic task completion , AI dependency , indonesian students , rasch model , scale development.
Co-Authors . Adir . Mahyuddin . Mulyadi . Yenni A.A. Ketut Agung Cahyawan W Abdul Latif Abdul Pandi, Abdul Adesfiana, Zeny Novia Afandi Afandi Agung Hartoyo Agus Mulyanti Agustina ahmad yani Ahmad Yani T Almustahar, Almustahar Amrazi Zakso Andriono, Eko Andy Usman Annisa Amalia Arita, Falentina ARIYANI RAMADHANI Asriah Nurdini M. Assulamy, Hafif Astuti, Yayuk Dwi Aswandi , Atika, Sri Audita, Almiati Beatrice, Benedicta Citra Dewi Citra Kusumaningsih Daing Busrin Darwin Darwin Dede Suratman Dede Yetty Suminar Dendodi, Dendodi Deni Irawan, Deni Desi Tri Aryani desianti F34209414 Desni Yuniarni Devisa, Kresensia Ranti Dian Miranda Disma , Dwi Ria Ibti Disma, Dwi Ria Ibti Eddy Tandililing, Eddy Efendi, Rika Eka Meiyanti. S, Eka Eliyanti, Endang Tri Siti Elpin, Agus Emi Emilia Endah Panca Utami Endang Sri Purwanti Endang Sulastri Eni Rosnija Erlina Erlina Fadillah . Fajaryati, Dewi Farhanah F34209417 Fathoni, Fahmi Furwanti, Furwanti Gusrimawati (F34209463) H. Syahwani Umar Halida Halida Halisah, Atikah Nur Hanifa, Irfan Hariyati Hariyati Harnum, Anggari Ludmilla Haryani Haryani Henny Sanulita herculanus bahari sindju Heriansyah Herry Sujaini Hidayati, Rochmah HIKMAH F25111047 Ihsan Chandra Indri Astuti Indri Astuti Irasandi, Yusi ISNAINI F22210054 J. P. S., Togihon J.P.S., Togihon Juhata, Juhata kaltumi F34209468 Kamilia, Insan Karim, Ajerin Karolina, Venny Kornelin Letroiwen Lanjap, Yosevina Lilik Setiyaningsih Linanarsih, Andini Luhur Wicaksono Lukmanulhakim ., Lukmanulhakim M Asrori, M M. Chiar M. Thamrin M. Thamrin . Maliqul Hafis, Maliqul Marhani, . Maria , Haratua Tiur Maria Juliana Marinu Waruwu Marmawi R . Marten Marten, Marten Martono Martono Martono, M. Mashudi Mashudi Masluyah . Masluyah Suib Meri, Meri Mering, Aunurrahman Mudinillah, Adam Muhammad Basri Muhammad Yusuf Mustaan, Mustaan Mutmainnah Mutmainnah Nazriati Nazriati dkk. Ngatiyo - Ngatiyo . Ngatiyo, . Novianti, Iluminata Nur Halisah, Atikah Nur Hasanah Nuraini Saleh Nurdiana Nurdiana Nurfitrianty, Sri Pangestuni, Yoning Eka Paramita, Puji Pargiyati, . Patrisius P, Patrisius Perdina, Siska Pratiwi, Ima Nur Priadi, Aam Prihartini, Evi Tri Priskila, Nicky Putri, Wicha Amalia Queiroz, Carla Ratnawati, RR Eka Redy Lbn Toruan Rhema, Rhema Rosliniarti F34209443 Sahrawi Sahrawi, Sahrawi Santoso, Budiawan Sari, RR.Nunung Sinta Sartika, Rodi Putra Saryana F22211003 Silitonga, Taufan Untung Wibowo Simaremare, Togihon Josia Paber Simarona, Nuri Sistriana, Sistriana siti maftuhah Suandi Suandi Suhardi Marli Sujaini, Hery Sukamto, Rinda Nikenindiana Sukmawati Sukmawati Sulistiyaningrum, Fitri Sulistyarini, Sulistyarini Sulistyawati Sulistyawati Sunarti . Sunuda, Erma SUPARSITO F.25109082 Supriantini, Supriantini Suryani Suryani Suryatma, Indra Sutarmanto . SyahwanI . Syahwani Umar Syamsiar, Syamsiar Syukra, Ilman Masrul Tanjung, Ferdian Tasya, Claudia Tazijan, Farina Teguh Firmansyah Toni, Toni Tri Sartika urai salam Usman Radiana Veni Wulandari Venny Karolina Wahyudi , Wahyudi Wahyudi Warneri . Wati Wati Wulandari, Dewinda Wulandari, Nyemas Wulandari, Veni Xiaxanith, Toby yarso, Syaidianur