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Opportunities and Drawbacks of Implementing the Bologna Process in Kurdistan Higher Education Universities: A Regional Review Nathir Ghafar, Zanyar; Ahmad Hazaymeh, Omar Mohammad-Ameen; Raheem, Bareq Raad; Wajdi, Majid; Adnyana, Ida Bagus Artha; Sitawati, Anak Agung Raka
International Journal of Pedagogy and Learning Community (IJPLC) Vol. 2 No. 3 (2025): International Journal of Pedagogy and Learning Community (IJPLC)
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Padang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24036/ijplc.v2i3.26

Abstract

This review paper examines the adoption and implementation of the Bologna Process across higher education institutions in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI). Employing a secondary data review approach, the study synthesizes findings from institutional reports, policy documents, and empirical research conducted at universities in Sulaimani, Erbil, Duhok, Zakho, Halabja, Soran, Garmian, and Raparin. The analysis reveals several opportunities arising from the Bologna Process, including curriculum reform towards student-centered learning, the adoption of the European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System (ECTS), improved quality assurance mechanisms, and enhanced potential for international academic collaboration. Despite these advancements, the study identifies significant challenges such as inconsistent policy coordination, inadequate digital infrastructure, faculty resistance to pedagogical change, and limited institutional capacity in quality assurance. These issues hinder the full integration of Bologna principles across the region. Based on the findings, the paper proposes key recommendations: standardizing policy frameworks, investing in digital and administrative infrastructure, expanding faculty training programs, and strengthening institutional governance. These strategies aim to promote a more coherent and sustainable implementation of the Bologna Process, contributing to the ongoing modernization of higher education in the Kurdistan Region.
Co-Authors A. Erna Rochiyati S. Agus Sariono Ahmad Ghazy Ahmad Hazaymeh, Omar Mohammad-Ameen Amanah, Firda Maulia Amandari, Ni Kadek Pande Anggi Amrullah Amrullah Andyana, I Ketut Suar Angela, Ni Made Utari Tisna Anwar, Ni Luh Gede Indah Aprilia Aprianoto, Aprianoto Arbainah, Siti Ariani, Ni Luh Putu Yoni Arini, Komang Pipit Ariyanti, Ni Luh Novia Aruku, Kalita Joseph Asih Sauramanda Asrumi, Asrumi Ayub, Sadia Budi Susanto Chan, Yuen Fook Chaurasiya, Sneha Christiani, Rachel Claridad, NF Claridad, Norberto Fabi Clary Sada Dewi, Ayu Putu Lina Puspita Dewi, Ida Ayu Made Wulan Sukma Dewi, Kadek Bintang Sri Dewi, Komang Ayu Trian Dewi, Ni Ketut Citra Dewi, Ni Komang Mayang Saptariyasa Dizon Jr, Rodolfo P. Dwipayana, I Kadek Wisnu Dynata, Kayla Tabina Effiong, Augustine Etim Eni Rosnija Erly Wahyuni Fatema Sharmin Gede, I Gusti Ketut Ghafar, Zanyar Nathir Ghimire, Shiva Raj Harahap, Ratna Dewi Hartati, Rita I Ketut Darma Laksana I Komang Putra Adnyana, I Komang Putra I Made Suastra I Made Sumartana I Nyoman Suka Sanjaya I Nyoman Suka Sanjaya, I Nyoman Suka I Wayan Putrana Ida Ayu Putu Sri Widnyani Ida Bagus Artha Adnyana Ikhsanudin Ikhsanudin Ikhsanudin Ikhsanudin Imron, Aly Indri, Nadia Iwan Supardi Joaquin, Cleo Jude Kadek Dwi Cahaya Putra Komang Wahyulia Saraswati Kumbhayoni, Putu Diah Keshy Lasmini, Ni Ketut Latip-Yusoph, Sorhaila Lien Darlina, Lien Made Ayu Jayanti Prita Utami Maharani, Anak Agung Radha Regita Mandang, Selvie Ratna Ivone Mazher, Muhammad Ahmad Md Kamrul Hasan Md. Kamrul Hasan, Md. Kamrul Moh Agus Sutiarso Mohammed, LA Muhamadias, Nusrat Mulyono Mulyono Mustafa, Muhammad Narayasa, Ni Made Irene Kharisma Nathir Ghafar, Zanyar Ni Kadek Artini, Ni Kadek Ni Ketut Sekarti Ni Ketut Suciani Ni Made Dwi Anjani Ni Nyoman Sarmi, Ni Nyoman Ni Putu Dyah Hudiananingsih Ningtyas, Diyah Ayu Nirmala , Ni Kadek Wahyu Dian Novitriana, Komang Oxtapianus Tawarik Pabayo, Febriyanti Sonya Pertiwi, Ni Kadek Wanda Maheswari Prathivi, Pande Putu Githa Sari Pratiwi, Ni Kadek Anjelia Putri Pratiwi, Ni Luh Putu Dina PRATIWI, NI PUTU EKA Priadita, Gusti Putu Anom Pridari, Ni Made Mira Purnomo, Subekhi Hadi Putra, I Komang Agus Januarta Sutisma Putra, I Komang Mahayana Putri, Erma Artajosi Putri, Kadek Arisita Dhyana Putri, Kiki Hermalia Putri, Ni Made Kami Elisa Putri, Ni Putu Angelyani Sugiantari Putri, Ni Putu Radha Savitri Maheswari Raheem, Bareq Raad Ratih, Ni Kadek Pande Ayu Riama, Pelita Riswana, I Gede Maryo Kanka Saawuan, Aondowase Sahoo, Parshuram Sahoo, Prakash Kumar SANJAYA, IDA BAGUS Saputra, Upayana Wiguna Eka Sari, Ni Gusti Ayu Komang Tri Purnama Septiadana, Ni Kadek Sinta Setiadewi, Ni Putu Chesya Putri Setyowati, Ratih Sinanditha, I Gede Bagus Ananda Sitawati, Anak Agung Raka SITI MARIAM Somawati, Ni Putu Sorhaila Latip-Yusoph Suarja, I Ketut Sumartana, I Made Sunkad, Gayatri Suputra, Gusti Ketut Alit Suriyadi, Suriyadi Suryanto, Agnes Febriyanti Suteja, Mutira Kristiani Suwitri, Sang Ayu Nyoman Udoudom, Uduak Imoh Uzma, Sidratul Muntaha Waelan Waelan, Waelan Wagisuari, Ni Kadek Nara Widarwan, Kadek Candra Widyaswasti Widiantara, I Made Windriya, Sheenaz Dhia Raisha Wisman Hadi Wu, QingHao Yayi Suryo Prabandari Yuniantari, Ni Putu Intan Yusof, Norhayati Mohd Zulfan, Muhammad