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All Journal IAES International Journal of Artificial Intelligence (IJ-AI) International Journal of Reconfigurable and Embedded Systems (IJRES) International Journal of Advances in Applied Sciences Majalah Forum Teknik UGM The Journal of Experimental Life Sciences (JELS) AL KAUNIYAH Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Elektro Komputer dan Informatika (JITEKI) Jurnal Online Mahasiswa (JOM) Bidang Teknik dan Sains Proceeding International Conference on Information Technology and Business Jurnal Peternakan Indonesia Teknofisika Jurnal Informatika dan Teknik Elektro Terapan Majalah Ilmiah MOMENTUM Konversi BIOMA Public Health of Indonesia Jurnal Ilmiah Pertanian MEDIAPSI JLBG (Jurnal Lingkungan dan Bencana Geologi) (Journal of Environment and Geological Hazards) Jurnal Obsesi: Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini Communications in Science and Technology Dinamisia: Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat Pendas : Jurnah Ilmiah Pendidikan Dasar Biosaintifika: Journal of Biology & Biology Education Berkala Bioteknologi Buletin Anatomi dan Fisiologi (Bulletin of Anatomy and Physiology) Jurnal Spirits Jurnal Penelitian Pengelolaan Daerah Aliran Sungai JURNAL PengaMAS Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika (JUDIKA EDUCATION) JKPD : Jurnal Kajian Pendidikan Dasar Jurnal Ilmu Perilaku Biota Journal of Education, Humaniora and Social Sciences (JEHSS) Jurnal Ilmu Kefarmasian Indonesia Abdimas Universal Jurnal Aisyah : Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan Community Development Journal: Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Jurnal Suara Hukum Spizaetus: Jurnal Biologi dan Pendidikan Biologi Jurnal Ilmiah Ar-Risalah: Media Ke-Islaman, Pendidikan, dan Hukum Islam Jurnal Pasopati : Pengabdian Masyarakat dan Inovasi Pengembangan Teknologi ELEMENTARY : Jurnal Inovasi Pendidikan Dasar Jurnal DIDASKO Interdisciplinary Social Studies Journal of Bioprocess Chemical and Environmental Engineering Science Jurnal Inovasi, Kreatifitas Anak Usia Dini Jurnal Abdi Masyarakat Indonesia Journal of Education Research Ritornera - Jurnal Teologi Pentakosta Indonesia Indonesian Journal of Multidisciplinary Science Journal of Community Engagement Research for Sustainability JKKI : Jurnal Kedokteran dan Kesehatan Indonesia Agrikan: Jurnal Agribisnis Perikanan SENTRI: Jurnal Riset Ilmiah Jurnal Pendidikan, Sains dan Teknologi Jurnal Karya Abdi Masyarakat Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Business International Journal of Curriculum Development, Teaching and Learning Innovation International Journal of Emerging Research and Review Journal of Research and Inovation in Civil Engineering as Applied Science Jurnal Pendidikan Islam Kanun: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Jurnal Studi Manajemen Bisnis PUNDIMAS: Publikasi Kegiatan Abdimas Spektra : Jurnal Ilmu-ilmu Sosial International Journal of Education, Vocational and Social Science Jurnal Kefarmasian Indonesia Tunas: Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Dasar Journal of Engineering and Technological Sciences KINERJA : Jurnal Ekonomi dan Bisnis Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Jurnal Cendekia Ilmiah Jurnal Wacana Kinerja: Kajian Praktis-Akademis Kinerja dan Administrasi Pelayanan Publik Prosiding Seminar Nasional Ilmu Sosial dan Teknologi (SNISTEK) Journal of Community Empowerment Berita Biologi

Sunarno Sunarno

Jurusan Teknik Fisika, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Gadjah Mada

Author-ID : 433895

Religion Aerospace Engineering Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Arts Humanities Automotive Engineering Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture Computer Science & IT Control & Systems Engineering Decision Sciences, Operations Research & Management Earth & Planetary Sciences Economics, Econometrics & Finance Education Electrical & Electronics Engineering Energy Engineering Environmental Science Health Professions Immunology & microbiology Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Library & Information Science Materials Science & Nanotechnology Mathematics Medicine & Pharmacology Neuroscience Nursing Physics Public Health Social Sciences Veterinary Other

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Analysis of Intrinsic Elements in the Novel “Makrifat Cinta” by Candra Malik: Structuralism Theory Sunarno, Sunarno; Supratno, Haris; Subandiyah, Heny
International Journal of Emerging Research and Review Vol. 3 No. 1 (2025): March
Publisher : IKIP Widya Darma Surabaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.56707/ijoerar.v3i1.95

Objective: This research aims to analyze the intrinsic elements in the novel Makrifat Cinta by Candra Malik, focusing on how these elements interact to convey Sufi values, while also situating them within the broader context of literary discourse. Method: This research employs a qualitative descriptive method with a structuralism approach. The analysis was conducted systematically in several stages, beginning with the identification of the intrinsic elements in the novel, including theme, plot, characters, point of view, and language style. Results: The results of the analysis show that the main theme of this novel is the spiritual journey of humans to know God through love (mahabbah) as a path to ma'rifah (knowledge of God). The storyline uses a mixed plot, which moves forward and backward, reflecting a non-linear spiritual journey. The characters in the novel represent Sufistic concepts, where the main character places God as the ultimate goal of his life. The point of view used is first person (confession), giving emotional and spiritual depth to the reader. The language style used combines Indonesian with Sufistic terms and symbolic metaphors, emphasizing the deep meaning of the spiritual journey. Novelty: This research lies in the application of Structuralism Theory to examine the connection between the text's structure and the Sufi values presented. This approach offers a valuable contribution to Indonesian literary studies by focusing on the Sufi dimensions, a perspective that is seldom explored in structuralism theory.

Pembangunan Tempat Wudhu di Masjid Graha Poltekba Rus, Tatag Yufitra; Gozali, Gozali; Kusuma, Bambang Jati; Wibawaning, Sara; Sunarno, Sunarno
Jurnal Karya Abdi Masyarakat Vol. 5 No. 3 (2021): Jurnal Karya Abdi Masyarakat
Publisher : LPPM Universitas Jambi

Masjid Graha Poltekba yang berlokasi di Perumahan Graha Poltekba Jl. Soekano Hatta KM. 8 Kelurahan Graha Indah Kota Balikpapan masih dalam tahap pembangunan. Masjid ini pertama kali dimulai pembangunannya pada Tahun 2020 dengan mengandalkan sumber keuangan berasal dari swadaya masyarakat yang bermukim di Perumahan tersebut. Masjid ini pertama kali digunakan sebagai tempat ibadah untuk sholat jamaâ€™ah pada awal bulan Maret 2021. Masjid ini memiliki luas bangunan sekitar 81 m2, dengan total kapasitas jamaâ€™ah sekitar Â±100 orang. Kebutuhan akan tempat wudhu yang memiliki kapasitas memadai diperkirakan sekitar 8-10 keran air, sehingga proses pelaksanaan wudhu dapat dilalui dengan baik karena kapasitas yang memadai atau dengan kata lain mengurangi waktu tunggu antrian wudhu atau bersuci. Kegiatan Program Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat ini menghabiskan dana Rp. 25.000.000 dengan penyelesaian seluruh pekerjaan bersama warga atau jamaah Masjid (gotong royong) dengan durasi total pekerjaan sekitar 3 bulan lamanya. Rincian penyelesaian pekerjaan yang dilakukan dimulai dengan tahapan persiapan, perencanaan, dan pekerjaan pembangunan tempat wudhu.

Analisis Sistem Pengendalian Intern Pemerintah Dan Peran Pengelolaan Keuangan Daerah Terhadap Kinerja Pemerintah Daerah Dengan Komitmen Organisasional Sebagai Variabel Intervening (Studi pada Kecamatan Jepara di Kabupaten Jepara) Afifuddin, M. Aris; Sukirman, Sukirman; Sunarno, Sunarno
Jurnal Studi Manajemen Bisnis Vol 1, No 1 (2021): Jurnal Studi Manajemen Bisnis
Publisher : Universitas Muria Kudus

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24176/jsmb.v1i1.8110

The performance of regional governments can be influenced by various factors, including internal control systems, regional financial management and organizational commitment. The study aims to analyze the effect of internal control systems on organizational commitment, regional financial management on organizational commitment, internal control systems on local government performance, regional financial management on performance, organizational commitment to performance, the effect of internal control systems on local government performance through organizational commitment, the influence of regional financial management on the performance of local governments through organizational commitment to employees in Jepara District, Jepara Regency.This research is explanatory research. The research subjects were all employees at the village and village offices in Jepara sub-district, Jepara Regency with a total sample of 152 employees. The instrument for collecting data was a questionnaire. Hypothesis testing is analyzed using SEM (Structural Equation Modeling).The results of the study stated that the system of internal control and regional financial management affects the performance of local governments. The internal control system and regional financial management influence the organizational commitment. Organizational commitment influences the performance of local government. Internal control systems and regional financial management affect the performance of local governments through organizational commitment.Keywords: internal control system, regional financial management, organizational commitment, local government performance.Kinerja pemerintah daerah dapat dipengaruhi oleh berbagai faktor, diantaranya yaitu sistem pengendalian intern, pengelolaan keuangan daerah dan komitmen organisasi. Penelitian bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh sistem pengendalian intern terhadap komitmen organisasi, pengelolaan keuangan daerah terhadap komitmen organisasi, sistem pengendalian intern terhadap kinerja pemerintah daerah, pengelolaan keuangan daerah terhadap terhadap kinerja, komitmen organisasi terhadap kinerja, pengaruh sistem pengendalian intern terhadap kinerja pemerintah daerah melalui komitmen organisasi, pengaruh pengelolaan keuangan daerah terhadap kinerja pemerintah daerah melalui komitmen organisasi pada pegawai di Kecamatan Jepara Kabupaten Jepara.Penelitian ini adalah penelitian explanatory. Subyek penelitian adalah semua pegawai pada kantor kelurahan dan desa di kecamatan Jepara Kabupaten Jepara dengan jumlah sampel yang diambil adalah sebanyak 152 pegawai. Instrumen proses pengumpulan data adalah kuesioner. Pengujian hipotesis dianalisis menggunakan SEM (Structural Equation Modeling).Hasil penelitian menyatakan bahwa sistem pengendalian intern dan pengelolaan keuangan daerah berpengaruh terhadap kinerja pemerintah daerah. Sistem pengendalian intern dan pengelolaan keuangan daerah berpengaruh terhadap komitmen organisasi. Komitmen organisasi berpengaruh terhadap kinerja pemerintah daerah. Sistem pengendalian intern dan pengelolaan keuangan daerah berpengaruh terhadap kinerja pemerintah daerah melalui komitmen organisasional

Earthquake epicenter prediction from the Java-Bali radon gas telemonitoring station using machine learning Putranto, Christophorus Arga; Sunarno, Sunarno; Faridah, Faridah; Pratama, Thomas Oka
International Journal of Advances in Applied Sciences Vol 14, No 1: March 2025
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijaas.v14.i1.pp39-45

Predicting the location of earthquake epicenters is a critical aspect of earthquake forecasting, as it complements efforts to determine the time and magnitude of seismic events. This research addresses the challenge posed by the uncertainty in epicenter locations, particularly along the extensive plate faults of Indo-Australia and Eurasia. In these regions, effective earthquake prediction is compromised without accurate epicenter information, impeding mitigation strategies and complicating disaster impact estimation. The primary objective of this study is to devise an algorithm for forecasting earthquake epicenter locations by harnessing variations in radon gas concentrations on southern Java Island, Indonesia, as a predictive precursor. Using a supervised machine learning approach, this study integrates radon gas concentration data to predict the distance between a radon gas telemonitoring station and the impending earthquake epicenter. Three distinct machine learning algorithms were evaluated using data from six Java-Bali radon gas telemonitoring stations within an early warning system. The random forest algorithm emerged as the most effective, yielding an average root mean square error of 453.10 kilometers. The findings of this research significantly contribute to earthquake risk mitigation efforts. This work enhances our capability to anticipate seismic events, and more effective disaster preparedness and response strategies in earthquake-prone regions.

Physicochemical characterization of coconut shell liquid smoke and its potential as a natural preservative for fish balls Mutamima, Anisa; Sunarno, Sunarno; Al'farisi, Cory Dian; Dewi, Wahyu Narulita; Trisno, Agung; Barus, Surya Danta Alberto
Jurnal Ilmiah Pertanian Vol. 22 No. 1 (2025): Jurnal Ilmiah Pertanian
Publisher : Universitas Lancang Kuning

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31849/jip.v22i1.23850

Synthetic preservatives in food products pose potential health risks and environmental concerns, leading to an increasing demand for natural alternatives. This study evaluates the physicochemical properties of liquid smoke derived from coconut shells and its potential as a natural preservative for fish balls. The production of liquid smoke involved torrefaction at 250°C, followed by purification through distillation and adsorption with activated carbon. The liquid smoke was characterized by a pH of 2.86, a density of 1.058 g/mL, and a total titratable acidity of 8.95%, meeting the Indonesian National Standard for Crude Lignocellulose Liquid Smoke (SNI 8985:2021). GC-MS analysis revealed that acetic acid (80.87%) and phenol (8.90%) were the predominant compounds, contributing to its antimicrobial properties. The efficacy of liquid smoke as a preservative was tested on fish balls at concentrations of 3%, 5%, and 7%. The best preservation effect was observed at 7% concentration, which resulted in the lowest total plate count (2.35 × 10⁶ CFU/g) after one day of storage at room temperature. These findings suggest that coconut shell-derived liquid smoke exhibits promising physicochemical characteristics and antimicrobial properties, making it a potential natural alternative to synthetic preservatives for food preservation.

Implementasi Pembentukan Komponen Cadangan Pertahanan Negara Kementerian Pertahanan Republik Indonesia di Kodam III/Siliwangi Provinsi Jawa Barat Tjetjep Darmawan; Sunarno Sunarno
J-CEKI : Jurnal Cendekia Ilmiah Vol. 3 No. 5: Agustus 2024
Publisher : CV. ULIL ALBAB CORP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.56799/jceki.v3i5.4010

The purpose of the study is to analyze the Implementation of the Formation of Reserve Components in supporting state defense in Kodam III/Siliwangi, West Java Province. This study uses a descriptive qualitative research method. Data collection techniques with observation, interviews, documentation and literature studies. The data obtained from the informants that have been determined using the purposive sampling technique are then analyzed by analysis techniques, namely data reduction, data presentation, source tringulation and conclusion drawn. The results of the study show that the implementation of the formation of the reserve component has been optimally implemented because the participants of the reserve component already have the capacity and expertise to support the strengthening of state defense. From these data, it can be concluded that Kodam III/Siliwangi carries out the formation of a reserve component (komcad) in accordance with Law Number 23 of 2019 concerning National Resource Management for State Defense and can massively continue to increase the socialization of the formation of Komcad in the West Java region. The suggestion that can be given from this conclusion is the need for sustainable coaching for reserve component graduates (komcad) in supporting the strengthening of the country's defense.

Pemahaman dan Praktik Moderasi Beragama oleh Guru Raudhatul Athfal (RA) di Kota Kediri Qamaria, Rezki Suci; Sunarno, Sunarno; Sintawati, Dwi; Khasanah, Miftakul
Jurnal Obsesi : Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini Vol. 9 No. 1 (2025)
Publisher : LPPM Universitas Pahlawan Tuanku Tambusai

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31004/obsesi.v9i1.6663

Kunci utama pengajaran moderasi beragama pada jenjang PAUD atau RA adalah peran para guru. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengkaji pemahaman guru RA di Kota Kediri terkait moderasi beragama dan penerapannya dalam praktik mengajar. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah kualitatif dengan jenis studi kasus. Informan berjumlah enam (6) guru RA di tiga sekolah RA di Kota Kediri yang sudah direkomendasikan oleh Kementerian Agama Kota Kediri. Data wawancara, observasi, dan dokumentasi yang sudah terkumpul dianalisis dengan menggunakan analisis tema. Hasilnya adalah, guru memahami bahwa prinsip moderasi beragama meliputi rasa saling menghargai dan menolong, menghormati, toleran, dan rukun dengan keberagaman yang ada di lingkungan sekitar khususnya terkait keyakinan dan budaya. Selain itu, materi moderasi beragama termuat dalam kurikulum yang diinterpretasi ke dalam Rancangan Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran (RPP). Adapun bentuk praktik pembelajaran dengan muatan moderasi beragama dilakukan secara lisan/ceramah dengan memanfaatkan alat peraga, gambar-gambar, video youtube, permainan, nyanyian dan tepuk, cerita, dan peristiwa sehari-hari. Indikator keberhasilan pembelajaran ditunjukkan melalui antusiasme siswa bertanya ketika membahas materi moderasi, siswa menunjukkan perilaku menghargai perbedaan yang ada di lingkungan sekolah, dan siswa terbiasa mengucapkan empat kata ajaib yaitu terima kasih, permisi, maaf, dan tolong kepada orang di sekitarnya. Penelitian ini memberikan wawasan tentang strategi integrasi moderasi beragama dalam pembelajaran usia dini.

Uji in Vitro dan in Vivo Aktivitas Inhibitor -Amilase Ekstrak Khamir Endofit Tanaman Brotowali (Tinospora crispa, L.) sebagai Antiobesitas Oktavia, Anik; Pujiyanto, Sri; Sunarno, Sunarno
Berkala Bioteknologi Vol. 1, No. 2, November 2018
Publisher : Berkala Bioteknologi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar

Brotowali mengandung senyawa triterpenoid (saponin) yang bersifat antimakan (antifeedant) karena rasanya yang pahit dan kemampuan dalam menurunkan kerja enzim pencernaan (protease dan amilase). Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis kemampuan ekstrak etil asetat isolat khamir endofit pada tanaman Brotowali (Tinospora crispa, L.) berfungsi sebagai inhibitor α-amilase untuk penurunan kadar lemak abdominal, lemak subkutan, dan bobot badan pada tikus. Campuran reaksi uji inhibitor α-amilase dengan ekstrak 1%, 5%, 10% dan acarbose 0,1% sebesar 25 μl, uji kontrol ditambah aquades 25 μl. Enzim sebesar 475 μl dicampurkan dan diinkubasi pada suhu 25°C selama 10 menit. Substrat amilum sebesar 500 μl ditambahkan ke dalam campuran reaksi dan diinkubasi pada suhu 25°C selama 10 menit. Reaksi dihentikan dengan 2 ml DNS. Semua larutan yang telah dicampurkan dipanaskan pada suhu 100°C selama 5 menit dan didinginkan. Larutan yang dihasilkan dengan perubahan warna kemudian diukur absorbansinya menggunakan spektrofotometri pada panjang gelombang 540 nm. Penelitian in vivo menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) yang terdiri dari 5 perlakuan dengan 3 kali ulangan, yaitu kelompok kontrol, perlakuan acarbose 0,1% dan perlakuan ekstrak isolat khamir endofit DG26 dosis 40 mg, 50 mg, dan 60 mg. Pemberian pakan dan minum secara ad libitum. Hasil uji in vitro ekstrak 1% memiliki kemampuan inhibisi terhadap α-amilase sebesar 10,87%, hampir sama dengan acarbose sebesar 9,52%. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa isolat terpilih yaitu isolat khamir endofit DG26 memiliki potensi untuk dimanfaatkan sebagai inhibitor α-amilase. Hasil uji in vivo menunjukkan bahwa pemberian ekstrak khamir endofit DG26 berpengaruh signifikan pada penurunan bobot lemak abdominal dan lemak subkutan (p<0,05). Bobot badan setelah aklimatisasi terjadi peningkatan yang menunjukkan bahwa tikus dalam keadaan sehat dan terjadi penurunan diakhir perlakuan. Berdasarkan penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa pemberian ekstrak isolat khamir endofit DG26 pada dosis 60 mg mampu menurunkan bobot lemak abdominal, lemak subkutan, dan menyebabkan terjadinya perbedaan penurunan bobot badan pada tikus (Rattus norvegicus).

Leukocyte Profile of Broiler Chickens (Gallus domesticus) After Consumption of Feed With Spirulina (Spirulina sp.) Feed Additives and Liquid Nano Chitosan Gunawan, Rida Arwanda; Sunarno, Sunarno; Djaelani, Muhammad Anwar; Kasiyati, Kasiyati
Al-Kauniyah: Jurnal Biologi Vol 18, No 2 (2025): AL-KAUNIYAH JURNAL BIOLOGI
Publisher : Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Syarif Hidayatullah State Islami

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/kauniyah.v18i2.40513

Broilers (Gallus domesticus) are prone to stress and immune suppression due to inadequate environmental conditions and feed quality. Spirulina, known for its antioxidant and immunostimulant properties, and liquid nano chitosan, which has antibacterial activity, are considered promising feed additives for broiler health. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Spirulina flour, liquid nano chitosan, and their interaction on broiler leukocyte profiles. A factorial completely randomized design was used, with six treatment groups and four replications. Treatments included a control and diets supplemented with 0; 3; or 6% Spirulina powder, combined with 0 or 5% liquid nanochitosan. The treatments were applied for 26 days. Leukocyte observations were performed using Giemsa-stained blood smears at 400× magnification. Data were analyzed using Two-Way ANOVA (α= 0.05) and the Friedman Test. Results showed normal leukocyte morphology. Spirulina supplementation had no significant effect (P >0.05) on leukocyte, heterophil, or lymphocyte counts. In contrast, 5% liquid nano chitosan significantly affected (P <0.05) leukocyte and lymphocyte numbers. No interaction between the two additives was observed. In conclusion, Spirulina (3–6%) showed potential as a feed additive, while 5% liquid nano chitosan reduced leukocyte and lymphocyte counts. These natural additives may support broiler health without altering leukocyte profiles.

Diphtheria Incidence is a Public Health Challenge in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) Dwi Hartanti, Monica; Sari Dewi Panjaitan, Novaria; Hidayat, Syarif; Fitriana, Fitriana; Sunarno, Sunarno; Susanty, Sri
Public Health of Indonesia Vol. 11 No. 2 (2025): April - June
Publisher : YCAB Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36685/phi.v11i2.953

Background: Diphtheria remains a persistent public health issue, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where vaccination coverage is often inadequate. Recent outbreaks, such as those in the 1990s, highlight the ongoing threat posed by this vaccine-preventable disease. The World Health Organization (WHO) provides data for monitoring the global trends in diphtheria cases, helping countries remain vigilant against its resurgence. Objective: This study aims to analyze the trend of diphtheria cases and incidence rates in 10 countries with the highest disease burden as a public health challenge in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMIC), with a focus on the impact of vaccination coverage. Methods: Longitudinal study was utilized in this research. G-power was performed to calculate the sample size. In accordance with the goal year that was being investigated, the research ranked the nations that were chosen into the top ten countries that had the largest number of cases of diphtheria. Our analysis was based on secondary data obtained from the WHO and included the years 2017 through 2021. In order to assess the distribution of healthcare access and vaccine coverage, we conducted a descriptive analysis of all of the data. This served the purpose of identifying significant public health concerns that contribute to diphtheria epidemics. We used the Stata 16 application to perform analysis on all of the data. Results: The majority of diphtheria cases occur in African and Asian countries, especially in areas with lower DTP-3 vaccination coverage. Yemen, Ethiopia, and Nigeria have high diphtheria rates due to disparities in access to health services and immunization programs. Countries with higher vaccination rates, such as India and Indonesia, report lower rates despite having high numbers of cases. This suggests that strong immunization programs are essential to control the disease. Conclusion: Diphtheria continues to be a significant public health challenge in LMICs, exacerbated by geographic and socioeconomic disparities in vaccination coverage. Global cooperation, including support from high-income countries, is essential to strengthen immunization programs and prevent future outbreaks. Diphtheria should be recognized as a global health threat, requiring comprehensive and coordinated efforts to achieve eradication. Keywords: Diphtheria; incidence rate; reported cases; vaccinated

Co-Authors A. Cristina, A. Abdul Latif Aditya Wiraswan Adriani Lestari Afifuddin, M. Aris Agus Budhie Wijatna Agustin, Yuli Ahmad Fadli Ahmad Fadli Ahmad Faried Ahmad Syadzali Ahmad Zain Sarnoto Ain, Mohamad Isram M Aisyah Aisyah Al'farisi, Cory Dian Alfani, M Iram Alfarisi, Cory Dian Alfarizi, Cory Dian Alfiandry, Muhammad Alief Rifaldi Ali Nasith Allailus Syah Safara Alltop Amri Ya Habib Altarawneh, Mohammednoor Amarila Malik Amelisa, Tika Amun Amri Anggalia Wibasuri Anggaraini, AM Tri Aniati Murni Arymurthy Anwar Budiman Aretama, Lucky Barga Ari Bawono Putranto Ari Wibawa Budi Santosa Arif Mansyuri Armiati, Reni Arsha, Nabila Syahadati Arsyaningrum, Aurellia Putri Budi Arzakina, Silfia Asiyah, Tahsya Atmoko, Dwi Aulia Permatasari Auliaurrahman, Ahmad Feri Azhariah Rachman Bambang Jati Kusuma, Bambang Jati Barus, Surya Danta Alberto Budi Setiyanto Cahya Setya Utama Catur Yuda Pujiani Chairul Chairul Darmiyati Darmiyati, Siti Darsono, Teguh Denny Hardiyanto Desi Heltina Desy Armalina Dewantara, Dede Dewi, Wahyu Narulita Djaelani, M Anwar Djati Mardiatno Djati, Astrid Laksmita Djuniadi Djuniadi Dumingan, Alvian Dunggio, Maryam Dwi Hartanti, Monica Dwi Joko Suroso Dwi Wahyu Arifudiin Najib Dyah Tasya Edi Nurhidin Eko Haryono Endang Sulistyowati Fabryza, Dhina Fadillatul Nisa Fakih, Zainun Kamaludin Fanani, Ahmad Aziz Faridah Faridah Faridah Faridah Fariq, Aiman Fathi Hidayah, Fathi Fathurika, Kusuma Alya Fauzi, Adnan Fauzul Muna Fernando, Rio Agustian Gilang Fitriana Fitriana Fitriana Fitriana Gautam, Deepak Gozali, Gozali Gunawan, Rida Arwanda Halim, Musa Abdul Haris Supratno Havid Viqri Muhammad Redha, Havid Viqri Muhammad Heri Sutanto Hermin Werdiningsih Herti Prastitasari Heru Hendrayana Hidayat, Khairul Huda, Fathul Huwaidah Husna, Fathiyah I Wayan Mustika Ida Zahrina Idral Amri Idris, Haziq Idwar, Agus Ihsana, Lily Kamalia Indra Purnama Indriyanto, Erwin Irma Damayanti Isnaini, Muhammad Dody Itsnaini, Hafizh Jiang, Zhong Tao Joko Prihartono Judijanto, Loso Jumadi Jumadi Kadhung Prayoga, Kadhung Kahandanie, Ferdy Kambang Sariadji Kamila, Syabina Karmila Achmad Kasiyati Kasiati Kasiyati Kasiyati Khairunnisa, Nurul Fathia Khan, Omar Khasanah, Miftakul Koentjoro Koentjoro Kristanto, Rachellita Elizania Kurniawan Teguh Martono Kusdar, Kusdar Kustopo Budiraharjo Laisa Husraini Langlang Handayani Lestari Lestari Lestari, Fiya Auliya Lienggonegoro, Lisa Andriani Lilik Damayanti, Lilik M. Afif Zamroni M. Ain, Mohammad Isram M. Anggri Setiawan M. Iman Santoso Mahfud Mahfud Mahmuddin Mahmuddin Mariatul Kiptiah Masturi Masturi Maulana, Haydnn Caesha Ma’rifah, Siti Memory Motivanisman Waruwu Miran, Hussein A. Muhammad Anas Ma`arif, Muhammad Anas Muhammad Anwar Djaelani Muhammad Anwar Djaelani Muhammad Ridwan Muhyidin, Muhammad Mulalinda, Stella Mulyantana, Anang Mumtahana, Lusia Mutamima, Anisa N. Istiana, N. N. Nazaruddin Nadhifah, Anisa Nazarudin Nelly Puspandari Noverina, Rachmawati Novi Wahyu, Winastuti Nur Handyka, Muhammad Ammar nuradi, nuradi Nurfatihayati Nurizka Ayu Setiani Nursabrina, Azra Batrisyia Oktavia, Anik Oktaviani oktaviani P. Dwijananti Padil Padil Panarat Cherntanomwong Panca Setia Utama Pangestu, Iklas Adi Panjaitan, Novaria Sari Dewi Pradieva, Christenta Tirta Pratama, Thomas Oka Pratiwi Dwijananti Purwaningtyas, Yoggi Ramadhani Purwodirekso, Muhajir Putranto, Christophorus Arga Putri, Nabila Rakha Putri, Ratih Rinendya Putri, Rofiatul Adawiyah Rachmadya Nur Hidayah Rachmawan Budiarto Rahayu, Enik Rahmah, Sinta Aulia Rahman Yasin, Rahman Rahman, Amni Zakarsyi Rahman, M. Mahbubur Rahmania, Mar'atush Shalehah Rahmat Wicakso, Doni Ratih Rinendyaputri Reni Yenti, Silvia Retno Khimantoro Reynato Wijaya Saputra Risanuri Hidayat Rivetra, Amelia Hayu Riyadi, Adhitya Yoga Pradana Rizki Agustina Rizki, Femas Arianda Rohmad Rohmad, Rohmad Rohman, Jihadul Hanif Fadlur Rony Wijanarko Rony Wijaya Rudy Juandi Goeltoem Rusadi, Alya Fakhirah Sagena, Unggul Salsabila, Alifa Sauda Salsabila, Safira Septiandika Saputra, Aditya Lutfian Saputra, Nanda Sara Wibawaning Respati, Sara Wibawaning Sari Dewi Panjaitan, Novaria Sari, Diah Arizki Wati Sarma, Deki Satriyo Adhy SELA SEPTIMA MARIYA Selfia, Sindy Setyaji, Yekti Silelety, Angel Silvia Reni Yenti Singgih Hawibowo Sintawati, Dwi Siringo Ringo, Lumayan Sirojudin Sirojudin Siti Muflichatun Mardiati Siti Muflichatun Mardiati Siti Nurkholifah, Siti Slamet Haryono Solikhin Solikhin Sri Isdadiyanto Sri Mulyani Sri Mulyo Bondan Respati Sri Pujiyanto Subandiyah, Heny Sudarmadji Sudarmadji Suhendri Suhendri Sujay Kanthal Sukirman Sukirman Suparmi Suparmi Supratno, Haris Suriyani Tan, Suriyani Susanty, Sri Susilaningsih , Neni Sutaryani, Apit Suyanto, Jipri Syadzali, Akhmad SYAIFUL BAHRI Syarif Hidayat Tatag Yufitra Rus Telaumbanua, Yohanes Tjetjep Darmawan Totok Sulistyo Trisno, Agung Triyono Triyono Umar, Ja'far Usrek Tani Utina Utama, Hieronimus Adiyoga Nareswara Wibawaning , Sara Wibawaning, Sara Wicaksono, Muhammad Tsaqif Widyatna, Nicolaus Evan Wisrayetti, Wisrayetti Wulandari, Revika Yelmida Azis Yogi Prihandoko Yohannes Sardjono Yudi Hartono, Yudi Yuli Widyaningsih Yulia Sri Ulpah Yuni Rukminiati Yusuf, Bintang Akbar Zulfa, Laili Fitria Zultiniar, Zultiniar

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