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Journal : Medula

Identifikasi Kandungan Senyawa Aktif dan Penentuan Massa Jenis Ekstrak Etanol Daun Jambu Air (Syzygium aqueum) Naufal, Muhammad Ariq; Susianti; Daulay, Suryani Agustina; Carolia, Novita
Medula Vol 14 No 9 (2024): Medula
Publisher : CV. Jasa Sukses Abadi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.53089/medula.v14i9.1320

Abstract

Water apple (Syzygium aqueum) is a plant widely utilized by publics for both consumption and medicinal purposes. Traditionally, it is used as an alternative treatment for diarrhea, headaches, and cough. The method to maximize the potential of water apple leaves is by extracting the active compounds in it. These extracts have potential as antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, anti-cholesterol, antidiabetics, and antidiarrheal agents. Previous studies have shown that water apple leaves contain various active compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, and phenolics. This research aimed to analyze the active compounds and determine the density of the water apple leaf extract. The study was conducted as a laboratory-based experimental research at the Botany Laboratory, FMIPA University of Lampung. The method employed was maceration of water apple leaves using 96% ethanol as a solvent, followed by qualitative phytochemical tests and density determination. Qualitative tests conducted included assessments for flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, saponins, phenolics, alkaloids, and steroids. The density of the extract was determined by measuring the mass of the extract using an analytical balance and dividing it by its volume. The results showed that maceration using 96% ethanol yielded 110.62 grams of extract with a yield percentage of 11.062%. Phytochemical tests revealed the ethanol extract contained flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, and steroids. The density of the ethanol extract was calculated to be 0.9209 g/mL.
The Literatur Review: Hubungan Kadar Hemoglobin terhadap Lama Rawat Inap Pasien Laparotomi: - Buana, Faris Agung; Darwis, Iswandi; Marcellia, Selvi; Susianti, Susianti
Medula Vol 15 No 1 (2025): Medula
Publisher : CV. Jasa Sukses Abadi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.53089/medula.v15i1.1432

Abstract

Hemoglobin is an important protein in the blood whose job is to transport oxygen to body tissues. Low hemoglobin levels (anemia) in laparotomy patients can affect postoperative recovery time, including the duration of hospitalization. This study aims to evaluate the relationship between pre-operative hemoglobin levels and length of stay in laparotomy patients. Data were obtained from medical records of patients who underwent laparotomy at the hospital, including hemoglobin levels before surgery, length of stay, and additional variables such as Body Mass Index (BMI) and Surgical Apgar Score (SAS). The analysis showed that patients with low hemoglobin levels had a greater risk of experiencing longer hospital stays. This is due to suboptimal oxygen supply to the tissue, thereby slowing wound healing and increasing the risk of complications, such as infection and organ failure. Treating anemia with blood transfusions or iron supplementation has proven effective in increasing hemoglobin levels and speeding up patient recovery, with the average length of stay reduced to less than four days. Apart from hemoglobin levels, factors such as BMI, SAS, level of complexity of surgery, and the patient's health condition also influence the length of treatment. These findings emphasize the importance of monitoring and correcting hemoglobin levels before surgery as a preventive measure to speed recovery, minimize complications, and reduce hospital operational burden, especially in health facilities with limited resources. Further research is needed to determine the most effective clinical interventions in managing anemia in preoperative patients.
Skrining Fitokimia Kualitatif Ekstrak Etanol 96% dan H-Heksana Kulit Batang Bakau Lindur (Bruguiera gymnorrhiza) Ismunanto, Aziza Regina Kinasih; Kurniawati, Evi; Putri, Giska Tri; Susianti, Susianti
Medula Vol 15 No 1 (2025): Medula
Publisher : CV. Jasa Sukses Abadi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.53089/medula.v15i1.1253

Abstract

Lindur mangrove plants (Bruguiera gymnorrhiza) are known to contain secondary metabolite compounds which function as antibacterials. These secondary metabolite compounds include alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phenols, saponins, terpenoids and steroids. The design of this research was experimental, carried out to determine and compare the phytochemical components contained in 96% ethanol extract and n-hexane of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza mangrove bark. Bruguiera gymnorrhiza mangrove bark was taken at KPH Gunung Balak, East Lampung, then 4.5 kg of wet mangrove bark was obtained and dried for 7 days, then the extract was made using the maceration method for 3x24 hours using 2 types of solvents, namely 96% ethanol and n-hexane with a ratio of 1:10 between simplicia and solvent. Thick extracts were obtained from the two types of solvents which were then carried out qualitative phytochemical tests.  The results of this study showed that 96% ethanol extract and n-hexane of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza mangrove bark positively contained secondary metabolite compounds. The 96% ethanol extract of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza mangrove bark contains all types of secondary metabolite compounds, namely alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phenols, saponins, terpenoids and steroids, while the n-hexane extract contains secondary metabolite compounds, namely alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phenols, terpenoids, steroid but does not contain saponins. The conclusion of this research is that the 96% ethanol extract of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza mangrove bark contains more secondary metabolite compounds than the n-hexane extract of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza mangrove bark.
Hubungan Protein Urin dengan Berat Jenis Urin pada Pasien Nefropati Diabetik Putri, Najwa Naraniya; Kurniati, Intanri; Yuningrum, Hesti; Susianti
Medula Vol 14 No 12 (2024): Medula
Publisher : CV. Jasa Sukses Abadi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.53089/medula.v14i12.1273

Abstract

Diabetic nephropathy is one of the main causes of end-stage renal failure or End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetic nephropathy is defined as the presence of albumin or protein of more than 30 mg/day in urine on two examinations within a period of 3-6 months, as well as a decrease in the glomerular filtration rate. Urinalysis examination using the dipstick method is carried out for certain indications or suspicions of complications of diabetes mellitus, one of which is diabetic nephropathy. Dipstick examination can detect protein, pH, glucose, specific gravity, ketones, urobilinogen, nitrite, blood, bilirubin, and leukocyte esterase. The specific gravity of urine depends on the concentration of glucose, urea, and protein particles in the solution. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between protein in urine and specific gravity in patients with diabetic nephropathy. Observational analytical research was conducted with a cross-sectional approach. This study was conducted at the Medical Records Installation of Dr. H. Abdul Moeloek Hospital. The population of this study was diabetic nephropathy patients treated at Dr. H. Abdul Moeloek Hospital in January-December 2023. The sampling technique used the total sampling technique so that 49 samples were obtained that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The data obtained were analyzed using the Spearman correlation test. The results showed a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.589 and a significance p-value = 0.000. There is a relationship between urine protein and urine specific gravity in diabetic nephropathy patients.
Literature Review: Antioxidant Activity of Water Apple Leaves (Syzygium aqueum) Justisia, Adilla; Susianti; Jausal, Anisa Nuraisa; Busman, Hendri
Medula Vol 14 No 10 (2025): Medula
Publisher : CV. Jasa Sukses Abadi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.53089/medula.v14i10.1321

Abstract

Antioxidant is a complex inhibit, prevent or dampen the reactions of free radicals and oxidants, as well as to prevent tissue damage. Antioxidant works by donating one of its electron to oxidant compounds thereby inhibiting the activity of these oxidant compounds. An imbalance between antioxidants and free radicals, where free radicals are more prevalent, can damage molecular organisms and cause oxidative stress that triggers damage to body cells. Oxidative damage to DNA triggers mutations that initiates cancer, cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative disorder, autoimmune diseases, aging processes and several hereditary diseases. Currently, the use of natural antioxidants as traditional treatments is widely consumed by the community. Natural antioxidants are found in several plant sources, it is known to be more affordable and have lower side effects, making it as popular treatment choice in the community. One of the plants with a high antioxidant content is the water apple leaf (Syzygium aqueum) which rich in flavonoids, phenolics, and tannins. DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) is a common method to measure antioxidant activity, it works with the principle of hydrogen capture from antioxidants by free radicals. The parameter IC50 is used to represents the sample concentration required to capture 50% of DPPH radicals. Several studies using the DPPH method have shown that water apple leaves have strong antioxidant activity, indicated by its low IC50 value. The lower the IC50 value, the stronger the antioxidant activity.
Transient Ischemic Attack : Tantangan dalam Mendiagnosis Akuba, Nanda Nurrohim; Susianti; Daulay, Suryani Agustina; Berawi, Khairun Nisa
Medula Vol 14 No 10 (2025): Medula
Publisher : CV. Jasa Sukses Abadi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.53089/medula.v14i10.1360

Abstract

Stroke is a condition characterized by the rapid development of clinical signs of focal and global neurological deficits, which can worsen and persist for 24 hours or more, potentially leading to death, with no clear cause other than vascular. Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) is a temporary neurological dysfunction caused by a blockade or reduction in blood perfusion to brain tissue, lasting from a few seconds to minutes, and in some cases, up to 24 hours. Diagnosing TIA is challenging because patients typically present after the TIA has resolved, making it crucial to diagnose TIA clinically before confirming the diagnosis with additional examinations such as CT-Scan or MRI. There are meta-analysis studies that describe the role of certain biomarkers in supporting the diagnosis of TIA. Due to the closely related pathomechanisms between TIA and ischemic stroke, almost all the same biomarkers can be used to diagnose both conditions. There are scoring systems used to identify the risk of stroke in patients with TIA, with the ABCD² score being the most commonly used. Rapid assessment and the implementation of adequate therapy reduce the risk of TIA progressing to ischemic stroke.
Eksplorasi Imunoterapi dan Terapi Gen dalam Pengobatan Tumor Otak: Literature Review Hana Muthi'a Putri; Windarti, Indri; Mayasari, Diana; Susianti, Susianti
Medula Vol 14 No 12 (2024): Medula
Publisher : CV. Jasa Sukses Abadi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.53089/medula.v14i12.1378

Abstract

Brain tumors are a significant neurological disorder with a high mortality rate, especially in cases of glioblastoma, which is highly aggressive and difficult to treat. Conventional treatment methods, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, are often not effective enough, particularly in advanced stages. This study aims to explore two innovative approaches, namely immunotherapy and gene therapy, as alternative treatments for brain tumors. Immunotherapy works by enhancing the immune system's ability to fight cancer cells through methods such as checkpoint inhibitors, cancer vaccines, and CAR-T therapy. However, the success of immunotherapy is often hindered by the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which limits the delivery of therapy to the brain. On the other hand, gene therapy offers a solution by modifying genetic material, either to repair damaged genes or to directly destroy cancer cells. Approaches such as the use of oncolytic viruses, CRISPR technology, and nanoparticles have shown promising results in preclinical research and early clinical trials, particularly for glioblastoma. The combination of immunotherapy and gene therapy opens new opportunities to enhance treatment effectiveness by strengthening the immune response and targeting tumors more specifically. However, challenges remain, including treatment resistance, side effects, and limitations in brain delivery methods. Further research is needed to ensure the safety, efficacy, and widespread application of this combination therapy. Immunotherapy and gene therapy have great potential as breakthroughs in the future treatment of brain tumors. Relevant literature, including articles and journals from both national and international sources, were gathered through online searches in various databases, such as Google Scholar, PubMed, and NCBI, and used to compile this article.
Pengaruh Pemberian Ekstrak Etanol Buah Pare (Momordica Charantia L) Terhadap Gambaran Histopatolgi Arteri Koronaria Tikus Putih (Rattus Norvegicus) Jantan Galur Sprague Dawley Yang Diinduksikan Minyak Jelant Joni, Agnesia Priskila; Windarti, Indri; Oktarlina, Rasmi Zakiah; Susianti, Susianti
Medula Vol 14 No 10 (2025): Medula
Publisher : CV. Jasa Sukses Abadi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.53089/medula.v14i10.1392

Abstract

Coronary heart disease is one of the main causes of death in the world, with more than 17 million deaths every year due to heart and blood vessel diseases, with around 8.7 million of them caused by coronary heart disease and around 15 out of 1000 residents in Indonesia which is equivalent to around 2,78,064 people suffer from coronary heart disease. The high frequency of use of cooking oil means that cooking oil is often used repeatedly. Repeated use of cooking oil can cause damage to various body organs such as the liver, heart, kidneys and arteries. Exposure to free radicals and free fatty acids obtained from used cooking oil if it enters the body will result in oxidative stress. The atherosclerosis process is characterized by the change of k-LDL to Ox-LDL which triggers endothelial dysfunction and the formation of atherosclerotic plaque on the walls of blood vessels. The high fatty acid content in used cooking oil can easily stick to the walls of blood vessels, so that it will accumulate and form atherosclerotic plaque. One of the alternative antioxidants that comes from herbs is bitter melon (Momordica Charantia L). Bitter melon contains flavonoid compounds. Flavonoids are secondary metabolites which are antioxidants that can inhibit free radical activity and can prevent atherosclerosis. Antioxidant compounds can reduce atherosclerosis by inhibiting LDL metabolism in secondary atherosclerotic lesions to prevent LDL oxidation in these lesions.
Peran Flavonoid Sebagai Antiulser dan Antioksidan pada Ulkus Duodenum Zahra, Aulia Jannatuz; Susianti, Susianti; Happy, Terza Aflika; Soleha, Tri Umiana
Medula Vol 14 No 12 (2024): Medula
Publisher : CV. Jasa Sukses Abadi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.53089/medula.v14i12.1415

Abstract

Duodenal ulcer is a pathological condition characterized by damage to the duodenal mucosa due to an imbalance between protective and aggressive factors, such as gastric acid and pepsin. The primary factors contributing to the development of this ulcer include Helicobacter pylori infection. Additionally, prolonged use of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) is also a significant factor in the occurrence of duodenal ulcers, as these drugs inhibit prostaglandin synthesis, which plays a crucial role in mucosal protection. In Indonesia, the prevalence of duodenal ulcers is estimated to be around 11–14%. Flavonoids, as bioactive compounds with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-ulcer properties, have been widely studied for their potential in the management of peptic ulcers, including duodenal ulcers. Flavonoids have been shown to inhibit gastric acid secretion, stimulate mucus production, and protect the gastrointestinal mucosa through cytoprotective and antioxidative mechanisms, specifically by inhibiting reactive oxygen species (ROS). Furthermore, flavonoids have the ability to suppress H. pylori growth, thereby contributing to the prevention of ulcer pathogenesis caused by this bacterium. Flavonoids also enhance blood flow to the gastric mucosa and modulate enzymes involved in epithelial defense. Despite these benefits, the main challenges in utilizing flavonoids are their low bioavailability and potential toxicity at high doses. Therefore, further studies are essential to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and formulation optimization of flavonoids to enhance their availability as a natural therapeutic alternative and their application in the clinical treatment of peptic ulcers.
Potensi Daun Jambu Air (Syzygium aquem) sebagai Fitofarmaka : Literature Review Febrianti, Arlin; Susianti, Susianti; Kusumaningtyas, Intan; Mustofa, Syazili
Medula Vol 14 No 12 (2024): Medula
Publisher : CV. Jasa Sukses Abadi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.53089/medula.v14i12.1456

Abstract

Traditional medicine widely utilizes plant extracts from various parts of plants due to their secondary metabolite content, which possesses therapeutic effects. One plant with high pharmacological potential is the water apple leaf (*Syzygium aqueum*), belonging to the Myrtaceae family and commonly found in tropical regions such as Indonesia, Malaysia, and India. Water apple leaves have been used as phytopharmaceuticals because they contain various bioactive compounds that can be extracted and utilized for treating different diseases. The active compounds commonly found in water apple leaves include alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, triterpenoids, and coumarins. Studies have shown that water apple leaf extracts exhibit various pharmacological activities, including antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antimicrobial, and antidiabetic properties. Additionally, the bioactive compounds in water apple leaves have the potential to be further developed as natural therapeutic agents for treating degenerative diseases and infections. This pharmacological potential positions water apple leaves as a promising phytopharmaceutical candidate for development in the pharmaceutical and healthcare industries. However, further research is required to explore the mechanisms of action, efficacy, and potential toxicity of the active compounds in water apple leaves. A comprehensive study in this area will enable the optimization of water apple leaves as a safe and effective natural therapy for various diseases.
Co-Authors Ade Yonata Adilla Justisia Aditya Kusumaningtyas Hudisaputeri Aditya Permana Agusta Saraswati Agustyas Tjiptaningrum Ahmad Farizan Radhitya Ahmad Syah Putra Ainin Aniah, Pratiwi Ajeng Defriyanti Pusparini Akuba, Nanda Nurrohim Aldo Fatejarum Ambarwati, Yuli Andhini, Friska Andi Setiawan Andrian Rivanda Andriansah, M. Anggi Setiorini Anggraeni Janar Wulan Anggraeni Janar Wulan, Anggraeni Janar Anisa Nuraisa Jausal Anisa Nuraisa Jausal Arif Setiawansyah Arini Meronica Arninda Rahman Atmajaya, Yudhi Audya Pratiwi Putri Riyanda Ayu Ningsih Ayu Tiara FItri Azkiya Bahren Nortajulu Balqis Mezzaluna D'Azzuri Bara Ade Wijaya Suprayitno Bayu Anggileo Pramesona betta kurniawan Betta Kurniawan Betta Kurniawan, Betta Buana, Faris Agung Cana, Arla Erit Siktia Catur Ariwibowo Catur Ariwibowo Damayanti, Putri Daulay, Suryani Agustina Dedi Hermawan Devi Rahmadiani Diah Septia Liantari, Diah Septia Dian Isti Angraini Dian Isti Angraini Dyah Wulan Sumekar Dyah Wulan Sumekar Rengganis Wardani Dyah Wulan Sumekar Rengganis Wardani Endro Prasetyo Wahono Ersa, Rakhmigasti Citra Ety Apriliana Ety Apriliana Ety Apriliana Eva Lusina, Septia Evi Kurniawati, Evi Evi Kurniawaty Exsa Hadibrata Fahrezi Fathilla Farida Hakim Lamuhammad Fatriyadi Suwandi, Jhons Febrianti, Arlin Fendi Setiawan Fitri Sofiatin Fitria Saftarina Gemayangsura Gemayangsura Gemayangsura, Gemayangsura Giok Pemula Giska Tri Putri Hadibrata, Exsa Hana Muthi'a Putri Handayani Dwi Utami Hanna Mutiara, Hanna Happy, Terza Aflika Hardiansyah, Ridwan Hendra Tarigan, Sibero Hendri Busman Hendri Busman Hijami, Nurul 'Afifah Ibnu Fadilah Indri Windarti Intan Kusumaningtyas Intanri Kurniati Irawan Budi Waskito Irma Liani Ismunanto, Aziza Regina Kinasih Isvari, Gusti Ayu Made Prathita Iswandi Darwis Janar Wulan, Anggraini Jausal, Anisa Nuraisa Jhons Fatriyadi Suwandi John Hendri Joni, Agnesia Priskila Justisia, Adilla Kamalia, Avissa Medina Khairun Nisa Khairun Nisa Kinanti Rahmadhita Kurniawaty, Evi Lanang Rachmadi M. Ridho Ulya M. Yusran Mallarangeng, Andi Nafisah Tendri Adjeng Marcellia, Selvi Maya Ganda Ratna Mayasari, Diana Mela Liberti Octoriani Simaremare Merry Indah Sari Muhamad Yogie, Fadli Muhammad Ariq Naufal Muhammad Yogie, Fadli Muhartono Muhartono Muhartono Muhartono Muhartono Sudarmo Kasban Nabila Shafira Naufal, Muhammad Ariq Ni Luh Gede Ratna Juliasih Ni Putu Sari Widiyani Nisa Karima Nisa Karima Novianty, Detty Novita Carolia Novita Carolia Nurhasanah Nurhasanah Oktadoni Saputra, Oktadoni Oktafany Oktafany Ovalia, Nora Wilya Pemula, Giok Peni Ahmadi Pratiwi, Ainin Aniah Putri, Najwa Naraniya Putu Ristyaning Ayu R Supriyanto Rachel Junita Sitepu Ramadhana Komala Rasmi Zakiah Oktarlina Ratna Dewi Puspita Sari Ratna, Maya Ganda Ratri Mauluti Larasati Reimma Emily Rachman Rengganis Wardani, Dyah Wulan Sumekar Reni Zuraida Rianto, Muhamad Arif Rie Dahniar Marissa Marpaung Rika Lisiswanti Rika Oktaria Rinawati Rinawati Risal Wintoko Riski Pangestu Risti Graharti Rizki Hanriko Rodiani Rodiani Rodiani, Rodiani Roro Rukmi Windi Perdani, Roro Rukmi Rosbhaiti Chodijah Rudianto, Waluyo Rudiyanto, Waluyo Ruslani, Nada Oktista Sangging, Putu Ristyaning Ayu Septia Eva Lusina Septiani, Linda Siti Raqiya Rasyid Smith Imanuel Saputra Sofyan Musyabiq Wijaya Soraya Rahmanisa Soraya, Yeni Sri Agustina Suharmanto Suharmanto Suharmanto Sulthan Alam Yasyfa Surriandari, Latifah Dwi Suryadi Islami Suryani Agustina Daulay Sutarto Sutarto Sutarto Sutopo Hadi Sutyarso Sutyarso Sutyarso Sutyarso Sutyarso Syafira Alifia Audiani Syaiful Bahri SYAIFUL BAHRI Syazili Mustofa Tara Aulianova Tasya Hani Fatwa Tri Umiana Soleha Tutik Ernawati Victoria Hawarima W, Dyah Wulan Sumekar R. W., Dyah Wulan Sumekar R. Waluyo Rudianto Waluyo Rudiyanto Wardani, Dyah Wulan Wawan Abdullah Setiawan Wido Gamani Worocahyo, Avis Meyvika Yadika, Adilla Dwi Nur Yolanda Fratiwi Yudhi Atmajaya Yudho Prabowo, Arif Yunianto, Andi Eka Yuningrum, Hesti Zahra, Aulia Jannatuz Zakiah Zakiah