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The Legal Urgency of Government Regulation and Supervision on Qibla Direction and Prayer Time Applications in Indonesia Muhammad Ikbal; Ahmad Izzuddin; Muhammad Firli Yanto; Novi Arisafitri
International Journal Ihya' 'Ulum al-Din Vol. 27 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Islam Negeri Walisongo Semarang, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/ihya.27.2.30749

Abstract

Prayer time and Qibla direction applications have become an integral part of daily religious practices for Muslims. However, with the increasing number of available applications on digital platforms, the accuracy of the information provided by these apps often varies, which can affect the validity of religious practices. This study aims to explore the urgency of government oversight over prayer time and Qibla direction applications to ensure their accuracy and reliability. The research methodology includes a literature review and qualitative analysis of various applications available on the Android platform. The findings indicate that many applications fail to meet the required accuracy standards, particularly concerning prayer times and Qibla direction, potentially misleading users in performing their religious duties. Therefore, this study highlights the importance of government oversight and regulation to ensure these applications adhere to proper guidelines and can be trusted. The author also recommends implementing policies to regulate the feasibility testing of these apps, including standardizing prayer time calculations and utilizing accurate geospatial data for Qibla direction. With stricter oversight, it is hoped that the applications used by Muslims will become more accurate and beneficial in supporting valid worship practices.
Suwar al-Kawakib: Bridging Greek and Islamic Astronomy in the History of Islamic Astronomy Fatimah Nur Aliyah; Ahmad Izzuddin
Astroislamica: Journal of Islamic Astronomy Vol. 5 No. 1 (2026): Astroislamica: Journal of Islamic Astronomy (June)
Publisher : Islamic Astronomy Department, Sharia and Law Faculty

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47766/astroislamica.v5i1.5410

Abstract

This study examines the classical text Suwar al-Kawakib al-Thabitah by Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi, a tenth-century Islamic scholar who bridged Greek and Islamic astronomy. The work's influence spread throughout Europe from the tenth to the nineteenth century in three successive waves: its translation in Andalusia, its adoption into Renaissance star atlases such as the Uranometria, and its role in the standardization of modern international star catalogues. Using a historical method, this research traces the contribution of Suwar al-Kawakib to cosmology, Arabic star nomenclature, and astronomical observation, through which Islamic science became integrated into global scientific standards. The research employs a qualitative approach, applying historical analysis to examine the role of al-Sufi's Suwar al-Kawakib in the development of Greek and Islamic astronomy. Primary data consist of the original text, its translations, and literature related to the constellations. These data are analyzed to understand the work's impact from the tenth to the nineteenth century, including the integration of astronomy and astrology, star nomenclature, and observational methodology, in order to clarify the role of Islamic astronomy in shaping international scientific standards. The findings show that Suwar al-Kawakib not only advanced Islamic cosmology but also played a key role in establishing star-naming conventions that remain in use today. Al-Sufi's contribution extends beyond astronomy to include cultural knowledge that facilitated the transmission of learning between the Islamic world and the West. The book underscores the significance of Islamic astronomy's influence on the development of global astronomy and on the international scientific standards now widely recognized.
Mizwala in the Islamic Tradition: A Historical Overview, Its Contributions, and Its Relevance in the Contemporary Era Sukarni Sukarni; Ahmad Izzuddin; Fitriyatul Laili
Astroislamica: Journal of Islamic Astronomy Vol. 5 No. 1 (2026): Astroislamica: Journal of Islamic Astronomy (June)
Publisher : Islamic Astronomy Department, Sharia and Law Faculty

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47766/astroislamica.v5i1.7118

Abstract

This study explores the history, contribution, and contemporary relevance of the mizwala (sundial) in the development of Islamic astronomy (‘ilm al-falak). The mizwala is a classical astronomical instrument used by Muslim scholars since the 9th century CE to determine the direction of the qibla and prayer times based on the position of the sun. The aim of this research is to retrace the scientific foundations of Islamic astronomy and to highlight the continuity between classical Islamic science and modern knowledge. The research adopts a qualitative-descriptive method with historical and analytical approaches through the examination of primary and secondary literature. The findings reveal that the mizwala functioned not only as a scientific measuring device but also as a symbol of the integration between scientific inquiry and religious devotion in Islamic tradition. In contemporary contexts, the mizwala remains relevant as a verification tool for qibla direction and as an educational medium for practical astronomy. Moreover, it represents a sustainable technology that operates solely using solar energy, independent of digital systems. Therefore, preserving and revitalizing the mizwala is crucial to maintaining the continuity of Islamic scientific heritage while fostering innovation in modern astronomical studies.
History of the Javanese Calendar in the Era of Aji Saka and Sultan Agung M. Saifulloh; Ahmad Izzuddin; Eman Sulaiman
Al-Marshad: Jurnal Astronomi Islam dan Ilmu-Ilmu Berkaitan Vol 12, No 1 (2026): Al-Marshad
Publisher : University of Muhammadiyah Sumatera Utara

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30596/jam.v12i1.28055

Abstract

A calendar is a system that provides daily, monthly, and yearly time by following natural phenomena, namely the apparent movement of the sun from east to west. Calendars did not simply appear; they were influenced by social culture and history. The Javanese calendar system was created by Aji Saka and later modified by Sultan Agung. An interesting aspect of both systems is that they follow Java's cultural traditions. The system used at the beginning of the Javanese calendar was the solar calendar system. However, with the introduction of new cultures and religions to Java, namely Islam and its influence, the calendar changed but continued to follow Aji Saka's annual numbers. The only changes in Sultan Agung's calendar system were the names of the months and the shift from a solar to a lunar calendar. This change followed the Islamic calendar, which had already been influenced by the arrival of Islam from India and Arabia. The number of days in a year also changed from 365 to 355 days. This research method uses qualitative literature that focuses on the historical origins, compares the two systems, and then examines their advantages and disadvantages.
The History of Istiwa’ in the Development of Islamic Falak Achmad Mauludy Zahron; Ahmad Izzuddin; Eman Sulaiman
Al-Marshad: Jurnal Astronomi Islam dan Ilmu-Ilmu Berkaitan Vol 12, No 1 (2026): Al-Marshad
Publisher : University of Muhammadiyah Sumatera Utara

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30596/jam.v12i1.28062

Abstract

The history of istiwa’ represents one of the oldest scientific heritages in the history of astronomy, marking the position of the sun directly overhead, where the shadow of a vertical object becomes minimal or disappears. Since the civilizations of Egypt and Babylonia, this method has been used to regulate time and determine geographical directions. It was later refined by Greek scholars and eventually Islamized by Muslim astronomers as an instrument of falak (miqyāsal-zill) to determine prayer times and the direction of the qiblah. This study employs a qualitative method with a library research approach, examining classical sources such as al-Qānūn al-Mas'ūdī by al-Bīrūnī and modern literature on Rashdul Qiblah. The analysis was conducted descriptively and comparatively to trace the epistemological continuity between classical traditions and contemporary practices. The findings reveal that the concept of istiwa’ evolved from empirical observation into a theoretical falak system that integrates scientific and theological dimensions. Despite the advancement of digital technologies, the shadow-based observation method remains relevant for its accuracy and spiritual value. Future research is encouraged to explore the recontextualization of istiwa’ in modern falak education to strengthen the integration of science, faith, and ecological awareness within Islamic religious practices today.
Religious Moderation through Prophetic Ethics: Qur’anic Principles, the Medinan Experience, and Indonesian Moderation Discourse Faiqoh, Elok; Zainuddin, M; Izzuddin, Ahmad
Jurnal Sosiologi Agama Indonesia (JSAI) Vol. 7 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Program Studi Sosiologi Agama Fakultas Ushuluddin dan Filsafat, Universitas Islam Negeri Ar-Raniry, Banda Aceh, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22373/jsai.v7i2.9458

Abstract

Religious moderation in Indonesia is commonly articulated through policy indicators intended to support peaceful coexistence, yet Qur’anic ethics, the Medinan experience, and contemporary moderation discourse are frequently examined as separate domains. This article analyzes how selected Qur’anic texts and the Medinan experience can inform an ethical reading of religious moderation in contemporary Indonesia. It employs qualitative library research that combines a thematic reading of Q.S. Al-Hujurat 49:13, Q.S. Al-Anbiya 21:107, Q.S. An-Nisa 4:135, and Q.S. Al-Baqarah 2:256; a historical-contextual reading of scholarly accounts of the Charter of Medina; and a conceptual comparison with Indonesia’s religious moderation framework and selected studies of religious and digital discourse. The analysis identifies three interrelated ethical dimensions—humanization, liberation, and transcendence—from which five principles are derived: human dignity, justice, transcendental accountability, inclusivity, and social responsibility. The Medinan experience illustrates how distinct communal identities could coexist within an arrangement of reciprocal obligations, although it cannot be treated as a directly transferable model of modern governance. In the Indonesian context, the prophetic framework complements existing policy indicators by foregrounding ethical questions concerning dignity, coercion, unequal treatment, and moral accountability. The article contributes a heuristic framework for evaluating religious moderation without presenting it as an empirically validated theory or an alternative administrative model.
Akurasi Data Koordinat Atlas Der Gehele Aarde Dalam Penentuan Arah Kiblat: Studi Kasus BHRD Kabupaten Tegal Naelul Marom; Ahmad Izzuddin
Astroislamica: Journal of Islamic Astronomy Vol. 4 No. 2 (2025): Astroislamica: Journal of Islamic Astronomy (Desember)
Publisher : Islamic Astronomy Department, Sharia and Law Faculty

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47766/astroislamica.v4i2.5946

Abstract

The determination of the Qibla direction in Indonesia ideally utilizes precise local coordinate data. However, the Board of Hisab and Rukyat (BHRD) of Tegal Regency employs a unique method by using coordinate data derived from the "Atlas Der Gehele Aarde," a Dutch colonial-era atlas, combined with a "Two Compass Method." This study aims to evaluate the accuracy of Qibla measurements resulting from this method and to analyze it from the perspectives of Falak science (astronomy) and Islamic law (Fiqh). This research is a field study using a qualitative approach. Data were collected through interviews with BHRD officials and direct verification measurements at five sample mosques using a Theodolite and Google Earth data. The results indicate a discrepancy between the BHRD calculations and modern astronomical measurements. The use of single-city coordinates from the Atlas and the neglect of magnetic declination in the compass method resulted in a Qibla deviation ranging from 1° to 2° 35'. Astronomically, this deviation is considered inaccurate as it exceeds the tolerance limit of 0° 42'. However, from the perspective of Islamic Law, particularly the Shafi'i school, these measurements remain legally valid (sah) under the concept of 'jihat al-ka'bah' (general direction) based on 'dzan' (strong assumption) for regions far from Mecca.
Eksistensi Ilmu Falak dari Masa Nabi Syits hingga Masa Nabi Idris Mutiara Tembang Langit; Ahmad Izzuddin
Astroislamica: Journal of Islamic Astronomy Vol. 4 No. 2 (2025): Astroislamica: Journal of Islamic Astronomy (Desember)
Publisher : Islamic Astronomy Department, Sharia and Law Faculty

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47766/astroislamica.v4i2.5974

Abstract

This paper attempts to examine the historical development of astronomy, focusing on the lineage from Prophet Seth to Prophet Idris. Prophet Idris, as a descendant of Prophet Adam, plays a central role in the development of astronomical science. He is considered one of the pioneers in this field, with significant contributions in formulating and recording various astronomical knowledge. This paper aims to uncover the origins, evolution, and significant contributions of the prophets in the development of astronomy since the time of Prophet Adam. This paper relies on qualitative data collected through library research, using descriptive historical analysis of various sources, including religious texts and related literature. With this research framework, it was found that astronomy has been an integral part of human civilization since the time of Prophet Adam. This research also highlights the development of astronomy. The lineage of Prophet Adam serves as a framework for understanding how scientific knowledge, including astronomy, has developed in the context of agriculture, calculation, and prediction.
Syekh Muhammad Arsyad Al-Banjari dan Kajian Falak Nusantara Nur Amelia Ridha; Ahmad Izzuddin
Astroislamica: Journal of Islamic Astronomy Vol. 4 No. 2 (2025): Astroislamica: Journal of Islamic Astronomy (Desember)
Publisher : Islamic Astronomy Department, Sharia and Law Faculty

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47766/astroislamica.v4i2.6106

Abstract

This paper examines the role of Syekh Muhammad Arsyad al-Banjari in the development of Falak (Islamic astronomy) in South Kalimantan, complementing prior biographical studies and scholarship. The issue addressed is the paucity of research on the historical dissemination of Falak knowledge by indigenous Banjar scholars. Employing a library research methodology, the principal data source is Yusuf Halidi’s Ulama Besar Kalimantan Syekh Muhammad Arsyad al-Banjari. A qualitative content analysis traces Syekh Muhammad Arsyad’s more than three decades of education in Mecca, his corrective interventions regarding qibla orientation in mosques across Batavia, and his initiative to establish an Islamic educational institution in Kampung Dalam Pagar. The findings demonstrate that he mastered thirty-five disciplines, that his treatise Mas’alah al-Qiblah fil-Batawy served as the primary reference for qibla determination in his era, and that he founded a pesantren which produced successive generations of Banjar scholars. These results underscore Syekh Muhammad Arsyad al-Banjari’s pivotal contribution to the Nusantara Falak tradition and highlight the imperative of preserving his manuscript legacy.
Determination of the Beginning of the Hijri Month by Tarekat Asy-Syahadatain in Cirebon Regency Rizal Ramadhan; Ahmad Izzuddin; Muhammad Arif Royyani
AL - AFAQ : Jurnal Ilmu Falak dan Astronomi Vol. 7 No. 2 (2025): Desember 2025
Publisher : Universitas Islam Negeri Mataram

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20414/afaq.v7i2.14712

Abstract

The Asy-Syahadatain tarekat in Cirebon Regency not only conducts various religious activities but also has its own system for determining the beginning of the Hijri months, which often differs from the government's official determination. This study is a qualitative field research conducted in the villages of Munjul and Panguragan Wetan. Primary data were collected through interviews with religious scholars and prominent figures of the tarekat, while secondary data included the Isnaeniyah calendar, Asy-Syahadatain calendar, and the results of the rukyatul istitar observation at Kejawanan Beach. The research findings indicate that this tarekat uses the Isnaeniyah hisab method, the Asy-Syahadatain calendar, which is adopted from the Kudus calendar, as well as the rukyat istitar system. Although there are differences in methods, some followers are still allowed to follow the government’s determination. No conflict arises among followers due to the strong emotional bond they share with their respective Kiais. Each Kiai leads their own study group and provides an explanation of the methodology before determining the start of Ramadan, Shawwal, or Dhu al-Hijjah. This closeness and trust are the main factors behind the followers’ obedience to each Kiai’s decisions.
Co-Authors Abd Charis Fauzan Abd. Rouf, Abd. Abdul Hakim Abdul Haris Rasyidi, Abdul Haris Abdul Malik Karim Amrullah Achmad Mauludy Zahron Achmad Rosidi, Achmad Adeyanto, Zamroni Agus Nurhadi Agus Yulianto Ahmad Adib Rofiuddin Ahmad Aniq Ulin Naim Ahmad, Mohd Razlan Akbar, Reza Akhmad - Husein Albab, Muhammad Ulil Alfarisi, Ach. Fadhail Alfikri, Ahmad Faiz Shobir Alief Muhammad Alpaten, Ulil Albab Al aulia Amelia, Dewi Alvinatul Amrullah, Abdul Karim Angelika, Jessica Julian Annisa Nurfadilah Ansori, Redhitya Wempi Anugerah, Ghifari Fajar Aprilia, Ira AR, Zulfahmi Ari Susanti Aries Maesya Arisafitri, Novi Ariwibowo, Bagus Joni Ariyanti, Dyah Azkarrula, Youla Afifah Balkis Sifara Alawiya Basid, Abd. Budiarto, Adi Camelia, Mirza Hidayatul Cantika Zaddana Dani Hari Tunggal Prasetiyo Djamaluddin, Thomas Djoko Wahyudi dwi ayu lestari, dwi ayu Eko Budi Satoto Eko Setiawan Elok Faiqoh Eman Sulaeman Eman Sulaiman Evi Wahyuni, Evi Fadil SJ Fakhruddin Fakhruddin Farhatin, Dila Fashihuddin, Muhammad Fathor, Rozy Fatimah Nur Aliyah Feti Fatimah Fika Afhamul Fuscha Fitria, Aulia ul Fitriyatul Laili Gozi, Ahmad Hady, Intan Ferial Haris Hermawan, Haris Haryono Haryono Hermin Arista Hesty Kesuma Putri Hidayah, Nailul Alvi Hidayat, Ehsan Hikmah, Nuzul Hoffmann, Susanne M. Irfan, Moh. Jamil, Faishol Karim Faiz, Abd. Kartini, Dwi Putri Kartini, Dwi Putri Kasuwi Saiban Khamdani, Achmad Rifqi Kurniawati Kurniawati Kusumawardani, Dyah Luthfi, Nur Ahmad M. Basthoni M. Fathuddin Noor, M. Fathuddin M. Saifulloh M. Syaoqi Nahwandi Maheni Ika Sari Mahmudah, Yumna Mahsun Mahsun, Mahsun Mahsun Makhturoh, Siti Mas Ahmad Baihaqi Misdiyanto Misdiyanto, Misdiyanto Moh. Halim Mohammad Iqbal Irfany Mowafg Abrahem Masuwd Muhammad Arif Royyani Muhammad Awaludin Muhammad David Ibrahim Muhammad Firli Yanto Muhammad Himmatur Riza Muhammad Himmatur Riza Muhammad Ikbal Muhammad Maulana Iqbal Muhammad Rasyid, Muhammad Muhammad Said Fadhel Muhammad Said Fadhel Muhsin Aseri, Muhsin Musahadi Musahadi, Musahadi Muslich Shabir Muslich Shabir Mustakim Mustakim Mutiara Tembang Langit Naelul Marom Nanda Khoirun Nisa Nasihun Amin Nazilah salsabila Ni'ami, Mohammad Fauzan Ni’ami, Mohammad Fauzan Noor Dwi Kusuma Dewi, Indah Novi Arisafitri Nur afdal Purnama putra Nur Amelia Ridha Nur Mahmudi Qiromi Nurdiansyah, Putra Pandu Dinata Nurfidiyanti, Hana Sri Nuril Fathoni Hamas Nurkhanif, Muhammad Paramita, Fina Pratna Putri, Dwi Nissa Kamalia Qiromi, Nur Mahmudi Rahayu, Jekti Rahmalia Rahmalia Rahman, Muhammad Habibur Raizza Kinka Intifada Redhitya Wempi Ansori Rekyan Regasari Mardi Putri, Rekyan Regasari Mardi Restu Trisna Wardani Restu Trisna Wardani RETNO SULISTYOWATI reza akbar Rifki Muslim Rifqatul Husna Rifqi, Mohammad Iqbal Risa Rosalina Rizal Ramadhan Rizal Ramadhan Rizal Ramadhan Roibin Rusdiyanto Rusdiyanto Safira, Yunita Filda Dewi Said Fadhel, Muhammad Salwa, Nadalina Ghaida Samsuryaningrum, Ira Puspitadewi Sari, Sinta Anggita Sela Septi Andri Siti Makhturoh Slamet Hambali Sofiatul Hasanah Suhaini Suharto, Akhmad Sukarni Sukarni Sunyoto, Andrik Suwarto Suwarto Syifa, Siti Nur Tatit Diansari Reskiputri Trias Setyowati, Trias Tyas, Wenny Murtalining Ubaidi, Muh. Izzat Wafa, Zaein Wahyu Eko Setianingsih Wahyu Wulandari Wahyudi, Rizal Wardana, Andhena Wisnu Widyasari S, Citra Winahyu, Pawestri Yaqin, Alamul Yohanes Gunawan Wibowo Yuli Wahyuni Yuniar, Etma Klisa Zain, Muhammad Fajri Kholili Zainuddin, M Zaman, Fakhru