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More Degrees, Fewer Good Jobs? Indonesia’s Graduate Expansion in an Economy Still Dominated by Informal Work Dwi Sulisworo; Ika Maryani
Buletin Edukasi Indonesia Vol. 5 No. 03 (2026): Article in Press - Buletin Edukasi Indonesia
Publisher : The Indonesian Institute of Science and Technology Research

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.56741/IISTR.bei.002698

Abstract

Indonesia’s higher education system now produces approximately 1.26 million bachelor’s graduates annually, yet the country’s labour market remains dominated by informal employment. This article examines whether the expansion of higher education has outpaced the creation of formal and high-quality employment. Using a narrative evidence synthesis and secondary descriptive analysis of the 2021–2026 literature, National Labour Force Survey statistics, higher-education statistics, and recent World Bank and ILO reports, the article distinguishes three claims that are often conflated: growth in graduate supply, growth in formal employment, and the availability of good jobs. Formal employment did not contract in absolute terms between February 2025 and February 2026; it increased from 59.19 to 59.93 million workers. However, informal employment increased more rapidly, from 86.58 to 87.74 million, leaving almost three-fifths of workers outside formal employment. More importantly for higher-education policy, the World Bank reports that the share of tertiary-educated workers in formal wage employment declined from 74.1% in 2018 to 67.8% in 2025. Indonesian studies also document substantial vertical and horizontal education–occupation mismatch and associated earnings penalties. The evidence therefore supports a more precise diagnosis: Indonesia is not running out of work, but the supply of tertiary credentials is expanding in an economy that is not generating enough productive, secure, skill-matched jobs at a comparable pace. The article argues that universities should shift from a degree-centred model toward a capability-centred model encompassing work-integrated learning, digital and analytical competence, professional networks, entrepreneurship, and career adaptability, while economic policy must simultaneously accelerate structural transformation and productivity-enhancing job creation.
Co-Authors A'yun, Ummu Qurrota Abdullah, Abdul Jabbar Achadi Budi Santosa Agung Prabawa Ahda Mustofa Ahmad Fajar Mas'udi Ahmad Muhlis Nuryadi Alfiani Defi Nofitasari Alhakim, Muhamad Arif Ali Mustadi Alif Muarifah Amaliyah Ulfah Amalya Nurul Khairi Amikratunnisyah Amikratunnisyah Amikratunnisyah, Amikratunnisyah Anggi, Anggi Anggraini, Adinda Tabyta ANGGRAINI, RENI Aninda Wahyu Ramadhani Anisa Destika Sari Arif Jamali Arifatun Khoirun Nisa Arum Syafrilia Trisnaningsih Asih Mardati, Asih atmaji, rizan dwi Aulia Latifah Awaluddin Hidayatulloh Ayun, Ummu Qurrota A’yun, Ummu Qurrata Bastian, Norma Butch O. Saulon Cahyani, Hana Selvi Dwi Cahyo, Hendi Dwi Caraka Putra Bhakti Caraka Putra Bhakti Chotijah, Hindun Yafa Christina Astrianti Christina Astrianti Chumdari Chumdari Chumdari Chumdari, Chumdari Danie Febriyanti Dewanti, Astrivia Dewi, Fitria Dhesi Ari Astuti Diah Asta Putri Diah Wahyuningsih Dian Artha Kusumaningtyas Dian purnama Putri, Ragil Djidu, Hasan Dody Hartanto Duratun, Asri Dwi Dwi Sulisworo Ega Asnatasia Maharani Eko Susanto Endah Riyanti Enung Hasanah Erviana, Vera Yuli Fajarwati, Anis Fajriani , Alfiah Fajriani, Alfiah Fatmawati, Laili Fauzia, Safira Nur Febriyanti, Danie Fika Ari Widyaningrum Fiqry, Rizalul Fithriyyati, Nilia Gestiardi, Rivan Hamka, Eddy Handewi Purwati Saliem Hartanto, Dody Hasanah, Enung Hendi Dwi Cahyo Hendro Widodo Heru Suprihatin Hidayanthi, Rahma Hidayati, Dian Himawati, Nurohaida Ayu Husain, Andi Musthafa Ianah Hasnatul Prawestri Ibnu Khaldun Iim Iim Ilfiana, Aisyah Nur Imawati Inas Alya Rigisa Insih Wilujeng Intan Meifilindati Irma Yulianti Budi Safitri Irsalinda , Nursyiva Irsalinda, Nursyiva Islahuddin Islahuddin Jannah, Mailatul Jatmika Septian Emma Dwi Jaya, Patria Handung Jayanti, Veliya Septa Josephine Magay Salmo Julita Lindriany Kamila, Sofi Karimi, Amir Kharisna, Feby Kholidah, Nur Kurniawan, Sasmita Kusumaningtyas , Dian Artha Kuswana, Sugesty Linda Laila Fatmawati Lailatul Nikmah Laili Fatmawati Latifah, Ashilatul Luluk Amalia M. Fadlillah Maharatri, Kisma Arrum Malana, Bita Mariske, Edeh Dike Mastul, Al-Rashiff Hamjilani Mawardi, Edy Mhd. Lailan Arqam Mita Ariyanti Mita Elyana Moh. Irma Sukarelawan Mohammad Mubarrak Mohd Yusof Mohammad, Nhelbourne K. Muhamad Arif Alhakim Muhammad Ghossan Nazhif Dhiya'elhaq Muhammad Kristiawan Muhammad Nur Wangid Muhammad Ragil Kurniawan Muhammad Zuhaery Muhammad Zuhaery Mukhsin Alfian Mustika Ayu Mustofa Ahda Nanda Noveryal Nasaruddin, Datuk Muhammad Nikmah, Lailatul Nilia Fithriyyati Noven Kusainun Noveryal, Nanda Noviana, Nadia Dian Nur Farha Shaafi Nur Hidayah Nurhikmah Nurhikmah Nurhikmah Nurhikmah Nurohaida Ayu Himawati Nurohmah, Ummu Nursani A. Haris Nurul Kurniati Okimustava Okimustava Oktira Roka Aji Parinem Patar Rumapea Patimah, Lilis Pratiwi Pujiastuti Puguh Wahyu Prasetyo, Puguh Purwanti, Siwi Puspitasari, Yunita Mega Putri Dwi Septiani Putri, Ragil Dian Purnama Rafael Onate Rahayu, Annisa Septia Rahmatika , Nuniek Rahmawati, Nurma Siwi Rahmawati, Shintia Ramadhan, Andriawan Fajar Raman , Arumugam L. Raman, Arumugam Ramdani, Hanafi Wahyu Reotutor, Mark Angelo C Rifky Hanifah Rigisa, Inas Alya Ristiyati Ristiyati Rivan Gestiardi Rivan Gestiardi Rivan Gestiardi Riyanti, Endah rizan dwi atmaji Rizki Wahyuningsih Rungchatchadaporn Vehachart Rupilu, Aprilia Cyahyani Sanjun, Cindy Joe Saphira , Adinda Nur Saputri, Valynsa Milawati Sarwanto Sarwanto Sarwanto Sarwanto Septiani, Putri Dwi Serly Tasia Putri Setyawan, Fariz Shaafi, Nur Farha Siti Fatimah Siti Urbayatun Siwi Purwanti Sonny Rompas Sri Marmoah Sri Tutur Martaningsih Sri Tutur Martaningsih Sri Tutur Martaningsiha, Sri Tutur Sri Wahyuni Sukirman Sukirman Sukma, Hanum Hanifa Sukma, Hanum Hanifa Sumaryati Suparman Suparman Susnawaty Susnawaty Suyatno Suyatno Suyatno Suyatno Suyatno Suyatno Suyatno Taufiqurrohman Taufiqurrohman Toni Kus Indratno Tri Kinasih Tri Kinasih Handayani Trianik Widyaningrum Trisnaningsih, Arum Syafrilia Tutur Martaningsih, Sri Ummu Nurohmah Ummu Qurrota A’yun Utari, Varisa Tri Veliya Septa Jayanti Vera Yuli Erviana Wachid Eko Purwanto Wahid Hasim Wantini Wantini Yuliana, Ica Zia Sumiar Zuchrotus Salamah Zuhaery, Muhammad Zuhdan Kun Prasetyo Zulia Maharani