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Halida Halida
Pendidikan Guru Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini FKIP UNTAN, Pontianak
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Journal : Jurnal Pendidikan Progresif

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Development of a Multidimensional Psychometric Scale for Assessing Artificial Intelligence Dependency in Higher Education Task Completion Putri, Wicha Amalia; Aunurrahman, Aunurrahman; Karolina, Venny; Halida, Halida; Afandi, Afandi; Tazijan, Farina
Jurnal Pendidikan Progresif Vol 16, No 2 (2026): Jurnal Pendidikan Progresif
Publisher : FKIP Universitas Lampung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23960/jpp.v16i2.pp747-772

Abstract

Recent large-scale surveys indicate that the use of generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) in higher education has become nearly ubiquitous. A survey in the United Kingdom reported that 92% of university students use generative AI tools in their studies. In contrast, a national Indonesian survey involving 1,501 respondents found that 86.21% use AI to assist with academic tasks at least once a month. Preliminary institutional data further revealed that 68.6% of students reported using AI in nearly every assignment. Such high prevalence suggests that AI use has shifted from occasional assistance to habitual reliance, raising concerns about potential dependency and reduced independent cognitive engagement. Although existing instruments, such as the Cognitive AI Dependence and Interaction Scale (CAIDS), assess attitudes and general interaction patterns toward AI, they do not specifically measure functional and cognitive dependency in academic task completion. Therefore, this study aimed to develop and validate an AI task completion dependency scale for university students. A psychometric scale development design was employed involving 500 students from several universities in Indonesia who reported using AI to complete academic assignments. Data were analyzed using exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), Rasch modeling, and differential item functioning (DIF) analysis based on gender. The findings revealed a stable three-factor structure comprising functional dependency on AI, reflective attitude, and independent use, and regulation and critical evaluation of AI, yielding a final 10-item scale. The results indicated preliminary structural support for the three-factor model, acceptable reliability, strong item functioning based on Rasch analysis, and acceptable gender invariance. Overall, the developed instrument provides a valid and reliable measure of students’ dependency on AI in academic task completion and offers a practical tool for evaluating and managing responsible AI use in higher education contexts. Keywords: academic task completion , AI dependency , indonesian students , rasch model , scale development.
Co-Authors A.A. Ketut Agung Cahyawan W Ade Nurlita Ahmad Adisty, Deshiva Idfi Aji Ady Setiawan Afandi Afandi Agus Subagio Agus Wartiningsih Ahmad Yani T Akbar, Ade Kusuma Alkautsar, Mohamad Abraham Amallia Putri Amallia Putri Ana Fergina ana, Lusi Andriono, Eko Annisa Amalia Apriani Rahmawati Arimbi, Gita Ariska, Tiara Aristia, Wina ARIYANI RAMADHANI Arni, Sarah Asriati, Nuriaini Asrifai Athia, Cyndi Aunnurahman, Aunnurahman Aunurrahman Aunurrahman Azizah, Nur Hana Bintang, Pianus Borneo, Zaky Ibrahim Zayn Budi Rahardjo Cahyani, Indah Prenesti Cantika, Grasi Chandra Fauzi Cholana, Hozania Bellandira Corry, Margaretha Damiania, Sepriana Darmawan Darmawan Desni Yuniarni Devianti, Diana Devisa, Kresensia Ranti Dewantara, Jagad Aditya Dian Miranda Disma, Dwi Ria Ibti Ekhesy, Della Eli Susanti Elisa Elisa Elisten, Ria Elpin, Agus Elvina Gusman Emiliana Anggela Enawaty, Eni Eni Rosnija Eni Veronika, Eni Veronika Eni, Eni Enjely, Aprilyany Eny Enawaty Eviana Eviana Fachry Abda El Rahman Fadillah Fadillah Fifi Khoirul Fitriyah Florensia Vera N Ghozali, Ahmad Halimatussakdiah Halimatussakdiah Hamid, Syarif Abdurahman Hasanah Hasanah Hasni, Ali Almurthadho Herlinda Herlinda Herliyanti, Tri Nurul Herry Sujaini Hery Sutrisno, Hery Ika Monika, Ika Imran Imran Irmayani, Sri Izdihar, Rafa Jakiah, Daeng JOKO SUSANTO Joni Haryadi, Joni Juhata, Juhata Julian, Emakulata Kadi, Kadi Karim, Ajerin Karolina, Venny Kornelia Tantri Yulia Kurnia, Etika Kurniati F54209020 Loria, Alvionita Lubis, Ali Akhbar Abaib Mas Rabbani Luhur Wicaksono Lukmannulhakim Lukmanulhakim Lukmanulhakim ., Lukmanulhakim Lukmanulkahim, Lukmanulkahim Lumanulhakim, Lumanulhakim M Syukri M. Syukri Maisaroh Maisaroh Maisyarah Maisyarah Marinu Waruwu Martono Martono Mawarni, Dini Meri, Meri Mohammad Irfan Mufti Monalisa Monalisa Monalisa Monalisa Morsek, Wita Kristina Muhamad Ali Muhammad Afif MUHAMMAD ALI Muhammad Asrori Muhammad Asrori Ningsih, Kurnia Noventy, Ading Ero Novita, Shinta Nuryana, Shinta Nusa Muktiadji Oliva, Oliva Paramitha, Elizabeth Perdina, Siska Prihartini, Evi Tri Pu'at, Siti Natijatul Puteri, Sylvana Putri, Ayu Aprilia Pangestu Putri, Wicha Amalia Ramadhani, Inka Gita Ramadhani, Septiyanti Randi Saputra Ratna, Elsa Dwi Ratnawati, RR Eka Rhema, Rhema Ririanti Rachmayanie Jamain Risa Ardiyanti Rita, Helena Rudiansyah Rusydiana, Marwah S Siswanto S.Pd. ., Putu Ari Dharmayanti, S.Pd. S.Pd. M Kes I Ketut Sudiana . Sadewo Wahyu Hartouo, Aji Safitri, Yulia Samsiar, Agus Saputra, Yoga Sarkasih, Maulina Sendayu, Fendahapsari Singgih Septiviani, Euvemia Silitonga, Taufan Untung Wibowo Simaremare, Togihon Josia Paber Simarona, Nuri Simatupang, Anggi Nauli Sinta, Pelagia Sinta, Sinta Siti Aisyah Siti Salmah Siti Yanti, Apriyana Sjamsir, Hasbi Sri Nuryani, Sri Sri Santi Kadevie, Sri Santi Sriwahyuni Nasution, Anggi Sriyati Sriyati, Sriyati Sulasmi, Neni Sulistiyaningrum, Fitri Sumandi, Fudsin Sumaryati, Desi Supriantini, Supriantini Susilawati, Magdalena Syabirin Syaputra, Yogi Damai Syarifah Ema Rahmaniah Syarmiati, Syarmiati Syawaluddin Syawaluddin Syawaluddin Syawaluddin, Syawaluddin Tazijan, Farina Teguh Firmansyah Toni, Toni Tri Wahyuningsih Tri Wirawati Trisnawati, Rita Ulansari, Evi Usman Radiana Wahyuni, Putri Rizka Wahyuni, Synta Wananda, Tasya Warneri . Widariyati, Widariyati Winanti, Suci Winarti, Rahayu Yanti, Elli Yogi Damai Syaputra Yulia Ningsih Yuline, Yuline Zulfiqram Syahdilla Rama