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Muhammad Hasan
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Journal : Enigma in Education

 1 
Building a Profession from the Ground Up: A Longitudinal Study of Teacher Professional Development and Pedagogical Innovation in Papuan Private Schools Iis Sugandhi; Arya Ganendra; Aaliyah El-Hussaini; Gayatri Putri; Evelyn Wang; Anita Havyasari; Muhammad Hasan
Enigma in Education Vol. 3 No. 1 (2025): Enigma in Education
Publisher : Enigma Institute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61996/edu.v3i1.90

Abstract

Teacher quality is the most significant school-based determinant of student success, yet fostering professional excellence in remote and culturally diverse regions like Papua, Indonesia, presents profound challenges. Private schools often fill critical educational gaps but their teachers can be professionally isolated. This study addressed the gap in long-term, evidence-based research on teacher professional development (TPD) in this unique context. A three-year (2021-2024) concurrent mixed-methods longitudinal study was conducted. The study involved 50 teachers from a network of five private schools in urban, semi-rural, and remote highland regions of Papua. A comprehensive TPD program, focusing on student-centered learning and culturally responsive pedagogy, was implemented. Quantitative data were collected annually using the Teacher Pedagogical Knowledge Test (TPKT), the Teacher Self-Efficacy Scale (TSES), and a structured Classroom Observation Protocol. Qualitative data were gathered through semi-structured interviews, teacher reflective journals, and focus group discussions with Professional Learning Communities (PLCs). Quantitative data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA, while qualitative data were analyzed thematically. The longitudinal quantitative analysis revealed statistically significant improvements across all three years. Mean TPKT scores increased from 48.5 (SD=11.2) at baseline to 79.8 (SD=8.5) at endline (F(2, 98) = 157.2, p <0.001). Teacher self-efficacy scores also showed significant growth (F(2, 98) = 112.9, p <0.001). Classroom observations confirmed a marked shift from teacher-centered to student-centered practices. Qualitative findings identified three core themes: (1) "From Transmission to Facilitation: A Pedagogical Awakening," detailing the shift in teachers' core beliefs about learning; (2) "The Power of the Collective," highlighting the crucial role of PLCs in sustaining motivation and collaborative problem-solving; and (3) "Navigating the Cultural Interface," illustrating the teachers' journey in adapting curriculum to be more culturally responsive. In conclusion, sustained, context-specific, and collaborative TPD can foster profound and lasting improvements in teacher knowledge, self-efficacy, and classroom practice, even in highly challenging environments. The findings advocate for a shift away from isolated, short-term workshops towards integrated, long-term models that prioritize peer collaboration and cultural relevance, revealing a clear pathway from knowledge acquisition to a transformed professional identity.
Learning from Neighbors: A Comparative Policy Analysis of Tax Education Integration in the High School Curricula of Indonesia and Malaysia Hanifah Yasin; Idris Atmaja; Iqbal Anugerah; Dian Rahayu; Muhammad Hasan; Grace Olivia Silalahi; Selma Fajic; Fitriyanti Fitriyanti; Darlene Sitorus; Harun Urrashid
Enigma in Education Vol. 3 No. 1 (2025): Enigma in Education
Publisher : Enigma Institute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61996/edu.v3i1.96

Abstract

Nations across Southeast Asia are grappling with the challenge of enhancing tax compliance to fund national development. This study addresses this issue by examining the divergent policy pathways for high school tax education in two neighboring countries: Indonesia and Malaysia. While both nations recognize the importance of cultivating tax awareness among youth, their approaches to curriculum integration differ significantly. This study employed a qualitative comparative policy analysis. The research systematically examined and contrasted official policy documents from Indonesia’s Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology (Kemendikbudristek) and the Directorate General of Taxes (DJP), with those from Malaysia’s Ministry of Education (KPM) and the Inland Revenue Board of Malaysia (IRBM). The analysis focused on four key dimensions: policy rationale, curricular placement, institutional collaboration, and implementation strategy. Data was sourced from national curriculum frameworks, ministerial decrees, tax authority publications, and strategic plans issued between 2019 and 2024. A thematic analysis was conducted to identify and compare the core characteristics of each nation's approach. The analysis revealed two distinct models. Malaysia has pursued a formal, centralized integration model, embedding tax education as a mandatory topic within the Form 5 Mathematics curriculum since 2021. This ensures universal and systematic delivery by teachers. In contrast, Indonesia has adopted an emerging, decentralized model characterized by extracurricular outreach programs, such as Pajak Bertutur, led by the DJP. While Indonesia's new Kurikulum Merdeka presents significant opportunities for formal integration, its implementation remains ad-hoc and dependent on regional initiatives. Malaysia’s strategy offers a clear model of systemic integration that Indonesia could learn from. However, Indonesia’s Kurikulum Merdeka and its emphasis on project-based learning provide a unique opportunity to embed tax education more holistically as a component of civic and economic literacy, rather than solely as a mathematical exercise. The study concludes that for Indonesia to advance its tax education agenda, a more robust and operational partnership between the DJP and Kemendikbudristek is essential to transition from sporadic outreach to sustainable, curriculum-integrated education.
Co-Authors A Halim A.A. Ketut Agung Cahyawan W Aaliyah El-Hussaini Abdul Aziz Abdul Gani ABDUL GANI Abdul Harris Abdullah Husen Agus Syam Ahmad Erza Ahmad Murajid Ainun Hasyim Almansyah Rundu Wonua Amiruddin . Amiruddin Amiruddin Andi Ayumah Hasan Andi Marwah Andi Rinda Oktariani Andi Ulfa Tenri Pada Anis Rahmawati Anisa Anisa Anita Havyasari Anugrah Putra Perdana Arfiani, Siti Zahra Aris Prasetyo Armi Permana Putri Arya Ganendra Ayel Sarwono Lahra Azizah Rachmawati Bambang Joko Priatmadi Bambang Joko Priatmadi Caelin Damayanti Chaerunnisa Najib Citra Ayni Kamaruddin Darlene Sitorus Delvy Yuana Mustika Deppa Ringgi’ Dewi Aulia Dian Rahayu Diana Eki Cahyani Dodon Turianto Nugrahadi Donny Adiatmana Ginting Edi Suprayetno Eki Yuliyanti Eko Noerhayati Elisa Elisa Emir Abdullah Evelyn Wang Fajriyanto Fatin Syarifahnur Fatma Zuhra Ferdian Nugroho Fita Nelyza Fitriani Fitriani fitriyanti fitriyanti Gayatri Putri Grace Olivia Silalahi Hafnati Rahmatan Hamdani Budiman Hanifah Yasin Hanum, Afrida Harun Urrashid Hendrik Hendrik Ibnu Khaldun Ichsan Taufik Nasution Idawati Nasution Idris Atmaja Iis Sugandhi Ilmas Barlenti INANNA Intan Wilyta Iqbal Anugerah Jovanka Andina Kusumastuti, Inke LUBIS, INDAH SARI LIZA Ludia Jemina I.R. Reumy Luthfia Hanum* M. Ihsan Said Ahmad Mahidin Mahidin Marpaung, Fernandi De Napoli Marpaung, Fernando De Napoli Mary-Jane Wood Masruroh, Lu'luil Matilda Munoz MERIKSA SEMBIRING Miranda Miranda Mochamad Nur Ichsan Mudinillah, Adam Muh Ihsan Said Ahmad Muh. Ihsan Said Muh. Ihsan Said Ahmad Muhammad Adlim Muhammad Ali Ridla Muhammad Asiz Muhammad Azis MUHAMMAD DINAR Muhammad Fadli Muhammad Ikhsan Muhammad Iqbal Usman Muhammad Syarbini Muliadi Aziz Mulyadi Adam Mursal Mursal Musdar M Musri Musman MUSTARI Mustari Mustari Mutiara, Sinthya N Nurdiana N Nurjannah Najib, Marhawati Nanda Rezky Pratama Naswir Ngatoillah Linnaja Nilawati Nilawati Nildawati Nindya Shinta Rumastika Nuha Fauziyah Hanim Nur Asni Aulia Nur fahmi Nuraisyiah Nurdiana Nurdiana Nurdiana Nurhikmawati Nurjannah Nurul Mubin Nuzul Asmilia Purwoko, Agus Rahmat Khaeru Rahmatullah Rahmatullah Rahmatullah Rahmatullah Rahmawati Rahmawati Ratu Fazlia Inda Rahmayani Razali Daud Rena Normasari Resti CItra Dewi Rini Safitri Rinidar Rinidar Riya Rahmadani Roslizawaty - Roslizawaty Roslizawaty Rosmen Safrina Safrina Said Ali Akbar SALAMUN PASDA Saleh, Muh. Saleh Saminan Saminan Samsinar Sandro Louise Oliveirra Selma Fajic Sepyanda, Marsika Sitti Asmi Sri Dahniar Suarni. S Sudarmanto, Yohanes Sugito - Sugito Sugito Supriadi Susanto, Maghfirah Susi Diana Syafei, Isop Syahrial Syahrial Syinta Ramadhani T. Fadrial Karmil Teuku Armansyah Thamrin Tahir Triva Murtina Lubis Tuti Erawati Tuti Supatminingsih Ujang Tri Cahyono Wahyu Widya Anugra Winda Winda Yosalfa Adhista Kurniawan Yudha Bhaskara Yudha Fahrimal Yuniarti Maretha Pasaribu Yusrizal Yusrizal Zaehol Fatah Zuhrawaty NA