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Lie, Gunardi
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Journal : Academia Open

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Reformulation of Annual Patent Fee Payment Regulations as an Effort to Prevent the Loss of Intellectual Property Rights: Reformulasi Pengaturan Pembayaran Biaya Tahunan Paten sebagai Upaya Mencegah Hapusnya Hak Kekayaan Intelektual Medianna, Olivia; Lie, Gunardi
Academia Open Vol. 10 No. 2 (2025): December
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/acopen.10.2025.12868

Abstract

General Background Patent protection plays a vital role in supporting technological innovation and economic development. Specific Background In Indonesia, the obligation to pay annual patent fees as mandated by Law No. 13/2016 and Law No. 65/2024 aims to ensure administrative order, yet in practice creates financial barriers for individual inventors, universities, and small enterprises. Knowledge Gap Existing policies do not fully resolve issues of accumulated arrears under earlier regulations and have not provided mechanisms that ensure fair treatment for patent holders with limited financial resources. Aim This study analyzes the urgency of reformulating annual patent fee regulations to prevent the loss of patent rights caused by delays in payment. Results Findings show that regulatory weaknesses, insufficient monitoring systems, and financial limitations among patent holders contribute to high patent deletion rates and low commercialization of research outcomes. Novelty This research proposes a new policy model including progressive fee structures, early warning systems, reinstatement opportunities, creation of a national patent support fund, and digital management through a Patent Information Management System. Implications These reforms are expected to build a more equitable and inclusive intellectual property governance framework that strengthens innovation-driven economic growth in Indonesia. Highlights: High annual fees cause loss of patent rights among financially limited holders. Policy reform is needed to improve fairness and administrative effectiveness. Proposed solutions include progressive fees, early warnings, and system digitalization. Keywords: Patent Policy, Annual Fees, Legal Reform, Innovation Governance
Legal Policy on Changes to Copyright Law in the Digital Space: Politik Hukum Atas Perubahan Undang-Undang Hak Cipta di Ruang Digital Manurung, Romandelas; Lie, Gunardi
Academia Open Vol. 10 No. 2 (2025): December
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/acopen.10.2025.12881

Abstract

General Background: Indonesia's rapid digital transformation has reshaped the creation, distribution, and use of copyrighted works, intensifying the urgency for adaptive legal protection. Specific Background: Despite the 2014 Copyright Law addressing digital elements, its provisions remain insufficient to manage algorithm-driven, cross-border infringements proliferating on user-generated content platforms. Knowledge Gap: Existing regulations have not fully anticipated technological developments nor clearly defined the responsibilities of digital platform operators, especially after the Constitutional Court’s reinterpretation of liability under Article 10. Aims: This study examines the legal politics underlying the amendment of the Copyright Law to strengthen protection mechanisms in the digital environment. Results: Findings reveal the need for more responsive regulation, expanded obligations for digital platforms, harmonized protection of moral and economic rights, and enhanced enforcement tools, including integrated digital surveillance and more effective access-blocking procedures. Novelty: The study offers a conceptual model that links legislation theory with legal protection theory to propose an adaptive copyright protection framework suited to digital-era challenges. Implications: These insights provide strategic direction for policymakers in formulating reforms that ensure legal certainty, fairness, and public benefit within Indonesia’s evolving digital copyright ecosystem. Highlights: The digital environment demands stronger, adaptive copyright protection responsive to technological change. Constitutional Court Decision No. 84/PUU-XXI/2023 expands platform liability, revealing gaps in current regulation. A revised legal framework must integrate surveillance, platform obligations, and balanced protection of creators’ rights. Keywords: Copyright Law, Digital Platforms, Legal Politics, Enforcement, Regulation
Reform of the Debt Dispute Resolution System in Indonesian Courts: Pembaharuan Sistem Penyelesaian Perkara Hutang Piutang di Pengadilan Indonesia Zalukhu, Iyan Sentosa; Lie, Gunardi
Academia Open Vol. 10 No. 2 (2025): December
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/acopen.10.2025.12928

Abstract

General Background: The Indonesian civil justice system continues to face structural inefficiencies, including case backlogs, slow proceedings, and high litigation costs. Specific Background: These challenges are especially evident in resolving debt-related default disputes, where creditors—particularly concurrent creditors—often encounter uncertainty and weak enforcement. Knowledge Gap: Despite existing litigation and alternative dispute resolution (ADR) mechanisms, limited effectiveness, inconsistent legal certainty, and gaps in legal culture hinder optimal dispute settlement. Aims: This study analyzes the mechanisms for resolving debt-default disputes, the protection available for concurrent creditors, the application of legal certainty principles, and strategies to strengthen legal culture. Results: Findings show that dispute settlement operates through litigation and ADR; concurrent creditors receive preventive and repressive protections; legal certainty is grounded in Articles 1131–1132 of the Civil Code; and improving legal culture requires education, consistent enforcement, and institutional reform. Novelty: This research integrates doctrinal analysis with empirical judicial data to highlight systemic shortcomings in current debt-dispute resolution, particularly regarding creditor vulnerability and uneven implementation of reform policies. Implications: Strengthening legal frameworks, institutional capacity, and public legal awareness is essential to achieving a faster, simpler, and more affordable civil justice system in Indonesia. Highlights: Highlights the dual mechanisms of resolving debt-default disputes through litigation and ADR. Emphasizes the vulnerability of concurrent creditors and the need for stronger legal certainty. Underscores the importance of legal-culture development to support effective justice reform. Keywords: Debt Dispute Resolution, Legal Certainty, Concurrent Creditors, Civil Justice Reform, Legal Culture
A Normative Analysis of the Regulation of Termination of Employment For Fixed-Term Employment Agreements Workers Following the Job Creation Law: Kajian Normatif Pengaturan Pemutusan Hubungan Kerja Pekerja Perjanjian Kerja Waktu Tertentu Pasca Undang-Undang Cipta Kerja Lim, Grace Natalie; Lie, Gunardi
Academia Open Vol. 10 No. 2 (2025): December
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/acopen.10.2025.12930

Abstract

General Background: The regulation of termination of employment for workers under Fixed-Term Employment Agreements (PKWT) has gained urgency following recent reforms in Indonesia’s labor market. Specific Background: The Job Creation Law and Government Regulation No. 35/2021 introduced new standards intended to enhance flexibility while reshaping the protection framework for contract workers. Knowledge Gap: Despite these reforms, inconsistencies in interpretation, weak enforcement, and uneven implementation continue to create legal uncertainty, particularly in cases of unilateral termination and compensation. Aims: This study conducts a normative juridical analysis to assess the alignment of PKWT termination regulations with core principles of national labor law. Results: The findings indicate that although the new regulations clarify compensation entitlements, they do not fully guarantee fairness or legal certainty due to limited worker awareness, regulatory overlap, and ineffective supervisory mechanisms. Novelty: This research offers an integrated assessment that connects statutory reform, judicial practice, and labor protection principles, exposing gaps between legal norms and practical application. Implications: Enhanced harmonization, stronger supervisory systems, and clearer technical regulations are necessary to achieve balanced labor flexibility and social justice within Indonesia’s evolving industrial relations framework. Highlights: Highlights legal changes to PKWT termination and compensation after the Job Creation Law. Reveals gaps between normative protection and practical implementation in the field. Emphasizes the need for harmonized regulations and stronger labor supervision. Keywords: Fixed-term Employment Agreements, Termination of Employment, Job Creation Law, Worker Protection, Labor Law Reform
An Analysis of Unilateral Termination of Employment by Employers under Indonesia’s Manpower Law: Analisis Pemutusan Hubungan Kerja Secara Sepihak oleh Pengusaha Menurut Undang-Undang Ketenagakerjaan di Indonesia Gunawan, Syahrana Kezia Anjunien; Lie, Gunardi
Academia Open Vol. 10 No. 2 (2025): December
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/acopen.10.2025.12931

Abstract

General Background: Unilateral termination of employment (PHK sepihak) remains a persistent issue in Indonesia’s industrial relations, affecting workers’ economic and social stability. Specific Background: Despite the comprehensive regulation under Law No. 13/2003 on Manpower, gaps persist between legal norms and actual practices, particularly regarding procedural compliance and workers’ access to remedies. Knowledge Gap: Limited studies thoroughly examine how statutory provisions, post-MK decisions, and dispute-resolution mechanisms interact to shape the legality and consequences of unilateral termination. Aim: This study analyzes the legal framework governing unilateral termination, its legal consequences, and the protective mechanisms available to workers. Results: Findings show that unilateral termination is only lawful under conditions strictly regulated in the Manpower Law, including proven gross misconduct, corporate restructuring, or operational necessities, and must be accompanied by mandatory procedures such as negotiation and adjudication. Employers are obligated to provide severance, service appreciation pay, and compensation for rights, with variations depending on the grounds for termination. Novelty: This research integrates statutory analysis, judicial developments, and procedural safeguards to reveal persistent inconsistencies between legal standards and practical enforcement. Implications: Strengthening supervision, legal literacy, and procedural compliance is crucial to preventing arbitrary terminations and ensuring substantive worker protection. Highlights: The law strictly limits when employers may carry out unilateral termination. Workers are entitled to severance and other compensations based on legal provisions. Dispute-resolution mechanisms provide formal protection against arbitrary termination. Keywords: Unilateral Termination, Manpower Law, Worker Protection, Severance Rights, Industrial Relations
Analysis of Legal Protection Concepts for Workers in the Informal Sector Based on Indonesian Laws and Regulations: Analisis Konsep Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Pekerja di Sektor Informal Berdasarkan Ketentuan Peraturan Perundang-Undangan di Indonesia Avianti, Grace; Lie, Gunardi
Academia Open Vol. 10 No. 2 (2025): December
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/acopen.10.2025.12895

Abstract

General Background: Informal sector workers play a crucial role in Indonesia’s labor market yet remain highly vulnerable due to limited legal protection. Specific Background: Existing regulations—including the Manpower Act, Job Creation Law, BPJS Law, and Government Regulation No. 35/2021—primarily regulate formal employment, leaving informal workers without explicit safeguards. Knowledge Gap: Despite their dominant share in the workforce, the normative framework insufficiently addresses the unique characteristics of informal employment and the widespread misclassification practices used to avoid employers’ legal obligations. Aims: This study analyzes the legal concept of protection for informal workers and evaluates how judicial reasoning in Supreme Court Decision No. 1049 K/Pdt.Sus-PHI/2023 reinforces such protection. Results: Findings indicate fragmented regulations that normatively recognize worker rights but fail to provide comprehensive operational mechanisms, requiring judicial interpretation to uphold substantive justice. Novelty: This study highlights how the Supreme Court’s substantive approach—affirming factual employment elements over formal documentation—fills normative gaps and corrects lower-court formalism. Implications: Strengthening explicit legal recognition of informal workers, enforcing BPJS obligations, and standardizing judicial tests for employment status are essential to ensure equitable and inclusive labor protection in Indonesia. Highlights: The legal framework for informal workers remains fragmented and insufficient. The Supreme Court prioritizes factual employment elements over formal documents. Strengthened regulation is needed to ensure equitable protection for informal labor. Keywords: Legal Protection, Informal Workers, Employment Relationship, Supreme Court, Labor Regulation
Harmonization of Standard Insurance Clauses: A Consumer Protection and Fairness Perspective: Harmonisasi Klausula Baku Asuransi: Perspektif Perlindungan Konsumen dan Keadilan Hartono, Margareta Kristiani; Lie, Gunardi
Academia Open Vol. 10 No. 2 (2025): December
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/acopen.10.2025.12912

Abstract

General Background: Standardized insurance contracts containing boilerplate clauses dominate the industry due to efficiency demands. Specific Background: However, these clauses create structural inequalities in bargaining power and limit consumers’ ability to understand or negotiate policy terms. Knowledge Gap: Existing regulations, including the Consumer Protection Law, prohibit unfair terms yet remain insufficient to address ambiguities, exoneration clauses, and inconsistencies between legal norms and market practice. Aims: This study analyzes the legal implications of standard insurance clauses, their impact on contractual fairness, and the necessity of harmonized regulation to protect consumers. Results: Findings reveal that unilateral clause drafting perpetuates information asymmetry and facilitates claim denials, while oversight by regulators and dispute-resolution bodies remains fragmented. Novelty: The study proposes a responsive regulatory model that integrates preventive supervision by the Financial Services Authority, normative statutory safeguards, and corrective judicial interpretation—particularly through doctrines such as contra proferentem and reasonable expectations. Implications: Harmonizing essential clauses can balance contractual freedom with substantive fairness, strengthen consumer protection, and enhance transparency and trust in Indonesia’s insurance ecosystem. Highlights: Highlights how boilerplate insurance clauses create structural bargaining power imbalances and legal uncertainty for consumers. Identifies the gap between consumer protection norms and their implementation in regulating standard insurance policy terms. Proposes a responsive regulatory model combining OJK supervision, statutory safeguards, and judicial doctrines such as contra proferentem. Keywords: Boilerplate Clauses, Insurance Contracts, Consumer Protection, Contractual Fairness, Harmonization  
Unilateral Termination of Employment for Employees on the Grounds of Company Efficiency: Pemutusan Hubungan Kerja Secara Sepihak Terhadap Pekerja Dengan Alasan Efisiensi Perusahaan Suryani, Cendana; Lie, Gunardi
Academia Open Vol. 10 No. 2 (2025): December
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/acopen.10.2025.12914

Abstract

General Background: Employment termination due to corporate efficiency remains a critical issue within Indonesia’s labor framework, as it directly affects workers’ rights and socio-economic stability. Specific Background: Although statutory provisions such as Law No. 13/2003 and its amendments regulate termination, ambiguity persists, particularly regarding the scope of “efficiency,” allowing broad employer discretion. Knowledge Gap: Existing regulations fail to define efficiency clearly and diverge from Constitutional Court rulings requiring permanent business closure, creating inconsistencies in practice. Aims: This study examines the legal basis for efficiency-based termination and identifies corporate considerations in implementing labor efficiency measures. Results: Findings show that recent regulations, particularly PP 35/2021, expand employer flexibility by permitting efficiency-based termination without permanent shutdown, contradicting constitutional standards while increasing risks of unilateral action. Companies must assess internal-external factors, map affected employees, allocate severance budgets, and prepare comprehensive documentation. Novelty: This research highlights the regulatory dissonance between statutory reforms and constitutional jurisprudence while providing a structured framework for lawful termination practices. Implications: Ensuring compliance with legal principles and safeguarding workers’ rights is essential to prevent misuse of efficiency claims and uphold social justice within industrial relations. Highlights: Highlights the legal inconsistency between labor laws and Constitutional Court decisions on efficiency-based termination. Emphasizes the risk of unilateral layoffs due to the vague definition of “efficiency” and “company loss.” Stresses the need for structured corporate procedures to protect workers’ rights and ensure lawful, transparent PHK. Keywords: Termination of Employment, Company Efficiency, Labor Law, Workers’ Rights, Constitutional Conflict
Co-Authors Adepio, Muhammad Fadel Ahmad Sudiro Ainun Jariyah, Sarifah Aisha, Salma Akhirudin Alam, Jenice Valencia Alfiani, Feriza Alya, Nasha Rawza Andrian Andrian Andriani, Kasmita Angela, Silvia Angelia Angelina, Made Aubrey Josephine Anggra, Philip Anindira, Lydia Anwar Rannu, Delycia Aprilia Fong, Fanesa Aprilia, Indah Siti Aprillianty, Kesia Apriza, Nathania ARI WAHYUDI Aritonang, Sanrio Art, Stanley Muljadi Augustin, Agatha Avianti, Grace Az-Zahra, Aiska Rahima Belle, Grace Anna Bianty, Thisia Bonang, Rio C, Gabriella Cahyono, Denzel Andersson Candra, Dimas Carnescia, Brenda Cendranita, Ivannia Chandra, Jessica Chen, Zefanya Angellin Christian, Benedict Philip Christine Octavia S Dameria, Fiorella Angella Darmansyah, Erick Diana Diana Egatri Gulo, Feby EVELYN EVELYN Febriany, Febriany Fernandha, Rizqy Dini Fernando, Wilson Furguson, Felix Goldwen, Filshella Gunawan, Syahrana Kezia Anjunien Hafendi, Doni Halim, Leonardo Hamonangan, Marcellius Kirana Hapsari, Crescentia Viola Priscilla Audra Hartono, Evelyn Hartono, Margareta Kristiani Harum, Vanessa Mathilde Haykel, Muhammad Hermanto, Dennis Ichsandi, Muhammad Wildan Jemiel Heng, Richard Jolin, Jolin Jonatan, Frangky Juliano Raditya, Jason Juventia, Donabella Juwita, Dhiny Ellen Khasana, Andi Khuswatun Kinanti, Lamsiur Kiyoshi, Maximillian Ivander Koniardy, Delvina Kumala Dewi Laapen, Calinka Princess Belinda Lie , Cathleen Lim, Feili Lim, Grace Natalie Lo, Edmund Lumban Raja, Muhammad Dewo Maddalena Simamora, Indah Maria Manurung, Romandelas Marchvinn, Jessica Mardianto, Sebastian Edward Marina Marina Marva, Clairina Max, Alessandro Christian Mbaling, Constantius Mario Valentino Medianna, Olivia Metanoya Tapilatu, Finsri Mirza Djafar, Aureelia Nourani Mohammad, Prasidya Moody Rizqy Syailendra Putra Mousavian, Farel Sya'ban Mulyasetya Putra, Joddy Naelayara, Siti Amera Naru, Margareth Trisya Adefinola Natasha, Malika Baby Nathanael, Moses Nathasya, Nathasya NEGARA, MOH IQRA Neljeane, Jeane Novera HuIaifa, Shena Novianti, Siti Nugroho, Maria Cecilia Octavia S, Christine Octaviyanda, Shafarra Octavo, Vito Jonathan Oktavianni Putri Sianturi, Angel P, Moody Syailendra Pahlevi, Muhammad Vito Panglima, Rubby Aditya Patricia, Laura Sally Patricia, Rachel Anne Permatasari, Yofi Prasetyo, Stephanie Patricia Pratama, Akmal Risqi Yudhianto Priyono, Muhammad Yogi Septiyan Putra, Arief Mandala Putra, Ismail Rangga Wahana Putra, Louis Sebastian Anot Putri, Gracia Putri, Maria Phoebe Tjahja Putri, Nadiva Azzahra Putri, Salsabila Putri, Sanny Nuyessy Rahayu, Ni Kadek Putri Sita Rahma Pranadia, Maudy Rahmasari, Lisa Ramadhan, Nayla Az Zahra Ramadhano, Ibrahagi Ramania, Hasya Rigel, Rigel Riko Mono, Jonathan Riski, Naufal Riza Iskandar, Shafa Athaya Rondo, Fiona Louysa Ryanto, Laurencia Safitri, Yuliya Sahrul, Farhan Ananda Salindeho, Leezza Salsa sally, Laura Sandi, Maydi Jack Santoso, Ellen Sanyoto, Alicia Andromeda Septiandri, Ivon Shasmita, Sylvia Siarill, Jonathan Hervine Sihite, Jelita Sihite, Jelita Damai Sofia Lorenza Simanjuntak, Yosafat Ben Ghurion Sinaga, Efryando Stefen Andreas Siregar, Aristoteles Gerhard Fredrik Sitabuan, Tundjung Herning Sitorus, Lena Mariana Br Stella, Helen Subagijo, Kevin Putra Sugiarto, Angelina Jacqueline Sukur, Partermutios Susilo Putra Suryani, Cendana Suwinto Johan Syahputra, Denis Syailendra P, Moody R. Syailendra, Moody R. Tairas, Hans Daniel Felix Tan, Louissa Nobel Tania, Elizabeth Tanujaya, Calista Putri Terania, Medi Thie, Naysa Andrea Tirta, George Anderson Tjendra, Virginia Trisnadi, Ilhan Pasha Islamy Trixie, Ivana Vaustine, Griselda Vedora, Sheren Regina Veldrin Pua, Brendah Wardhana, Adi Pratomo Kusuma Wardhani, Ayu Azalia Wathan, Bilqis Alifia Wijaya, Miquel Enrick Wijaya, Niko William Chandra Winata, Gilbert Winson Salim, Patrick Yonandi, Caecilia Patrice Yuan, Shafaa Alaadini Yulyana, Devy Yunita, Theresia Yuwono, Lila Graciella Zalukhu, Iyan Sentosa Zebua, August Delta Zimah, Amelia Abdullah